Architecture 315

Shah Jahan 1592 - 1666

"King of the World") was the fifth Mughal emperor, who reigned from 1628 to 1658. Shah Jahan left behind a grand legacy of structures constructed during his reign. He was one of the greatest patrons of Mughal architecture. His most famous building was the Taj Mahal, which he built out of love for his wife, the empress Mumtaz Mahal. Upon his death, his son Aurangzeb had him interred in it next to Mumtaz Mahal. Among his other constructions are the Red Fort also called the Delhi Fort or Lal Qila in Urdu, large sections of Agra Fort, the Jama Masjid, the Wazir Khan Mosque, the Moti Masjid, the Shalimar Gardens, sections of the Lahore Fort, the Mahabat Khan Mosque in Peshawar, and the Mini Qutub Minar

Carceri (Prisons) Piranesi (1762, Etchings) Complex, crowded prisons Fantastical

"The sublime": meant to inspire terror/anxiety Influenced surrealism Ruins taking over man's world

Rococo 18th Century

(of furniture or architecture) of or characterized by an elaborately ornamental late baroque style of decoration prevalent in 18th-century Continental Europe, with asymmetrical patterns involving motifs and scrollwork Style emerges after the death of Louis XIV, peaked in 1720s and 30s Curving lines, linear, exotic foreign styles Nature as a source (plants, vines, grottos, shells) Feminine style (Salon de Princesse, Hotel de Soubrise, Paris, 1735-39) No classical order

Ottoman Empire 1299 - 1924

1453 - Byzantine Empire ends. Constantinople was conquered + became Istanbul. Christian → Islam Emerged out of central Turkey Spanned 2 continents - Europe + Asia Dominant power in the Mediterranean for centuries Modeled after ancient Rome - built a large military with a hierarchical society Expanded public works like bridges, aqueducts + roads as means for army transportation Focus on urban architecture - schools + mosques + bath houses Great domed structures like: Sultan Ahmed (Blue) Mosque Hagia Sofia (Byzantine Christian 537 vs. Mosque 1550s) Topkapi Palace

Michelangelo 1475-1564

1475 - 18 February 1564) was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect and poet of the High Renaissance born in the Republic of Florence, who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art. Considered by many the greatest artist of his lifetime, and by some the greatest artist of all time, his artistic versatility was of such a high order that he is often considered a contender for the title of the archetypal Renaissance man, along with his rival, the fellow Florentine and client of the Medici, Leonardo da Vinci.

Brooklyn Bridge J.A., G.W. and E.W. Roebling NYC, US 1869-83

1883 Designed by John Roebling. Combines two structural systems, steal cables(tension) and the arches themselves (comprassion). established the structural basis for all modern suspension bridges; it also employed the first steel used in an American structure. Open-joint system Suspension system Two monumental masonry towers Steel cables Highest art of the new iron age

Bauhaus W. Gropius Dessau, Germany 1926

A Weimar (German) architectural school created by Walter Gropius which combined the fine arts and functionalism Art & craft into the mix 3 Main goals: Rescue all the arts from isolation Balance and equate arts and crafts Establish close links w/ Industry Make things for people (mass produce) to better people's lives Characteristic of "international style" Architecture without applied ornament new materials Form follows function Asymmetrical plan Thin glass walls reveal the structure

Reliance Building Burnham and Root Chicago, IL, US 1893

An office building (now a hotel) constructed by Burnham and Root in Chicago with logically ordered spaces enclosed by faceted walls of glass and a steel skeleton covered by terra-cotta panels, which made for light cladding relative to bricks. It was similar to the Monadnock Building in terms of the floor plan, but they didn't waste materials covering up parts of the steel frame on the interior. Steel cage construction Glass curtain wall Glazed terracotta panels Mass produced, easy to clean Daylight desirable → big windows Curtain wall construction

Guggenheim Museum F.L. Wright NYC, US 1943-1959

Anti-urban building Concrete poured into wooden frames Art pieces are framed against the walls Floors spiral upwards, uneven Couldn't back up to view art Small entrances opens up Structure is more important than what it holds Natural light is damaging to the paintings

Shaykh Baha 'ad-Din 1547 - 1621

Arab, Shia Islamic scholar, philosopher, architect, mathematician, astronomer and poet who lived in the late 16th and early 17th centuries in Safavid Iran. He was one of the earliest astronomers in the Islamic world to suggest the possibility of the Earth's movement prior to the spread of the Copernican theory. Shaykh Baha' al-Din is attributed with architectural planning of the city of Isfahan during the Safavid era. He was the architect of Isfahan's Imam Square, Imam Mosque and Hessar Najaf. He designed a canal called Zarrin Kamar in Isfahan which is one of Iran's greatest canals.

Plan for Berlin A. Speer (and A. Hitler) Berlin, Germany 1938

Assembly hall Classical building throughout Can fit 180,000 people Massive size = controlled climate

Virginia State Capitol T. Jefferson Richmond, VA, US 1785

Associationalism - idea of democracy (Republican value) Ideas of politics, power, tradition Using arch as a revolutionary tool Thomas Jefferson is credited with the overall design of the new Capitol, together with French architect Charles-Louis Clérisseau. The design was modeled after the Maison Carrée at Nîmes in southern France, an ancient Roman temple. The only other state to accurately copy an ancient model is the Vermont State House, which based its portico on the Temple of Hephaestus in Athens. Jefferson had Clérisseau substitute the Ionic order over the more ornate Corinthian column designs of the prototype in France. At the suggestion of Clérisseau, it used a variant of the Ionic order designed by Italian student of Andrea Palladio, Vincenzo Scamozzi.

Rivera/Kahlo House and Studio J. O'Gorman Mexico City, Mexico 1929

Azul anil - blue Mexican revolution devastated country New architecture w/ no negative history Modern tech. For everyone Equality w/o reference to a dark history Directly modeled on a Corbusian design Sawtooth roofline Factory frame windows

Chapel of the Holy Shroud (Cappella SS. Sindone), Turin, Italy, 1660s Designed by: G. Guarini

Baroque style Roman Catholic Chapel Located outside the Turin Cathedral and connected to the Royal Palace of Turin designed by the architect Guarino Guarini and built at the end of the 17th century (1668-94), The chapel was constructed to house the Shroud of Turin (Sindone di Torino), a religious relic believed by many to be the burial shroud of Jesus of Nazareth. In 1997, the chapel was severely damaged by a massive fire, the cause of which is still a mystery.

Altes Museum K.F. Schinkel Berlin, Germany 1822

Based on classical temples Everything is organized chronologically Focus on museum as a site of history Royal family set artworks on display Putting artwork in boxes for educations Shrine of cultural treasures Placed in the heart of the city

Ministry of Education and Health L. Costa & O. Niemeyer et al. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 1937-1947

Brises Soleils - (sun screens) Movable concrete Unique to brazil High rise skyscraper in the center of a major city Statement to attention of people's needs Blue and white Azulejos (tiles) Roof gardens by Roberto Burlemort Native plants Amazon river inspired Government building representing new urban times

Crystal Palace

Building erected in London, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. Made of iron and glass, like a gigantic greenhouse, it was a symbol of the industrial age. Metal/glass building Temporary building Built for the world's fair Trade Fairs for art, inventions, colonies Needed to be built quickly, huge, and cheaply Masonry too difficult to work with Enormous greenhouse Prefabricated materials

Salk Institute for Biological Sciences L. Kahn La Jolla, CA, US 1959-1965

Buildings designed to capture light Combines light,water, air The campus was designed by Louis Kahn. Salk had sought to make a beautiful campus in order to draw the best researchers in the world.

Il Redentore, Venice, Italy, 1570-90 Designed by: A. Palladio

Commissioned as a votive church as a thank you for deliverance from a major outbreak of the plague that decimated venice between 1575 and 1576. Senate wished for it to be square, but Palladio was like, "nah, you're getting a single nave church with three chapels on either side". Inspired by the Pantheon of Rome and enhanced by being placed on a wide plinth. 15 steps are required to reach the church's entrance, a direct reference to the Temple of Jerusalem and complicit with Palladio's own requirement that "the ascent of the faithful will be gradual, so that the climbing will bring more devotion" Considered one of the pinnacles of Palladio's career. Central triangular pediment on the facade overlies a larger, lower one. Known for its rigorous, geometric proportions. Overall height is four-fifths that of its overall width whilst the width of the central portion is five-sixths that of its height. Interior: White stucco, gray stone, domed crossing, uninterrupted Corinthian order seen around entire interior. Light floods the space. Came after Martin Luther launched the Protestant Reformation The "Counter Reformation" turned away from centrally planned churches + went back to the tradition basilica plan. This is a monochromatic basilica that feels more like a central plan.

L'Opera C. Garnier Paris, France 1875

Copper-clad dome Triple -height atrium Similar textures & colors create cloth for the city Revival of baroque branjure Bourgeois

Model for tower dedicated to the 3rd communist international V. Tatlin 1920

Created in models, never built Meant to honor revolution Intended to be 2x as high as the Empire State Building Supposed to be propaganda and a news center for Soviet Union Part of the deconstructionist movement Iron and glass

"White City" World's Columbian Exposition D. Burnham and others Chicago, IL, US 1893

Daniel Burnham's version of the ideal city created for the 1893 World's Fair Columbian Exhibition; the design included boulevards, parks, buildings, and streetlights Temporary city of art Buildings made of wood frame and chicken wire Painted to look like marble

German Pavilion (Barcelona Pavilion) L. Mies van der Rohe Barcelona, Spain 1929

Mies van der Rohe Barcelona (1928-29) -exposition in Barcelona -builts for a worlds fair, - utilize system of planes to defined space such as the pools -barcelona chair (total work of art) -was demolished and built using only photographs -no cubic or structure of space onyx walls-ornamentation -reflection- water, glass panels, onyx columns -regular column grid (8) -made from steel system Function as a universal Utopian platonic ideal German craftsmanship Marble walls (freestanding walls) Provide space for reception (arrival of king and queen of Spain) Boiled down essentialized modern building

City of Arts and Sciences S. Calatrava Valencia, Spain 2004

Molded steel and concrete into sensual shapes inspired by bones and bird wings Placed in counteractive positions to exploit their tensile capacity Biomorphic exoskeletal structures pursuing the structural efficiency found in nature

Rebuilding Paris under Napoleon III and Baron G. -E. Haussmann 1851-1869

Napoleon named Baron Georges Haussmann to oversee a vast project to redesign Paris. Haussmann replaced narrow streets and congested working-class neighborhoods with wide avenues, impressive public monuments, and expansive parks. The rebuilding also transformed Paris into a symbol of France's prosperity and greatness and it made it much harder for rioters to blockade streets. streets allowed for barricades City for leisure time Christian roots Great deal of discontent emerging from Europe Paris in state of violent demonstrations; Rebuilding had practical military function Wide blvds conducive to moving troops across city

Cenotaph to Newton E. -L Boullee 1780s

Never built Cenotaph - tomb Architecture parlante Model of the cosmos Symbol for enlightenment ideas Though the structure was never built, Boullée had many ink and wash drawings engraved and circulated widely in the professional circles in 1784. A cenotaph is a funerary monument celebrating a figure interred elsewhere. The small sarcophagus for Newton is placed at the lower pole of the sphere. The design of the memorial creates the effect of day and night. The night effect occurs when the sarcophagus is illuminated by the sunlight coming through the holes in the vaulting. This gives the illusion of stars in the night sky. The day effect is an armillary sphere hanging in the center that gives off a mysterious glow. Thus, the use of light in the building's design causes the building's interior to change its appearance.

Piazza d'Italia C. Moore New Orleans, LA, US 1976

Open plaza dedicated to the city's Italian-American community Elements related to Italian history and Roman culture Supposed to set everyone off from urban typical traffic patterns Complete contradiction to modernism On foot, there are 3 gateways of varied design Open to open circular areas (like a piazza) Short section of colonnades arranged in staggered concentric arc All directing eye to focal point

Chiswick House, London, 1725 Designed by: Lord Boyle Burlington and W. Kent

Palladian villa Built for aristocrate (Boyle) Elaborate entrance Based off Villa Rotunda Both symmetrical Details are left off the Chiswick house 4 porches at villa rotunda 1 porch at the chiswick house Gardens: picturesque, pleasantness, appeal to the eye of asymmetry

Villa Rotunda, near Vicenza, Italy, 1567 Designed by: A. Palladio

Palladio's most famous villa. One of the most recognizable buildings of the Renaissance, recalling ancient roman classical models.x Four facades, allowing for the inhabitants to enjoy striking views no matter where the sun may be. Symmetrical, square plan with identical porticoes projecting from each facade. At the center, a dome emerges over a central circular hall. It was highly unusual to see a dome on a residence (power move). A domed residence with pediments on all sides Was Palladio's invention - an example of mannerism/playing with the rules. Positioned on a lovely elevated site where picturesque hills are viewed all around. Commissioned by Paolo Almerico, Not really designed as a villa, but more as an urban residence that was placed in the countryside. As such, there are no adjacent farm fields, or agricultural structures. Exterior of the building suggests the sacred, influenced by Roman temples such as the Pantheon. Vibrant, colorful interior which contrasts the sober exterior. Interior recalls imagery and ornament not unlike a church or place of worship. Aesthetics, symbolism + harmonious form conveys beauty, wealth + power. Function follows form here.

East Facade of Louvre, Paris, France, 1667 Designed by: C. Perrault et al.,

Perrault's fundamental challenge to traditional architectural ideas was the assertion that beauty was not a natural or universal quality; it did not depend on precise, immutable laws of proportion or on mathematical harmony. Beauty, Perrault argued, was contingent, based in imagination and customary usage. Double, Corinthian Columns, Twin Porticos (covered walkways) Departure from earlier royal buildings in France The Corinthian columns impart a continuous, steady rhythm to the whole façade. Their slightly slimmer proportion compared to most Corinthian columns compensates for the wider proportion one perceives in the coupled motif. By displacing half of the columns to create the double-column pattern, greater emphasis is put on the spaces between the columns The end pavilions, elegantly detailed with low-relief sculpture, recall Roman triumphal arches.

Larkin Administration Building Frank Lloyd Wright 1903-1906 Buffalo, New York

Plan resembled a medieval fortress Central five-story atrium Open-office plan Built-in file cabinets Radiant floor heating/air-conditioning Wall-hung toilets

Nakagin Capsule Tower K. Kurokawa Tokyo Japan 1970

Rare remaining example of Japanese metabolism, an arch Movement emblematic of Japan's postwar cultural resurgence Mixed use residential and office Neo-modernism

Unity Temple F. L. Wright Oak Park, IL, US 1906

Reinforced concrete No windows Meant for light not views Private sequestered space Tall space w/ balconies on either side 3D cladwork within

St. Genevieve (Pantheon) J. -G Soufflot Paris, France 1757-1792

Started as a church to honor the saint who converted french kings to christianity After the revolution, the church became known as the "Pantheon" (group of gods or heroes) Great leaders of revolution Public hero worship Somber character Modeled by a metro church building by Boullet

Villa Savoye Le Corbusier Poissy, France 1928-1931

Steel and reinforced concrete This was a radically new view of the domestic sphere, one that is evident in his design for the Villa Savoye. The architect has created a space that is dynamic. This design concept was based on the notion of the car as the ultimate machine and the idea that the approach up to and through the house carried ceremonial significance. Monumental or international style Country home Inspired by a distilled version of classicism Bottom form embraces mechanical "Less is more" Free plan Free facade Horizontal window Roof garden

Seagram Building L. Mies van der Rohe, with P. Johnson NYC, US 1956-1958

Steel frame with glass curtain wall and bronze This building epitomizes the importation of modernist ideals from Europe to the United States. In its monumental simplicity, expressed structural frame and rational use of repeated building elements, the building embodies Ludwig Mies van der Rohe's oft-repeated aphorisms that "structure is spiritual" and "less is more." He believed that the more a building was pared to its essential structural and functional elements, and the less superfluous imagery is used, the more a building expresses its structure and form.

Suleyman l (The Magnificent) 1494-1566

Sultan over the Ottoman Empire at its peak Great patron Undertook bold military campaigns that enlarged his realm but also oversaw the development of what came to be regarded as the most characteristic achievements of Ottoman civilization in the fields of law, literature, art, and architecture. Appointed Sinan (ca. 1500-1588), chief of the Corps of Royal Architects. While Sinan is often remembered for his two major commissions, the mosque complexes of Süleymaniye in Istanbul (1550-57) and of the later Selimiye in Edirne (1568-74), he designed hundreds of buildings across the Ottoman empire and contributed to the dissemination of Ottoman culture.

Masjid-i-Shah Mosque or Imam Mosque, Isfahan, 1611-1629

Tallest, grandest, most richly decorated building in the city 4 minorettes Most important building in the city Enormous Iwan (space walled on three sides, inside pointed arch) pishtaq (facade wall with pointed arched opening to Iwan)

Einstein Tower E. Mendelsohn Potsdam, Germany 1919-1921

Telluric (forms made from the Earth) and biomorphic forms (suggest something living) Would've been made of reinforced concrete Brick building Hand Molded w/ plaster Not scientifically advanced for reinforced concrete

Tenochtitlán, Mexico, 14th-16th centuries

Tenochtitlán, Ancient capital of the Aztec empire. Located at the site of modern Mexico City, it was founded c. 1325 in the marshes of Lake Texcoco. formed a confederacy with Texcoco and Tlacopán and was the Aztec capital by the late 15th century. Originally located on two small islands in Lake Texcoco, it gradually spread through the construction of artificial islands to cover more than 5 square miles (13 square km). It was connected to the mainland by several causeways. The population in 1519 was estimated to be about 400,000 people, the largest residential concentration in Mesoamerican history. It contained the palace of Montezuma II, said to consist of 300 rooms, as well as hundreds of temples. It was destroyed by the Spanish conquistadores under Hernán Cortés in 1521. The city was divided into four zones, or camps; each camp was divided into 20 districts (calpullis, Nahuatl calpōlli); and each calpulli, or 'big house', was crossed by streets or tlaxilcalli.

Ninomaru Palace (within Nijo Castle Compound), Kyoto, Japan, 1610-1636

The 3,300-square-meter (36,000-square-foot) Ninomaru Palace consists of five connected separate buildings and is built almost entirely of Hinoki cypress. The decoration includes lavish quantities of gold leaf and elaborate wood carvings, intended to impress visitors with the power and wealth of the shōguns. The sliding doors and walls of each room are decorated with wall paintings by artists of the Kanō school. The castle is an excellent example of social control manifested in architectural space. Low-ranking visitors were received in the outer regions of the Ninomaru, whereas high-ranking visitors were shown the more subtle inner chambers. Rather than attempt to conceal the entrances to the rooms for bodyguards (as was done in many castles), the Tokugawas chose to display them prominently. Thus, the construction lent itself to expressing intimidation and power to Edo-period visitors.

Shah Abbas l 1571 - 1629

The first Safavid ruler to achieve a united Persia. Shah Abbas is widely recognized to have been the most eminent ruler of the Safavid Dynasty that ruled Persia (Iran) from 1502 to 1722 C.E He became Shah of Iran in early 1581 in a revolt against his father, Mohammad of Safavid, who was imprisoned. raised Iran to the status of a great power. Skilled diplomat, tolerant of his Christian subjects in Armenia. His royal palace boasted a huge courtyard of trickling water, flowing off in artificial streams in each direction, with the royal bathhouse off to one side.

Vietnam Veterans Memorial. Washington, D.C., U.S. Maya Lin. 1982 C.E.

The strength of the granite contrasts with softness of the grass and brings a balance to both nature and architecture. black granite 2 wings memorializing people who were lost create wings = used 70 slabs of polished granite meant to be austere and simple 2 wings meet at center (create V-shape) ends (at ground level) down at center (runs 10 ft high) names are carved into granite (listed chronologically in order of deaths) 57 k+ casualties entire memorial give power to name that signifies the person black granite acts as mirror viewers are reflected creating memorial where viewers are linked and joined with deceased cut down into landscape enhances awareness of descent as you walk along wall and to the centerpoint meant to be a scar on the land (forever there, brutal reminder of what has happened - healed over, not as raw as it was before) grass would grow back, cut would remain (healed wound)

Tassel House V. Horta Brussels, Belgium 1893

Tile patterns on floor plan Line carried through walls Art Noveau Deliquescent Inspired by natural forms (nature as part of design) Rococo influences Architects finding new ways to use metal Globally fashionable Supposed to better your human experience

The Hall of Supreme Harmony, The Forbidden City, Beijing, China, ca. 1420

Timber framed Rectangular form Framed roofs (red, yellow, blue) Two-tiered roofs Style= Status More elaborate = more money, high status interiors : open spaces are not divided into individual rooms Emperor always at center Terra cotta: baked clay, decorate the roods, frightened evil spirits

smarak sangrahalaya memorial C. Correa Ahmedabad, India 1963

Turns back to ancient types Memorial for Gandhi

Islam

Universal formal elements: Domes (marker of a power center) Arcades Courtyards Minarets (vertical element seen from a distance) Focus on the interiors with more blunt exteriors protecting a rich/private interior Emphasis on privacy Organic design process with little interest in symmetry - Cellular structures expanding as needs grew Emphasis on surface decoration - dematerializing the building. Form, structure + mass dissolves to focus on the spiritual Adding richness worthy of god (drawing from Byzantine) "Horror Vacui" Iconoclasm - images distract Geometric ornamentation - extending infinitely Arabesque/Calligraphy - the word as ornament

Torre Velasca BBPR (Architectural partnership founded in Milan) Milan, Italy 1958

Upper plans are cantilevered out Traditional Italian device Streets had to be kept clear and wide People built out floors to maximize space

Gian Lorezo Bernini 1598-1680

Used a wide range of mediums + materials to create an overwhelming + theatrical environment geared toward stimulating devotion Gian Lorenzo Bernini He was regarded as the greatest architect and sculptor of the Baroque period. Created the Baroque style of sculpture and developed it to such an extent that other artists are of only minor importance in a discussion of that style. His first architectural work was the remodeled Church of Santa Bibiana in Rome. Subseqeuent notable works are too numerous to list, including many in and around the Basillica of St. Peter's in Vatican City. Perhaps Bernini's most spectacular religious decoration is the Throne of St. Peter, or the Cathedra Petri (1657-66), a gilt-bronze cover for the medieval wooden throne (cathedra) of the pope.

La Ville Contemporaine Le Corbusier 1922

Utopian scheme of a city with magnificent skyscraper towers surrounded by a broad and sweeping open space. (Le Corbusier) The centerpiece of this plan was a group of sixty-story cruciform skyscrapers built on steel frames and encased in curtain walls of glass. The skyscrapers housed both offices and the flats of the most wealthy inhabitants[citation needed]. These skyscrapers were set within large, rectangular park-like green spaces. Le Corbusier segregated the pedestrian circulation paths from the roadways, and glorified the use of the automobile as a means of transportation. As one moved out from the central skyscrapers, smaller multi-story zigzag blocks set in green space and set far back from the street housed the proletarian workers.

Secession Building J.M. Olbrich Vienna, Austria 1898

Venue for avant-garde art/design Art Nouveau, however, it was orthogonal and symmetry like a classical temple Stylized Foliage clustered into squared off shapes at the junctures of facade Foliated Ball alternate to dome Two horizontal wings thrust up four pylons carry sphere of gilded laurel leaves

Sydney Opera House J. Utzon Sydney, Australia 1957-1972

Visible from the entire city Shells designed for acoustical purposes

Pruitt-Igoe Housing Project M. Yamasaki St. Louis, MO, US 1951-1956

What: Housing projects for a population of largely black people with low-income. Poor living condition and high rent Sig: with restrictive covenants, grouped black, low-income families together in inferior housing with worse schools

Muller House A. Loos Prague, Czech Republic 1926

White plaster house with few apertures (non-ornamented) Economical and functional Multilevel interiors Public view is left untouched (cut off from the outside) White cubic facade Unornamented exterior, while interior is fully designed

Humanism c. 1400

a renewed belief in the power + value of the individual man as the measure of all things individualism + secularism* emphasis on civic virtue + schools outside of religion contemplating man's place in the universe intellectuals questioning religious views on life new palaces + churches influenced by humanism changed the character of italian cities, making them more uniform in scale + with a geometric basis "vitruvian man" 1490

Taos Pueblo, New Mexico, USA, ca. 1400

an ancient pueblo belonging to a Taos-speaking (Tiwa) Native American tribe of Puebloan people. It lies about 1 mile (1.6 km) north of the modern city of Taos, New Mexico. Oldest continuously inhabited in the U.S. Adobe: dried or baked mud and straw bricks or "rammed earth" made in wood frame molds As families grew, they added onto the homes Insulation: days hot and heat is stored, nights cold and heat is released Constructed in a setting backed by the Taos Mountains of the Sangre de Cristo Range.

Wainwright Building, St. Louis Adler & Sullivan St. Louis, MO, US 1894

designed by louis sullivan. influenced by HH richardson. partnered with german engineers. speculative office building. rises effortlessly. expression of corporate and cultural endeavors. bottom layer all glass like a retail building. the dept store acts as a base. he doesnt break the column by continuing the entabature to say that rise in elevation is the most important thing. engages the viewers eye in the way you would look at a landscape. stairs creating an unwinding effect. abstraction really begins to take off. Recessed spandrels Long unbroken line from the bottom to the top Looks at underlying principles from the past arch and gives them new form Fluted shaft and floral capitol Routed in natural forms First modern American Skyscraper

Fillipo Brunelleschi 1377-1446

earned the title of architect, which was rarely used since antiquity took charge of the dome project at st. peter's cathedral invented linear perspective drawing to communicate ideas

Florence, Italy

empire was at its peak in 1380 handful of families (merchants) controlled money + contributed to the wealth of the city peculiar because it has no classical heritage; it was founded after the fall of the roman empire strong byzantine/arabic/ottoman aspects in its architecture; lavish/intricate/ornate

Venice, italy

empire was at its peak in 1380 handful of families (merchants) controlled money + contributed to the wealth of the city peculiar because it has no classical heritage; it was founded after the fall of the roman empire strong byzantine/arabic/ottoman aspects in its architecture; lavish/intricate/ornate

Sub-Saharan Africa

geographically, the area of the continent of Africa that lies south of the Sahara (lit)

Leon Batista Alberti 1404-1472

humanist + architect writings encouraged patrons to demonstrate their virtue + achieve fame by sponsoring appropriate buildings, establishing a new standard for architecture as a civil duty his theory of "concinnitas" held that beauty resulted from harmonious use of symmetry + proportionality - that building design should be as sensible as organisms produced by nature;deriving principles both from observing antiquity + considering relationships in nature

Dome (duomo) of the Cathedral, Florence, 1419-46

icon of florence Early renaissance example Used clever masonry techniques + a ribbed skeleton girded by 9 horizontal supports concealed between 2 layers (double shelled) Brunelleschi invented labor saving machines like the ox-driven hoist, a turnstile w/gears + sprockets used for lifting materials on site Borrowed gothic's pointed arches + ribs but also added all'antica details Dynamic/structural/sculptural Classicized + sculpturized

Andrea Palladio 1508 - 1580

most important architect in venice + most influential/copies architect in history aware of the rise of mannerism most known for his villas important because he actually published his work (4 books of architecture) most important traits of his villas: classical architecture with compositional hierarchy (social status) formal integration via proportions + symmetry coordination of interior + exterior designs

Great Mosque, Djenné, Mali, originally built mid-14th century., rebuilt 1907

one of the wonders of Africa, one of the most unique religious buildings in the world, the Great Mosque of Djenné, in present-day Mali, is also the greatest achievement of Sudano-Sahelian architecture (Sudano-Sahelian refers to the Sudanian and Sahel grassland of West Africa). It is also the largest mud-built structure in the world. The Great Mosque that we see today is its third reconstruction, completed in 1907. The Great Mosque of today is rectilinear in plan and is partly enclosed by an exterior wall. An earthen roof covers the building, which is supported by monumental pillars.

Renaissance 1400

rebirth of ancient greco-roman culture, including lost ideals of social + political order 1400 began the early modern era - a gradual diminishing of religious importance + more focus on sciences, etc by 1400 rome was in ruins, from one million ppl down to 17,000, which gave room for the rebirth recognition of the death of ancient rome + accepting the challenge to compete + surpass "new generations purging their minds of the grossness of the past" architecture was drastically different from gothic: classical revival, predominantly horizontal, rounded arches, relatively static, human oriented, harmony + equilibrium renaissance buildings were a microcosm of the macrocosm; everything was measurable to the human scale, flattering the intellect of the viewer Ideas began to shift about what the ideal church should look like + the nature of christ; re-interpreting christianity + stressing christ as the perfect man shift from suffering christ (1420) → christ triumphant (1520) from basilica plans → central plans centrally planned churches became dominant by the 15th century didn't offer new technological structural advances but added new dynamic sculpture; creating tension + treating space as a vital + dynamic force

Pope Julius ll 1503-1515

revived the papacy in rome great patron of art + architecture, making the rise of culture + high renaissance possible used architecture as communication + propaganda with grand projects to further the church's reach roman catholicism was threatened by protestants like martin luther; central plans were seen as dangerous/risky; the church responded by going back to older ideas/floor plans

Mannerism 16th Century

style/approach to play with classicism mannered deliberately weird - breaking the rules. fashionable in the 16th century a way for talented artists to show their mastery in breaking the rules of classicism Examples may include Michelangelos Laurentian Library, utilizing exterior features, inside, and strange, unnerving structural details. (Intentionally so)

Baroque

translates to "irregular pearl" began in rome as catholic architecture of the 17th century as a roman catholic response to protestantism Protestants were threatening Roman Catholics Centrally planned churches were seen as too risky Baroque was, initially at least, directly linked to the Counter-Reformation, a movement within the Catholic Church to reform itself in response to the Protestant Reformation. architecture of an era of exploration + conquest (europeans colonizing) spoke to the power of the pope, church, government + centralized powers originally a derogatory term for "over the top" capturing peak dramatic moments/meant to reach out, grab + engage viewers, awe + inspire used light as luminosity of the divine ovals + heavy ornamentation

Casa Mila A. Gaudi Barcelona, Spain 1905-1910

Designed by Antonio GAUDI Associated with ART NOUVEAU Shares concerns with ARTS AND CRAFTS Apartment complex surface of STONE walls suggest naturally worn rock Naturalism inspired Expressionist painting and sculpture Reinforced concrete w/ steel frame Curving organic lines = typical of Art Noveau Meant to look like a living thing Cast iron balconies/railways imitate seaweed Chimney pot gathered on top of the roof Every room is a different shape Every door is custom made Parabolic arch - Catholic symbol for the holy trinity Everything is custom made

Palazzo Medici (Medici-Ricardi), Florence, 1440s

Designed by Michelozzo Bartolomeo for Cosimo de Medici, head of the Medici banking family. 1444-1484. Well known for stone masonry. "Tripartite" or "Piano Noble" elevation used expresses the renaissance spirit of rationality, order and classicism. Basically gets more elaborate/refined as you go up in levels, the simplest level being on the street. Classical Roman and Brunelleschian principles on display here. There are defensive/security components here with rustication on the bottom floor, as well as a community component with the courtyard in the middle + benches around the exterior as a "gift" to the common people.. This was the first building in the city to include its own separate rooms and apartments. This was used as a template for many of Michelozzo's works in the future. First level: stables, workshops Second level: ballrooms, library, music rooms, dining Third level: private quarters Courtyard in the middle, brings in light and air

Donato Bramante 1444 - 1514

Donato Bramante (1444 - 1514) was an Italian architect. He introduced Renaissance architecture to Milan and the High Renaissance style to Rome, where his plan for St. Peter's Basilica formed the basis of design executed by Michelangelo. His Tempietto (San Pietro in Montorio) marked the beginning of the High Renaissance in Rome (1502) when Pope Julius II appointed him to build a sanctuary over the spot where Peter was allegedly crucified.

Sinan, Selimiye Mosque, Edirne, Turkey, 1570s

Elegant stacked domes, reaching to the heavens Towering, slender pencil minarets characterize Ottoman mosque architecture. Few mosques, however, are as visually stunning and architecturally significant as the Selimiye Complex in Edirne Built by the greatest of all Ottoman architects, if not one of the greatest of architects to ever live: Sinan. Selimiye complex was located in Edirne rather than the capital, Istanbul. It was built by the Sultan Selim II, the son of Süleyman the Magnificent, between 1568 and 1574. Edirne was one of Selim II's favorite cities. He was stationed here as a prince when his father campaigned in Persia in 1548 and he enjoyed hunting on the outskirts of the city.

Mughal, India

Empire in the Indian subcontinent, founded in 1526. It was established and ruled by the Timurid dynasty, with Turco-Mongol Chagatai roots from Central Asia, claiming direct descent from both Genghis Khan (through his son Chagatai Khan) and Timur and with significant Indian Rajput and Persian ancestry through marriage alliances. The first two Mughal emperors had both parents from Central Asian ancestry. The dynasty was Indo-Persian in culture, combining Persianate culture with local Indian cultural influences visible in its traits and customs.

Centre Pompideau R. Rogers & R. Piano Paris, France 1971- 1976

Everything color coated for metabolism According to their function Provided for the movement of people (stairs, elevators, etc) Red = people Green = water Blue = air conditioning Yellow = electricity Needs excessive elements No exterior wall Everything about flexible interior space Supposed to be for entertainment, moving lots of crowds in and out Houses libraries, art galleries, music centers, research, movie theaters, restaurants, etc Open big plaza Shopping, entertainment Part of local entertainment scene Fully exposed, updated version of Crystal Palace Exposes ducts

AEG Turbine Hall Berlin, germany 1909 Peter Behrens

Factories for turbines Wide-open space for materials Big windows on sides so workers can see what they are doing "Temple" to modern industry Translating an ancient type to a modern type

Seaside Florida A. Duany & E. Plater-Zyberk Florida, US 1979

First city in the US. designed on the principles of new urbanism Movement promotes environmentally friendly habits Truman show filmed here -Very pedestrian friendly, many streets to allow different travel and reduce traffic, move away from automobile, housing lots are narrow and close together to build a sense of community -Harkens back to small town America feel, size of standard suburban mall, houses come right up to building line without long laws -New urbanism in rejection of modernism

Lorenzo De Medici 1449 -1492

Florentine statesman, ruler, and patron of arts and letters, the most brilliant of the Medici. He ruled Florence with his younger brother, Giuliano (1453-78), from 1469 to 1478 and, after the latter's assassination, was sole ruler from 1478 to 1492. "Conspicuous consumption": expenditure on or consumption of luxuries on a lavish scale in an attempt to enhance one's prestige Lorenzo's regime was "that of a benevolent tyrant in a constitutional republic." It was, moreover, a tyranny tempered by the festivals that Florentines always loved passionately: carnivals, balls, tournaments, weddings, and princely receptions. Lorenzo's reputation did not rest on lavish hospitality alone. He was also respected as a poet of great talent.

Community center The Rural Studio Mason's Bend, AL, US 2000

Follows multifunctional nature of space Automotive glass feels pristine and contemporary When we built our own studio we only used materials that were scavenged or recycled, in addition to the timber that was grown on site - much like this community centre, which mainly uses materials that were either scavenged or sourced extremely locally. It was built for approximately the same cost as our studio - £15,000, and also used student labour in its construction.

The Forbidden City, Beijing, China, ca. 1420

Forbidden City, Chinese imperial palace complex at the heart of Beijing (Peking), China. Commissioned in 1406 by the Yongle emperor of the Ming dynasty, it was first officially occupied by the court in 1420. It was so named because access to the area was barred to most of the subjects of the realm. Government functionaries and even the imperial family were permitted only limited access; the emperor alone could enter any section at will. The 178-acre (72-hectare) compound was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1987 in recognition of its importance as the center of Chinese power for five centuries, as well as for its unparalleled architecture and its current role as the Palace Museum of dynastic art and history. The architecture of the walled complex adheres rigidly to the traditional Chinese geomantic practice of feng shui. The orientation of the Forbidden City, and for that matter all of Beijing, follows a north-south line. Within the compound, all the most important buildings, especially those along the main axis, face south to honor the Sun. The buildings and the ceremonial spaces between them are arranged to convey an impression of great imperial power while reinforcing the insignificance of the individual. This architectural concept is borne out to the smallest of details—the relative importance of a building can be judged not only from its height or width but also by the style of its roof and the number of figurines perched on the roof's ridges.

Fallingwater F.L. Wright Bear Run, PA, US 1936

Form: -Ribbon fenestration -Organic plan/space -Horizontality -Irregularity and complexity of design Content: -Hearth in center of the house -Cantilevered porches extending over a waterfall -Living room with glass curtain wall around 3 of the 4 sides Function: -Weekend house for the Kauffman family (owned a department store in Pittsburgh) -Harmony with nature Integration of nature Built on top of a waterfall Built-in furniture

Guggenheim Museum Bilbao F. Gehry Bilbao, Spain 1997

Form: -Titanium, glass, and limestone -CAD (computer assisted design) -Titanium covered -Bending and arching walls -Effect of shimmering surface -Deconstructionist architecture: seeks to create a seemingly unstable environment with unusual special arrangements Content: -Multiple galleries -Central atrium like Wright's Guggenheim in NY Function: -Bending walls represents how history is never-ending and never stops unfolding -History has many ways of being constructed -Swirling forms and shapes mark a contract with the industrial landscape of Bilbao -"Bilbao effect": refers to the impact that a museum can have on a local economy Mass of asymmetrical and imbalance forms Everything about irregularity of main central mass that seem to shift position that viewers look from a different perspective Seems like it is collapsing on itself Everything moving and shifting and turning on itself Scaled limestone and titanium clad exterior Gives space age quality/character Highlights a clustering effect of parts Clustering different organic forms "metallic flower"

Martin Luther 1483 - 1546

He is one of the most influential figures in the history of Christianity. German theologian and religious reformer who was the catalyst of the 16th-century Protestant Reformation. Luther precipitated a movement that reformulated certain basic tenets of Christian belief and resulted in the division of Western Christendom between Roman Catholicism and the new Protestant traditions, mainly Lutheranism, Calvinism, the Anglican Communion, the Anabaptists, and the Antitrinitarians. Luther vigorously objected to the corrupt practice of selling indulgences. (An indulgence was a payment to the Catholic Church that purchased an exemption from punishment (penance) for some types of sins.) His "95 Theses," propounded two central beliefs—that the Bible is the central religious authority and that humans may reach salvation only by their faith and not by their deeds. This body of work would eventually spark the Protestant Reformation.

Stourhead H. Flitcroft Wiltshire, England 1741-1772

Hoare and Flitcroft, Enlightenment, Stourton, England Picturesque Contains allusions to the Aeneid Meant to look untouched Landscape of democracy Protesting French Gardens

Salines des Chaux C. -N. Ledoux France 1770-1800

Industrial complex Saltworks (salt mine) Royal project ran by tax collectors Colosseum served as a model for chaux Located near salt mines Architecture rationally organized for maximum efficiency Maximize good working habits Oculus became the center of the town Panopticon - all seeing eye Surveillance based architecture Only half was halfway built before revolution Designed using utopian schemes

France 17th Century

King Louis XIV 1638 - 1715 monarch of the House of Bourbon who reigned as King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715. Patronised the arts, encouraged industry, fostered trade and commerce, and sponsored the founding of an overseas empire. Louis' detractors have argued that his considerable foreign, military, and domestic expenditure impoverished and bankrupted France.

National Assembly Complex L. Kahn Dacca, Bangladesh 1962-1983

Louis Kahn designed the entire Jatiya Sangsad complex, which includes lawns, lake and residences for the Members of the Parliament (MPs). The architect's key design philosophy was to represent Bangladeshi culture and heritage, while at the same time optimizing the use of space. The exterior of the building is striking in its simplicity, with huge walls deeply recessed by porticoes and large openings of regular geometric shapes. The main building, which is at the center of the complex, is divided into three parts - the Main Plaza, South Plaza and Presidential Plaza. An artificial lake surrounds three sides of the main building of Jatiya Sangsad Bhaban, extending to the Members of Parliament hostel complex. This skillful use of water to portray the riverine beauty of Bangladesh adds to the aesthetic value of the site.

Royal Pavilion at Brighton J. Nash Brighton, England 1815

Metal bare structure support Posts in the shape of palm trees because it's "exotic." Fashionable place to escape the city Commissioned by the Prince of Wales India is the crown of the empire. Bring back Raj In 1787, the Prince commissioned the designer of Carlton House, Henry Holland, to enlarge the existing building. It became one wing of the Marine Pavilion, flanking a central rotunda, which contained three main rooms: a breakfast room, dining room, and library, fitted out in Holland's French-influenced neoclassical style, with decorative paintings by Biagio Rebecca. In 1801-02, the Pavilion was enlarged with a new dining room and conservatory, to designs of Peter Frederick Robinson, who worked in Holland's office. The Prince also purchased land surrounding the property, on which a grand riding school and stables were built in an Indian style in 1803-08, to designs by William Porden. These provided stabling for 60 horses and dwarfed the Marine Pavilion.[3]

Lloyd's of London Building R. Rogers London, England 1987

Central columnar supports to suspend secondary structure and capped the whole permanent cranes to continue servicing the buildings after construction 14 story structure Demonstrative of its structure and technology Three external towers with "plug-in" services, stainless-steel bathrooms, exposed ductwork, and transparent elevators While the exterior appears complex, the interior reads as simple as a rectangle

Bibliotheque Ste. Genevieve. H. Labrouste. Paris, c.1845

Central row of slender cast-iron columns Fireproof barrel vaults (made of plaster covered metal lattices) Masonry piers and arches Temple of knowledge

Sinan 1488 - 1588

Chief Ottoman architect (Turkish: mimar) and civil engineer for Sultans Suleiman the Magnificent, Selim II, and Murad III. Responsible for the construction of more than 300 major structures and other more modest projects, such as schools. The son of a stonemason, he received a technical education and became a military engineer. His masterpiece is the Selimiye Mosque in Edirne, although his most famous work is the Suleiman Mosque in Istanbul.

Ciudad Universitaria (UNAM) M. Pani, J. O'Gorman, and others Mexico City, Mexico 1950s

Clad in natural colored stones from around Mexico regionalized architecture

Sao Paulo Museum of Art L. Bo Bardi Sao Paulo, Brazil 1957-1968

Classic box w/ glass frame Museum w/o walls Art is placed on glass easels Underground is restaurants, offices, and stored space

University of Virginia T. Jefferson Charlottesville, US 1817-1826

Jefferson designed buildings, grounds, curriculum 10 disciplines (each w/ its own pavilion) Individual pavilions have different forms Library modeled after pantheon at Rome Library placed at the very end Arms embrace you

Robie House F.L. Wright Chicago, IL, US 1909

Cantilever Open plan Prairie house - long, slung, horizontal house Rooted to its site Natural materials Not supported by ends but structure in the middle

Citta Nuova A. Sant'Elia 1914

Italian Futurists Took architecture from out of studios and into the streets War cleared all the weak buildings away Italian greatness was in the past No nature Meant to look like machines City is built upon railways Architecture should be built and rebuilt between generations Meaning and form are constantly influx

Dry garden, Ryoanji Zen Temple, Kyoto, Japan, 16th century

Ryōanji is a temple located in north Kyoto, Japan affiliated with a branch of Zen Buddhism. Ryōanji thrived as a great Zen center for the cultural activities of the elite from the late 16th through the first half of the 17th century under the patronage of the Hosokawa family. The temple and its gardens are listed as one of the Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto. In the late 1990, the garden attracted over a million visitors annually and is regarded as an expression of Zen art and a symbol of Zen Buddhism and Japanese culture.The Ryōanji garden is the one of the most famous examples of a rock garden—a form which developed during the Moromachi period (1392-1573) with the efflorescence of Zen Buddhism in medieval Japan. This type of garden consists of rocks and pebbles rather than vegetation and water, and was mainly created on the grounds of temples for encouraging contemplation. White gravel often symbolizes flowing elements such as waterfalls, rivers, creeks, or sea, while rocks suggest islands, shores, or bridges. Like other Japanese rock gardens, the Ryōanji garden presents stones surrounded by raked white gravel with a minimal use of plants. Fifteen rocks of different sizes are carefully arranged in groups amidst the raked pebbles covering a 250 square-meter rectangle of ground. The stones are carefully arranged so that one can only see no more than fourteen of the fifteen at once from any angle. Mostly sand and pebbles surrounded by a wall, the sand is raked daily in different patterns, wind messes it up and needs to be revived Rocks look like miniature mountains and larger landscape features Sand patterns mimic water

San Carlino alle Quattro Fontane, Rome, begun 1638 Designed by: F. Borromini

San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, (Italian: "Saint Charles at the Four Fountains")also called San Carlino, influential Baroque church in Rome that was designed by Francesco Borromini as part of a small monastery for a community of Spanish monks. It was commissioned in 1634 and was built during 1638-46, except for the tall facade, which was added about 1677. Built to fit in a cramped and difficult site, the church has an unusual and somewhat irregular floor plan in the shape of a Greek cross defined by convex curves. Baroque architecture defined by more simple, white interiors in contrast to elaborate, gilded and colorful interiors seen previously At the "four corners" - the site is situated at the crossroads of four fountains. These four fountains represent different rivers and Gods The facade is similarly undulating in plan, and this effect was subsequently adopted by other Baroque architects in their church designs. The unifying design feature in the interior is the use of the triangle, a motif for the Trinity. Tall corinthian columns stand on plinths and bear the main entablatures; Between the columns, smaller columns with their entablatures weave behind the main columns

Petrarch

Scholar and Poet of Renaissance, Italy father of the renaissance looked at the middle ages as "dark ages" + promoted classical latin + vernacular One of the earliest Humanists

Schroder House G. Rietveld Utrecht, Holland 1924

She commissioned the house to be designed preferably without walls. Both Rietveld and Schröder espoused progressive ideals that included "a fierce commitment to a new openness about relationships within their own families and to truth in their emotional lives. Bourgeois notions of respectability and propriety, with their emphasis on discipline, hierarchy, and containment would be eliminated through architectural design that countered each of these aspects in a conscious and systematic way." She envisioned a house that was free from association and could create a connection between the inside and outside. The house is one of the best known examples of De Stijl-architecture and arguably the only true De Stijl building.

At&t building Burgee & Johnson NYC, US 1978-1984

Slab wrapped in granite Reduce window space to 30% building Contrast with modern glass sheathed skyscrapers Exterior elevation is classically tri-partite Arcade base with an arched portal Tall shaft like body separated by slender mullions Mullions: vertical elements that divide windows Top piece is crowning pediment Pediment is broken by disc like opening called orbicular Arrangement refers to base, column, entablature system of greek and renaissance elevations Top section of building is influenced by furniture that wealthy people owned

iron bridge A. Darby and T. Pritchard Coalbrookdale, England 1779

Speaks of radically new ways of building Cast iron - entirely metal Speaks of the importance of mobility Industrialization and urbanization New developments in science and technology

TWA Terminal, JFK Airport E. Saarinen NYC, US 1956-1962

Sprayed concrete Dynamism Gateway to the city Glamour of air travel Shapes evocative of fluid motion Follows monumental aesthetic

Notre Dame du Haut Le Corbusier Ronchamp, France 1954

This building designed by Le Corbusier looked like many things, featuring a rough stucco finish hiding a concrete frame, and a roof that appears to be heavy and imposing but is actually well supported and has a light construction system. It had some elements that alluded to traditional church design, but it also featured odd shaped square and rectangular windows. The new monumentality No technology A suggestion of a variety of things The small chapel on a pilgrimage site designed to replace a building destroyed in WW2 One massive exterior wall that contains a pulpit that faces the outdoor area for services Church services meant to be held outside Very organic Connected to nature Interior can also hold church services (holds almost 200 people) Done in an intimate scale