Architectural History Ch. 1-5

During his nearly seventy-year reign, Ramesses II commissioned more colossal portraits of himself than any ruler in history. Among these are four colossal seated portraits that mark the entrance to the king's temple, called ________, in the province of Nubia.

Abu Simbel

With a processional axis, called __________, meaning "the invisible enemy should not exist," the designers of New Babylon constructed the first significant project for public space in southwest Asia.

Aj-ibut-shapu

Five years into his reign, the pharaoh Amenhotep IV espoused a new religion based on a single divinity, the solar disk Aten. He changed his name and founded a new capital, halfway between Thebes and Memphis. The city is presently called Tell-el-Amarna, but was originally known as __________.

Akhentaten

Which of the following characterizes the ziggurat at Ur?

All of the above.. a. A tower consisting of a mud-brick core faced by a 2.5 m skin of baked bricks b. Corners of the ziggurat oriented toward the cardinal axes c. A triple staircase converging at an entryway pavilion d. All of the above

Conceived as an earthly paradise for the sun god Amon, the mortuary temple of the female pharaoh Hatshepsut did NOT feature one of the following elements.

An imposing pyramid

In the city of Persepolis, Darius constructed an immense hypostyle hall that included a grid of thirty-six wooden columns and could accommodate 10,000 people. This hall was called

Apadana

The _____________cave appears to be the oldest painted cave in Europe.

Chauvet (France).

Where our hominid ancestors began fashioning hearths to build fires over 500,000 years ago,____________ began the practice of burning or burying their dead relatives, leaving markers behind.

Cro-Magnon peoples (Homo sapiens sapiens)

In the region of Mesopotamia, which technological innovation accompanied the development of architecture?

Development of writing.

Most colonial cities in the Roman Empire employed a grid plan arranged around a north-south cardo crossed by an east-west decumanus. The following Roman city, however, did not, because of the hilly topography of the site.

Djémila (Algeria)

Founded in 713 BCE, Sargon II's new capital, called __________, included a square perimeter wall of 1,760 by 1,630 m and represented the first effort outside of Egypt and the Indus Valley to design a city on an orthogonal plan.

Dur-Sharrukin

This temple on the Athenian Acropolis reflected a new interest in hybrid architectural forms in its sequencing of spaces, its multiple levels, and its variety of styles.

Erechtheion

The houses at this site, on the northeast coast of Crete, feature stone drains and flushable toilets, similar to the plumbing achievements of the Harappans in the Indus Valley.

Gournia

The large oval structures at this site, measuring between ten and thirty meters in diameter, belonged to a group of hunter gatherers. This contradicts the prevailing theory that agriculturists were the first architects.

Göbecki Tepe, Turkey

The capital city of the Hittites, called _________, was 200 km west of the modern Turkish city of Ankara, and featured hillside fortifications and an entry gate featuring apotropaic lions that anticipates the gateway at Mycenae by a century.

Hattusha

This ruler rebuilt the Second Temple in a grand style, the vestiges of which can be observed in the huge ashlar blocks at the base of the Temple Mount known as the Western Wall.

Herod

Jerusalem is a city that holds special cosmological meaning for the following religions EXCEPT:

Hindus

The curving apses of the temples of prehistoric Malta, such as Hagar Qim, appear to have been inspired by a great underground cemetery, or __________, that consisted of over thirty scooped out chambers on three separate levels and served about 7,000 graves.

Hypogeum.

This neolithic settlement featured one of the first fortifications that consisted of five-meter-high walls built of irregular masonry and set off by a deep ditch.

Jericho, Palestine

The urban settlement at _____________ included public spaces such as paved streets and plazas.

Khirokitia, Cyprus.

The two surviving monumental Olmec centers at San Lorenzo and ________, featured giant stone heads and thrones.

La Venta

The French region of Brittany has prehistoric sites, known as menhirs, in which numerous large stones, some as heavy as 350 tons, have been raised and set into the ground. One of the fields, called __________, includes over 1,000 granite stones set up in parallel lines that extend for 1.5 km.

Le Menec (Carnac).

Featuring motifs of peoples from across the Persian Empire, the great terrace of all nations in the Persian city of Persepolis was an architectural manifestation of this legal code.

Mazda code of justice

This is the earliest known urban settlement in the Indus Valley region, dating from as early as 6500 BCE

Mehrgarh

The exposed upper zone of Sneferu's bent pyramid at this site, _________, reveals that the pyramids were constructed in concentric vertical layers.

Meidum.

In contrast to the pyramids of Giza, the mortuary temple of this pharaoh followed a terraced layout in which a series of broad planted courts, colonnades, and interior halls ascended gradually to the mortuary temple, which was cut out of live rock.

Mentuhotep.

The central axis of Teotihuacán is a sunken, fifty-meter wide avenue, now called __________, or "Avenue of the Dead" that extended six kilometers in length.

Miccaotli

The principal religious building of the Han capital of Chang'an was the _______. The layout of the temple focused on the cosmological role of the emperor as the conduit of divine grace. The square temple rose on a circular terrace surrounded by a square colonnade that in turn was enclosed by an outer circular platform and square moat.

Mingtang Temple

Unlike the ancient Chinese, who constantly rebuilt their structures, the Zapotecs added successive layers on them. At this site, the platform temples and pyramids are layered like the skin of an onion.

Monte Albán

Transformed into a capital by King David, the city of Jerusalem sat at the summit of a walled oval-shaped hill with steep fortifications. The elites of the city resided inside its walls, while the majority of the population lived in peripheral villages. This urban form resembled the following city in the ancient Mediterranean.

Mycenae

Athens served as a model for the construction of this city on the Ionian coast of Turkey

Pergamon

The architectural form of the palace appeared with the emergence of the institution of kingship in Sumeria. The destroyed palaces of Ebla and Mari, which also included temples, served as models for this Sumerian ruler's residence:

Sargon the Great.

While Alexander the Great extended his empire as far as the Punjab, he did not conquer India. The founding Mauryan emperor, Chandra Gupta, met Alexander; and diplomatic and cultural ties were formed between the Mauryans and the Hellenic world through contact with the ________, the Greek successor states to Alexander's empire.

Seleucids

Emperor __________, founder of the Qin dynasty, constructed the dynasty's capital of Xianyang, which covered a greater area than Rome and may have had a larger population.

Shi Huangdi

From 100 BCE to 200 CE, this city produced two great pyramids, hundreds of platform temples, and 2,000 palaces.

Teotihuacán

The Egyptian dynasties of the New Kingdom moved the capital to this city, upstream on the Nile river.

Thebes

Which of the following best describes the layout of the residential quarter of Ur?

Tightly packed mud-brick houses, each residence built around a central courtyard, amidst a maze-like network of narrow streets..

The Greek house, called the ____, was typically a one or two-storied structure oriented around a south-facing courtyard with a cistern and an altar. Service functions flanked the two shorter sides of the complex, and the living areas rose in a larger two-story area in the rear.

oikos

Roman baths became monumental and spatially sophisticated complexes that included swimming pools and a series of bath rooms with lukewarm, cold, and hot water. The grassy arcaded court for outdoor exercise was known as the _________.

palaestra

While the tradition of orthogonal planning began with the Egyptians and the Harappans, the Greeks used grid planning to create a coherent system of public and residential zones. Examples of Greek planning can be seen in Paestum, in southern Italy, where the city planners used a system called _________. In the system, a few broad east-west thoroughfares divided the city site into broad bands.

per strigas

Ashoka's Great Stupa at Sanchi was begun in the second century BCE. Later architectural elaborations to the stupa included circular railings made of log-shaped stones that enclosed a processional path. This path is used for a ritual circumambulation known as the __________.

pradakshina

Several pharaohs of the New Kingdom commissioned additions to the temple of Amon-Ra at Karnak. The additions created a processional sequence of interior and exterior spaces, which would be separated by imposing, rampart-like thresholds known as __________.

pylons

The cities of the Harappan culture, as exemplified at the sites of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, feature the following structures:

reservoirs and brick-lined drains.

Elaborating upon the architectural form of the Greek theater, the Roman theater included an elaborate ___________ which often imitated the elaborate architecture of the Roman city. The Roman theater at Merida, Spain, is an example of such a feature.

scenae frons

The imposing palace gates of Sargon II's complex were flanked by immense hybrid creatures consisting of a bull's body, an eagle's wings, and a bearded man's head. These apotropaic figures are known as ________.

shedus

In a Chinese courtyard house, or _________, a visitor would follow an oblique path through the residence to protect the internal rules of behavior and allow the spatial sequences to unfold according to a protocol of 'graduate privacy'.

siheyuan

Ashoka planted these pillars across his empire—they are inscribed with the benevolent message of dharma and are written in the local languages of his empire from Sanskrit to Greek.

stambha

At the end of the third century BCE, Ashoka of the Mauryan dynasty, converted to Buddhism and constructed several mounded shrines commemorating the life of Buddha. These shrines are called:

stupas

The Temple of the Feathered Serpent and the Moon Pyramid employ this decorative feature in which horizontal panels are cantilevered over a base, creating a surface where exquisite reliefs can be sculpted.

talud-tableros

In ____________, inhabitants build their dwellings by digging into the ground. This strategy of building has been in practice for three millennia.

the Loess Plateau, Shaanxi Province, China.

In addition to the normal meeting spaces and temples associated with a Roman forum, the Forum of Trajan included a series of commercial spaces known as __________. It features a 9 m hall, known as the Aula Traiana, that spanned by a barrel vault with lateral groin vaults.

the Markets of Trajan

The apparent absence of religious buildings in Harappa and Mohenjo-daro have led historians to suspect that this structure at Mohenjo-daro, in its elaborately articulated features, may have served a religious function.

the bathing facility

Many followers of Buddha chose to live in convents called __________. They were modest compounds with small individual cells surrounding a rectangular court. They emerged several centuries before the monastic movements of the Mediterranean world.

viharas

The model for the capital city in ancient China derived from a set of general rules that proposed a quadrangle with three gates on each side, three sets of triple avenues running straight from the gates, and the palace occupying a large enclave in the center. The model was known as the _______, or "ruler's city."

wangcheng

The physical remains of the Harappan cities suggest that the following was NOT a feature of Harappan culture and urbanism:

written language.

The building strategies of nomadic peoples—especially in their exploitation of the tensile qualities of building materials including wood and textiles—give insight into technologies that have been in use since prehistoric times. The ________ people, who have crossed the Sahara Desert for millennia, raise their tents by throwing a sewn-hide canopy over a central pole capped with a supporting ring.

Tuareg

The architectural form of the ziggurat represented the culmination of a centuries-long process, beginning as early as 5000 BCE, in which builders constructed platforms and temples over preexisting ones. The first true ziggurat is believed to be ________.

White Temple at Uruk.

The Spanish word _________ refers to earthly substances shaped into unbaked bricks, and builders would frequently cast the earth mixture into rectangular bars.

adobe.

Set as an open space of indeterminate contour, this was the prime public space of the Greek polis.

agora

During the fifth century BCE, Greek architects introduced "refinements," or visual correctives, to the classical orders that are discernible in temples of this century, especially the Parthenon. They include:

all of the above a. Gently arcing the ground plane, or platform, of the temple. b. Entasis of the temple columns. c. Narrower intercolumniation at the corners of Doric temples. d. All of the above

The decision to construct the First and Second Temples in Jerusalem was viewed with ambivalence by the Jewish tribes because:

all of the above a. Like the Minoans and Hittites, the Jews gathered for ceremonies at outdoor sites, such as at a grove or on a hilltop. They needed only a congregation of twelve people to carry out their rituals. b. The Mishnah outlined the fundamental contradiction of trying to give architectural substance to the immaterial nature of religious faith. c. The prophet Jeremiah felt that God could be honored without making great buildings. d. All of the above

The stone rings of Castlerigg and Stonehenge probably served the following function for the peoples of the prehistoric and Bronze-Age British Isles.

all of the above. a. commemoration of the dead b. religious ceremony c. orientation to celestial bodies d. all of the above*

Which of the following structures indicate that the Harappan culture had a sophisticated system of water management?

all of the above. a. ritual bathing facilities b. thick city walls designed for flood control c. corbel-vaulted sewers d. all of the above

In the British Isles and northern France, tomb designers fashioned tunnels made of linked dolmens that led to an interior vaulted chamber. This complex became an immense burial mound of stone and earth known as a ________. An example of one of these mounds can be found at Newgrange, Ireland.

cairn.

The mastaba at Saqqâra, built under King Djoser (r. 2691-2625 BCE), included a processional hall with a high central colonnade flanked by lower outer walls. This difference in height created a gap in the roofing that allowed light to filter in. This gap is known as a __________.

clerestory.

One means of using stone as roof covering was a technique of stacking slabs of stone in which each slab was cantilevered, one stone over the next, from the tops of two opposite walls. The roof was locked into place with a capstone placed at the point of convergence between the cantilevered stones. This type of vaulting, known as ________, is visible in the round stone houses of the southern Italian region of Puglia known as trulli.

corbel.

The cultures that developed around the Aegean Sea sited their cities and temples in an effort to harmonize with the landscape. Cities were often situated on hilly sites and their architects used large, unrendered stones, or _________, to create structures that looked as if they had been formed by natural processes.

cyclopean masonry

The chamber made from two monolithic side stones capped by a monolithic roof stone and then covered with earth is called a __________. It became a conventional tomb solution for important persons and was employed by prehistoric cultures from England to Korea.

dolmen.

The principal buildings of the emperor's palace compound followed a tripartite composition consisting of a foundation platform, a rectangular timber frame made of interlocking parts, and a decorative roof. The structure supporting the roof was often embellished with multilevel brackets, or _______.

dougong

In contrast to their cities, Mycenaean funerary monuments were constructed with refined stoneworks. These burial sites culminated in the Treasury of Atreus that included a conical structure made of ashlar masonry, or tholos, which was approached by a deep causeway, or ______.

dromos

The primary function of the First Temple, constructed during the rule of David and Solomon, was to ___________.

house the Ark of the Covenant

Where a patrician family in the Roman Empire may have resided in a domus or even an extra-urban villa, the underclass often lived in multilevel tenements on an apartment block known as an _________. Examples of this housing type survive in the ancient Roman port of Ostia.

insula

In addition to its robust walls (2.5 m thick) facing its western and northern elevations, the temple at Knossos features entry points that lead to a series of disorienting passageways with numerous right-angle turns before reaching the central court. This aspect of the temple is believed to be another defensive feature of the complex and has lead to the naming of the structure as the __________.

labyrinth

Perched upon steep rock outcroppings and girded with thick stone walls, the cities of Mycenae responded to the following condition.

local infighting

Some of the earliest royal tomb sites consisted of a loaf-shaped rectangular tumulus known as a ________.

mastaba.

The method of joining timbers, called _______, is a technique in which a projecting tongue of one piece fits into a corresponding hole of another component. The technique is discernible in the Neolithic stone architecture of Stonehenge in England.

mortise-and-tenon.

This needle-shaped monolith with a pyramidal point represented a materialized ray of sunlight, referring back to the primeval cult of the Ben-ben stone of Heliopolis.

obelisk.