architecture final

3 Relationships Between Physical Environments and Uses

1. conforming uses: things designed for specifically; a coffin getting used for people being buried or a bathroom being used for going to the bathroom 2. implied uses: not necessarily designed for this, but could be as a result (coffins being scary in a movie or bathroom being a social center) 3. accommodating: uses can happen, but not necessarily designed for and not even implied, but can happen (coffin can be a planter's box and bathroom olympics) ~~~ "Architectural Determinism"

Herman Hertzberg

Buildings: • Central Beheer Offices - Apeldoorn, Holland - 1974: "Order and Systems in Architecture" ~~~ grid structure is skewed to connect different parts/functions in the office ~~~ small units to connect different parts and interconnecting naturally lit places ~~~ distribution of services in the building ~~~ structure is underlying grid formation

Herzog and de Meuron

Buildings: • Dominus Winery - Napa Valley, California - 1998: "Synthesis of Physical Considerations" ~~~ one of the best wineries; moved from France because Napa Valley had better wine ~~~ aesthetic agriculture; technology of climate, rainfall, sun, seasons, overall weather.. conscious of all of this ~~~ impacts color and fullness of grapes ~~~ just like technology affected the aesthetic of his wine, he wanted it to affect his building speak to physical considerations, but make poetry ~~~ in a valley, river; fertile soil ~~~ orient grapes to catch low sun in winter time ~~~ long thin building; parallel to vines and whole landscape ~~~ pull out rocks for building; texture same as trees... put in wine cages (like vines grow on) ~~~ all of building growing out of site like first lecture ~~~ 2nd lecture: precious soil, need to minimize erosion; building is minimum impervious cover and little driveway ~~~rain could erode soil.. put down spouts in cages and makes a fine mist, so no erosion ~~~ critters: mice and snakes, etc love grapes... cages make nest dense mesh for critters but higher up less dense.. tested with real critters ~~~ structural systems: bending ~~~ compressive: concrete; solid, load bearing concrete walls ~~~ however, needs arches/openness to trucks.. changes from bearing ~~~ hybrid: needs no outside light with kegs... bearing, but above offices do need light so bearing ~~~ climate: long, thin valley is east/west and ideal is N/S long and E/W short so perpendicular (massing) ~~ fenestration: totally N/S and none E/W ~~~ height = width ~~~ totally solid west ~~~ extreme diurnal swing in Napa Valley: let sun bake thermal mass and re-radiate at night through gaps in rocks... breeze can go through building all the time ~~~ completely working with natural forces • deYoung Museum, San Francisco - 2005: "A Few Good Buildings" ~~~ Golden Gate Park ~~~ Time Magazine: "Best Building of 21st Century" ~~~ museum addresses formal garden in front; towers are equal parts form, physical, human ~~~ amazing view of whole city, can see GG bridge, skyline, Pacific ocean.... stacked administrative functions.. draw people out there (human factors) ~~~ earthquake destroyed other building; built to resist lateral forces... twisted from allows this (physical considerations) ~~~ form; sculptural object, identifiable, landmark, different from different directions ~~~ it is synthesis... does it all! complex; not singular or orderly; post-modern ~~~ made of copper: thin punctured and warped membrane; complex skin of unified shapes... turns green like area around = more part of landscape = technical role = ventilation/porous; dimpled dimpled for physical considerations to strengthen it ~~~ sometimes solid, sometimes sparse; unified (mechanical systems, sun-shading) ~~~ functional: name is spelled out in perforating and dimpling, veiling view ~~~ glass sun-shaded by perforating reducing glare for gallery ~~~ multiple layered complex thinking ~~~ elegant, homogenous, timeless, weathers well, shimmers, sensuous, interesting, chameleon quality ~~~ enfronting garden, merges into pack, loose, natural object, lets nature into museum itself, avoid heat gain and ultraviolet ~~~ can see others in auditorium; layered experiences of space ~~~ sculptural stair; part amphitheater (functional form) ~~~ amazing view at top; perforated metal at top blocking sun.. more casual ~~~ variety of galleries; natural relief, yet some more intense depends on type of art.. early American displayed different than contemporary architecture reinforces differences ~~~ not best collection of art, but the building is a great event center ~~ not perfect but embraces

Gunnar Asplund

Buildings: • Library - Stockholm, Sweden - 1920-1928: "Mathematics/Geometry in Architecture as Inspiration for form" -used geometric form to implement prestige; trying to preserve the Swedish language -square with circle in the middle -geometry helped light flow in

"Synthesis of Physical Considerations"

~~~ combination of all sorts of physical considerations Buildings: 1. Dominus Winery - Napa Valley, California - Herzog and de Meuron - 1998 2. Simpson-Lee House - Mount Wilson, Australia - Glenn Murcutt - 1994

Jorn Utzon

~~~Danish architect who won contest held by Eero Saarinen to design a building to draw people to Australia. ~~~inspired by growing up around boats when designing Sydney Opera House Buildings: • Opera House - Sydney, Australia - 1956-1973: "Sensual and Visual Form" ~~~ putting Australia on the map ~~~ ambitious design ~~~ budget: 3 million, and total cost ended up being 100 mil, which was controversial Elements of form: Balance: shells play off each other Material/texture: shimmery tile, ceramic, sits on water Shape: white, bulbous forms ~~~ scale ~~~ rhythm • Opera House - Sydney, Australia - 1956-1973: "Construction and Tectonics" ~~~ Jorn won contest held by Eero Saarinen to make an emblem for Australia ~~~ Jorn thought of harbor ~~~ no idea how to built it ~~~ started construction without knowing where it was going ~~~ Eero thought of grapefruit to do it; can make forms similar to sketch in a uniform curvature; same radius at sphere ~~~ shapes in drawings different curve at every points ~~~ precast pieces and construct from cranes ~~~ loads were irregular throughout the shapes; Solution: shapes were reformed by cutting away from spherical shape ~~~ Glass in ceiling with no steel would have had to be 2ft thick; Solution: glass reinforced with steel beams ~~~ Jorn was too expensive and was eventually fired and replaced

Eero Saarinen

-Function influence but does not dictate form Buildings: • TWA Terminal, Kennedy Airport, New York, 1956-62: "Nature/Biology/Organisms as Inspiration of Form" ~~~ all about the human body and its movement, especially now that humans were able to fly ~~~ liquid form; sweeping, curve-linear movement ~~~ more about function; movement • Morse and Stiles Hall, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut - 1958-62: "Structure and Materials" and discussed in "Architectural Determinism" ~~~ masonry compressive structure ~~~ gothic style but also contemporary ~~~ rubble concrete, aggregate is more like a foot than an inch ~~~ compressive materials; stops wall for window and lets glass stack ~~~ chunky rocks and buildings around can see larget aggregate ~~~ designed for socialization, but could get through fire doors so had parties in bathrooms (accommodating uses)... don't design for hand and glove fit, design for accommodating, implied, and conforming • Deere and Co. Headquarters - Moline, Illinois - 1957-63: "Structure and Materials" ~~~ linear; assembly of linear pieces ~~~ made of good tension steel to allow connection to outdoors ~~~ rural Illinois ~~~ open, airy, light ~~~ he is building with structure and materials ~~~ columns and beams; Individual integrity of each element ~~~ delicacy of architectural character ~~~ rusty finish = rugged/authentic/natural ~~~ view of landscape ~~~ technology used to shape architecture ~~~ sun-shading • Kresge Auditorium - Cambridge, MA: "Perfection and Compromise" ~~~ experimental project for him; technologically savvy ~~~ very strong in physical considerations ~~~ trying to get most efficient use of thin shell concrete ~~~ dome is thing (4 inches) at top and 17 at bottom as loads carried down ~~~ form: looks like space ship, not approachable ~~~ human factors: bad... normally has airlock, none. Not very functional or comfortable by freezing ~~~ acoustics did not need fly loft and no sophisticated groups as a result, no room for dressing rooms.. no musical performances possible (domes concentrate sound and It dissapates) • the big point is that there is not a specific style of each architect; he is responding to the climate and the physical considerations

Cathedral Amiens

- Amiens, France - 1220-1288: "Construction and Tectonics: ~~~ Gothic cathedral, which was well defined at this point ~~~ couldn't quite figure out how to build like this early on especially ~~~ wanted it to be extremely tall ~~~ tall, light, open, airy; though built from stone ~~~ about connecting to God ~~~ invented blind buttresses ~~~ compressive arched forms that carry loads down; not as thick at top ~~~ had to innovate building process ~~~ system: embed scaffolding into the wall to enable to go higher ~~~ inserted wood for buttresses and arches then would move later ~~~ how do we build it and get concrete out there? ~~~ start with foundation: limestone bottom Is dark gray which is very dense and doesn't absorb moisture.. then light stone is easier to work with ~~~ can only build so high, so added additional support to enable more height; eventually, scaffolds don't work anymore and will fall ~~~ spiral staircases (carrying materials) and scaffold, which is invisible to the viewer ~~~ trees from Lebanon... lay out wood, make slot and marry pieces together and fabricate; disassemble, suspend on ropes, reassemble at top... big wooden truss powered by human wheel ~~~ arches x-shaped = framework.. "just build ribs" ~~~ didn't know how to build arches like Hagia Sophia

Louis Kahn

- Architecture is the reaching out for the truth; evolved an original theoretical and formal language that revitalized modern architecture. They reveal an integration of structure, a reverence for materials and light, a devotion to archetypal geometry, and a profound concern for humanistic evolved an original theoretical and formal language Buildings: • Dormitory- Bryn Mawr College - Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania - 1960: " architecture as intellectual/artistic experience" ~~~ designed by Ann Ting ~~~ women's college where the goal was to depict another aspect of femininity during a sort of reform; more STEM focused ~~~ divided into three parts for different functions ~~~ increases orderliness and directly impacts lives (coca cola example) • Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth, Texas: "Order and Systems in Architecture" ~~~ inspiration from tubes of space ~~~ more to do with internal needs; columns supporting vaults (underlying structure) ~~~ porches are an element of Texas heritage ~~~ wanted to museum to feel intimate; all of the mechanical spaces open to the light that comes from the top; light balances and reflects • Capitol Buildings, Dacca, Bangladesh - 1962-1974: "Mathematics/Geometry in Architecture" and "Structure and Materials in Architecture" ~~~divided country into East and West sections ~~~revolution in the middle of building it and country became Bangladesh ~~~building was about power and people embraced it ~~~Mandala shapes ~~~mosque is twisted to face off of West (Mecca) ~~~embraces all qualities of why geometry is great to utilizes in architecture ~~~ compressive structure to convey power and strength • Exeter Library, Exeter, New Hampshire - 1972: "Designation and Organization of Use" and mentioned in "Humanism at Personal Scale" ~~~ brand new central library with prep school campus, want to blend in ~~~ the way organized on campus... people thought there was not place for it ~~~ said have to be in the center of campus because it's a central function ~~~ needs to be ceremonial because it's important ~~~ arcades are welcoming: face all directions because functions are meant to collect people from all around campus ~~~ center is grand stairs ~~~ upper floor one level... gets more private as you go up floors ~~~ great ceremonial space in center, atrium, grand, naturally lit, bold, dramatic, concrete material ~~~ then semi- public is next.. book stacks, stairwell, bathrooms ~~~ then private study areas on periphery; completely different sense of space with skeletal columns and beams, warmer with wood in the middle ~~~ outer layer: brick, very intimate... expressed in windows and materials ~~~ function is driving everything: organization, materials, scale, articulation ~~~ angle for backpack ~~~ window for generous natural light ~~~ smaller open or shut window to see outside ~~~ wall Is placed between Indian Institute of Management, Ahmebad, India - 1962-78: "Designation and Organization of Use" ~~~ organization and designation of use can happen on an entire campus ~~~ housing is organized accordingly ~~~ academic: classrooms and offices feed in to centrally functional library ~~~ classrooms close to student housing ~~~ student housing organized away from common areas Ayub Hospital, Dacca, Bangladeshi- 1962: "Perfection and Compromise" ~~~ close to capitol building he did there ~~~ used local brick and arches/circular shapes; complex geometry with circles and segments, but also perpendicular set of circles then parallel circles... interesting geometrical patterns ~~~ 3 porches in layer throughout building ~~~ light, material, color shape ~~~ expecting 900 beds in hospital, but with porches not enough money; only 900... poor country with little healthcare... beds had to be jammed in and ignored many people ~~~ lacking human factors ~~~ rooms had little windows/no windows in many areas because form ~~~ bad in physical: black outs all the time and very little natural light... what about operating rooms? ~~~ Louis chose form and geometry over natural light and human factors ~~~ issues with physical considerations ~~~ facade faces west.. very hot in Bangladesh and heats high thermal mass brick wall

Pyramids

- Giza, Egypt, 2650-2500 B.C. -built approximately 5000 years ago -golden section with height and diagonal -so precise yet an extremely simple shape - use of geometric sequences allows mysticism, which is fitting for the building needs to have mystical qualities to transport the pharaohs

Laurence Halprin

- environmental planner Buildings: • Sea Ranch, California - 1965: "Geography/Topography/Ecology" ~~~ similar to Ian McHard; planning for 5000 acres on Sea Ranch ~~~ cut down redwood, but not near coastline and grazed cattle (had been a redwood forest) ~~~ cedar perpendicular to coastline for cows ~~~ used windbreakers to make it more pleasant ~~~ keep grassland because of erosion ~~~ houses mimicked shape of wind ~~~ very windy ~~~ one system; seems just like the land ~~~ environmentally stable and saved devastation of cypresses ~~~ rules: 1. leave land alone: leave grassy meadows and cluster the development to reduce erosion 2. clusters are along hedge rows ~~~ masks building ~~~ keep wind off the building ~~~ roof takes shape of cypresses

Mies va der Rohe

-A friend of Haering's; not incredibly articulate and immigrated to the US in the 1930s. had an early focus on the usage of steel -2 main social ideas: society depends on its institutions (financial, universities) and collective knowledge is man's great teacher 5 architectural values: 1. design is a rational process 2. beauty isn't universal 3. there are characteristics in architecture; every building does not have to be unique 4. architecture should embody a spirit of its age 5. technology is the greatest parameter of architecture Buildings: •Barcelona Pavilion - 1929: "Architectural Values/Philosophy/Principles/Prejudices/Theory" ~~~done for the 1929 World's Fair ~~~very little function; flexible and open space ~~~"less is more" •Farnsworth House - Plano, Illinois - 1945: Architectural Values/Philosophy/Principles/Prejudices/Theory ~~~big open space for a single woman living there ~~~flexible function wise and connected outdoors •Lake Shore Drive Apartments - Chicago - 1948-51: "Structure and Materials" ~~~ steel frame boxy building he is known for ~~~ rivets reinforced frames to carry load; concrete good for compressive and steel good for tension = bending structure ~~~ wanted least obtrusion as possible ~~~ a few columns ~~~ open and flexible with lots of glass to see outside; would not be possible without steel ~~~ frame creates grid which creates order ~~~ vertical and horizontal frames ***not on handouts: •Brick Country House: mentioned in Architectural Values/Philosophy/Principles/Prejudices/Theory and TPOH; probably not necessary to know but essentially one big room. ~~~technology in materials •Lange House: mentioned in Architectural Values/Philosophy/Principles/Prejudices/Theory and discussed how house was dependent of dimensions of brick •Illinois Institute of Technology: mentioned in Architectural Values/Philosophy/Principles/Prejudices/Theory

Albert Speer

-As Hitler's favorite architect, Speer was in charge of building cities and structures for Hitler and designing new cities envisioned after victory in WWII. -successful at a young age -two core social values were that society is dependent on its leaders and fate controls everything 5 architectural values: 1. design is a tool to communicate ideas 2. buildings should be expressive of their purpose 3. believed that wonder and drama should be above all things in architecture 4. architecture is a measure for greatness 5. believed in studying classical architecture Buildings: • New State Chancellery - Berlin, Germany - 1937: Architectural Values/Philosophy/Principles/Prejudices/Theory ~~~built to reflect the power of Germany and the Nazi party ~~~ intimidating and grandiose architecture with large scale and hard materials ***other buildings not on handouts: all exemplify similar messages and values • Nazi Party Rally Grounds: 6 x 5 football fields • Plans for Berlin • Cathedral of Light

Humanism at the Scale of Communities

-Austin is very humanistic; not something that occurs everywhere; has made effort over 25 years that has kept Austin interesting -beginning notion was not to grow.. anti-growth movement -then, people said you can grow and make things better and grow in a more interesting way - if companies don't go to cities, economic situation os bad; lack of self-realization -Austin Is ranked #1 and Austin has become a leader Buildings: 1. Kresge College - University of Santa Cruz, California - Charles Moore, 1973 2. Tapiola New Town - Finland- 1955-65 3. Byker - Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England - Ralph Erskine, et al. - 1968 4. San Antonio Riverwalk 5. Crown Fountain - Millennium Park, Chicago - 2005

Wat Arun and Royal Palace

-Bangkok, Thailand: Nature/Biology/Organisms as Inspiration of Form -transportation in waterways; hydrodynamics -curve linear forms to shed the rain off -boats, nomes, gnobs (hats) -all show a connection/inspiration to/from nature in the form of each

"Mathematics and Geometry as Inspiration for Form"

-Fibonacci published a book in 1202 and found pattern in numbers called the Fibonacci series (1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144...) -golden section/proportion (5 to 8) -can be used to convert miles to kilometers, Egyptians used for pyramids, Parthenon used -psychologically, many people preferred fibonacci series, common in art, musical instruments, -golden spiral sunflowers, inside of waves, and seashells -Leonardo Da Vinci sketched a golden section man; structure for God would have these things -Newton's Cenotaph another example Buildings: 1. Pyramids - Giza, Egypt, 2650-2500 B.C. 2. Designs for Chaux - Claude Ledoux - 1804 3. Library - Stockholm, Sweden - Gunnar Asplund - 1920-1928 4. Guggenheim Museum - New York - Frank Lloyd Wright - 1956-1959 5. U.S. Pavilion at Expo - Montreal, Canada - Buckminster Fuller - 1967 6. Houses, Peter Eisenman - 1967-1969 7. Zollverein School of Design - Essen, Germany - Kazuyo Sejima - 2006 8. Capitol Buildings - Dacca, Bangladash - Louis Kahn - 1962 - 1974

Mont St Michel

-France, 12-16c: "Buildings and Land" ~~~ island = religious significance ~~~ also using land as inspiration ~~~ started out as nunnery and monastery ~~~ architecture is re-emphasizing land form; building is much like rock on mountain ~~~ uplift out of the ground; mimics the hill it sits upon

Friendswood Development Issues

-Geography/Topography/Ecology -Friendswood, Pearland, League City -agricultural area with rice and fig orchards.. soil and topography and heavy rainfall great for this -clay soil that holds water and flat land; rainfall comes in buckets and always drainage issues -before: houses built on stilts, ditches to collect water, built away from creek.. all helped avoid flooding -unfortunately, with the 1962 NASA space center built people flocked to Houston; lot of roads, shopping centers, and new homes built right by the creek -poor environmental planning -3 problems: 1. too much impervious cover: no where for water go; soil was no longer able to absorb water and 60% was covered in 10 years 2. storm sewers underground were HUGE pipes and did not absorb any water... it just sat there 3. subsidence: the ground was falling; water under the ground was moving around and caused ground to fall 10 feet in 20 years ~~~ flooding is a continuous issue, some remedies, but still an issue

Arnolfo di Cambio and Filippo Brunelleschi

-Italian Renaissance architects; in a time where Italy was lagging behind and didn't want to copy France and Germany anymore and think more back to Roman architecture and greatness Buildings: • S. Maria della Fiore - Florence, Italy - 1296-1462: "Construction and Tectonics" ~~~ breakthrough in this building process; birthed Renaissance architecture ~~~ Florence was kind of divided at this time and this brought it together... especially after the black plague ~~~ beginning of Renaissance and there was a competition to see who had an idea about how to build this ~~~ Brunelleschi said no semi dome... do it like the Pantheon 1. drone; not dependent on semi-domes 2. divide and conquer; 8 major ribs and 16 minor ribs 3. instead of one thickness, inner-coastal space (smaller chunks, 2 layers)... double layer of webbing; each rib at once instead of all at once 4. cast iron chains in rings; like a belt.. loads arched in the the belt, don't have to use so much stone

Tadeo Ando

-Japanese architect Buildings: • Modern Art Museum - Fort Worth, Texas - 2002: "Order and Systems in Architecture" ~~~ "tubes of space"

"Architecture as an intellectual/artistic experience"

-Medieval architecture is best example of visual experience while Renaissance architecture is best example of a more intellectual experience -in the Renaissance order, leaders wanted architecture to be more mathematical/head-driven (music, astronomy, geometry) instead of liberal/hand-driven (sculpting, painting, architecture) Buildings: 1. Villa Rotunda, Vicenza, Italy, Palladio, 1550 2. Dormitory, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Penn., Louis I. Kahn, 1960 3. S. Carlo alla Quattro Fontane, Rome, Borromini, 1641 4. 4. S. Andrea, Mantua, Italy, Alberti, 1470 5. Schroeder House, Utrecht, Holland, Gerritt Rietveld, 1924 6. Centre Pompideau, Paris, Piano and Rogers, 1976

"Constructions/Tectonics"

-More about the actual process of making a building; innovation can be seminal in allowing architectural features -but how do you make a building better/more efficient/accessible? sometimes, alter it for economical purposes -digital fabrication is cheaper -materials produced more efficiently and at a larger scale (climate controlled factories and pre-manufactured machines) -How does the making of a building affect the end product? -Example of planning and scheduling problem: Palacio del Rio is San Antonio... hosting a little world fair and not enough hotel rooms to accommodate guests... so, created an innovative construction process where they sped up the process and pieced hotel rooms together like stacking boxes... able to build rooms all at once... reinforced concrete Buildings: 1. Cathedral - Amiens, France - 1220-1288 2. S. Maria della Fiore - Florence, Italy - Arnolfo di Cambio and Filippo Brunelleschi - 1296-1462 3. Sydney Opera House - Australia - Jorn Utzon - 1957-73

Acoma

-New Mexico, 12-17c: "Buildings and Land" ~~~ flat desert land with memorable mesas popping out ~~~ defense, but also inspiration for buildings ~~~ caves were cool in the summer ~~~ buildings out of earth and water ~~~ could sleep on rooftop; don't need walls ~~~ church; made a building for God like nature ~~~ thinks made out of mud/landscape materials

Monte Alban

-Oaxaca, Mexico, 3-7c: "Buildings and Land" ~~~ located in the Oaxaca valley; peninsula that jutted into the valley where the city was built ~~~ "re-created" the valley with their city ~~~ religious quality in nature ~~~ "how nature and man built were not that different" ~~~ powerful, ancient civilization ~~~ pyramids = outside ~~~ ceremonial = interior ~~~ learned from land

Michaelangelo

-Painted ceiling of Sistine Chapel and one of many architects for St. Peter's Buildings: • St. Peter's - Rome - Bramante, Sangallo, Michaelangelo, Della Porta, Maderno, Bernini - 1505-1626: Architecture and Society ~~~ Renaissance and exemplifies the Renaissance movement ~~~ power of the Church ~~~ convey and understand Church's magnificence • Campidologio - Rome, Italy - 1560: "Meaning in Public Buildings" ~~~ following after other town halls ~~~ on hill, city state ~~~ tower is important again, stairs are prominent, arcade.. focal balcony; all working together ~~~ courtyard... main building flanked with two on side; hero in center =. people invited inside

Nature/Biology/Organisms as Inspiration of Form

-Rock cut houses in Turkey are a great example; used natural/hollowed out stone for material... the material itself shapes the environment, the people constructing it were responding to their own physiognomy -impressionist paintings that were connected to nature preceded a movement that furniture and architecture would follow... things were looser and more connected to nature (ex: Charles Rennie Mackintosh was a botanist who believed nature was the most beautiful thing in the world and studied the shapes, forms, and functions of a lily... implemented that into furniture design) -Paris metro shows metal and stone flowing with nature; round and soft-looking Buildings: 1. Wat Arun and Royal Palace - Bangkok, Thailand 2. Casa Mila - Barcelona, Spain - Antonio Gaudi - 1906-10 3. TWA Terminal - Kennedy Airport - New York, Eero Saarinen - 1956-62 3. "Dipoli" Student Union - Otaniemi, Finland - Reia Pietila - 1966 4. Guggenheim Museum - Bilbao, Spain - Frank Gehry - 1997 5. Phaeno Science Center - Wolfsburg, Germany - Zaha Hadid 6. Disney Concert Hall - Los Angeles, California - Frank Gehry - 2005

Hill Towns

-Tuscany, Italy -"Geograpgy/Topography/Ecology" ~~~ generated by environmental principles ~~~ towns are clustered ~~~ use materials from the area ~~~ agricultural communities

Palladio

-Was an Italian architect active in the Republic of Venice. Palladio, influenced by Roman and Greek architecture, primarily by Vitruvius, is widely considered the most influential individual in the history of Western architecture. -a frontrunner for the Renaissance order movement where architecture was trying to be more mathematical Buildings: • Villa Rotunda - Vicenza, Italy - 1550: "Architecture as an intellectual/artistic experience" ~~~on a hill ~~~ oriented toward cardinal planes ~~~ perfect shapes within ~~~ symmetrical ~~~ perfectly numerical puzzle

Frank Lloyd Wright

-Wright believed in designing structures that were in harmony with humanity and its environment, a philosophy he called organic architecture. This philosophy was best exemplified by Fallingwater -introduced the open floor plan concept in modern day architecture Buildings: • Guggenheim Museum - New York - 1956-1959: "Mathematics/Geometry in Architecture as Inspiration for form" ~~~ prestige from geometric forms used to convey the message that the art within the museum is important ~~~ based on squares -> circles -> triangle sequence ~~~ spiral ramp; grandiose • "Falling water" - Bear Run, Pennsylvania - 1936: "Buildings and Land" ~~~~ built in a hilly, heavily forested area ~~~ creating an escape in the thickly wooded area; layers are tilted like ledges ~~~ creek with waterfalls ~~~ sedimentary soil, shifts in limestone layers ~~~ verticals and horizontals contrast (stone= horizontal, trees= vertical) ~~~ hangs from hill and anchored in the landscape ~~~ more square feet outside than inside ~~~ opposite of Palladio's Villa Rotunda ~~~ entered through rocks; this gateway was there before ~~~ everything is coming from landscape; it looks like the landscape ~~~ mystical elements through towers ~~~ covered with vegetation for light ~~~ plan is generated by land • Taliesin West, Scottsdale, Arizona - 1938-1954: "Buildings and Land" ~~~ FLW would go camping in the winter time for respiratory issues ~~~ flat desert land was inspired by dug out ~~~ ruggedness, colors, stones, all creating an oasis similar to the landscape ~~~ low walls allow building to be nestled into the landscape ~~~ learned from landscape and native cultures • similar to Eero Saarinen in that FLW does not have a signature style, he responds to the land and the physical considerations

Borromini

-addressing the 'complexity' aspect of the way form conveys meaning -bit of an angsty guy -working during the Renaissance Buildings: • S. Carlo alla Quattro Fontane, Rome, 1641: "Architecture as an intellectual/artistic experience" ~~~ building where two church streets intersect at a pizzetta ~~~ so, made the facade face the street and the building object into the piazzetta = complex design ~~~ interior is full of weird shapes as well; compromise between dome and center of church

Alberti

-another key figure in Renaissance architecture ~published books on architecture ~two building technologies: wall/stone (always make an arch) and trabeated systems (horizontal beams upheld by columns or posts) -would often put them together and weave them in and out... mathematical -buildings exemplified the technological component of how form can convey messages Buildings: • S. Andrea, Mantua, Italy, 1470: "Architecture as an intellectual/artistic experience" ~~~ put his two types of systems together and created an advance that conveyed a messaged about the renaissance through its technology ~~~ helped uphold that architecture could be more mathematically centered

"Order and Systems in Architecture"

-architecture is a holistic underlying message/structure about creating something/the main components of something; it is often used in terminology besides architecture -there is a methodology for design: understanding structure, frame, execution, charrette (an intense period of design or planning activity. The word charrette may refer to any collaborative session in which a group of designers drafts a solution to a design problem) -the grid is an important underlying structure Buildings: 1. Austin City Plan, Edwin Waller, 1839 2. Savannah City Plan, James Oglethorpe, 1733 3. Central Beheer Offices, Apeldoorn, Holland, Herman Hertzberg, 1974 4. Sarabhai Residence, Ahmedabad, India, Le Corbusier, 1952 5. Kimball Art Museum, Fort Worth, Texas, Louis I. Kahn, 1972 6. Modern Art Museum, Fort Worth, Texas, Tadeo Ando, 2002

"Architecture and Society"

-architecture is a physical embodiment of who we are, both individually and as a culture; it is important in our well-beings, literature, media, music, and politics -we can look at buildings and ask "how does the architecture of this building tell us about the people who made it and the culture they lived in?" Buildings: 1. Bishop's Palace - Galveston, Texas - Nicolas John Clayton - 1886-1891 2. Foam House - Austin, Texas - Charles Harker, 1969 3. The Parthenon - Athens - 447-430 BC 4. St. Peter's - Rome - Bramante, Sangallo, Michaelangelo, Della Porta, Maderno, Bernini - 1505-1626 5. Library - San Antonio, Texas - Ricardo, Legorreta - 1995

"Architectural Values/Philosophy/Principles/Prejudices/Theory"

-architecture is about values (cultural, individual, etc); especially when it comes to the personal values of architects Buildings: 1. Farm - Gut Gurkau, Germany- Hugo Haering 2. Barcelona Pavillion - Mies van der Rohe 3. Farnsworth House - Plano, Illinois - Mies van der Rohe 4. New State Chancellery - Berlin - Albert Speer

Frank Gehry

-changed the look of conservative art; risk, focused on art and physics, and leading architect in the world -used models to see what he doesn't like and does -would start with drawings -inspired by Alver Aalto -inspired by paintings to create his architecture and was completely aligned with art Buildings: • Guggenheim Museum - Bilbao, Spain - 1997: "Nature/Biology/Organisms as Inspiration of Form" ~~~ region, site, and functions all connected ~~~ hydrodynamic shapes and ships (fishing and ship-building region) ~~~ function is fluid and dynamic ~~~ pivots with galleries of the museum • Disney Concert Hall - Los Angeles, California - 2005: "Nature/Biology/Organisms as Inspiration of Form" ~~~ offices within it contrast with the outside parts that are focused on music ~~~ in the middle of the city, but made so that people can relax and move around • Stata Center - MIT - Cambridge, MA - 2003: "Synthesis of Human Factors" ~~~ building for computer scientists ~~~ interdisciplinary, use Frank Gehry as the architect, will cover when it foes over budget ~~~ wanted to get everyone to collaborate ~~ vehicle for educating computer science people to work with each other ~~~ made building a passageway, but a lively, interacting stream ~~~ yellow forms conference room.. each shape reflects function going on inside ~~~ inside, what is happening shows.. art, exhibits, posters.. signs of human presence everywhere ~~~ blackboard for working relations, gym (not expected) is very visible, coffee shop, sit down cafe, very visible and social ~~~ very popular place to go ~~ State Center and cognitive center science across from each other ~~~ cognitive science didn't arrange spaces like state and wasn't collaborative ~~~ not about precision and cleanliness.. lively, workshops, collaborationn

"Architectural Determinism"

-function follows form... how does form affect the way we interact.. "our buildings shape us" -started with how physical environment shapes animals (the Naked Ape and parallels to human behaviors and communities, the Territorial Imperative and primates designating certain spaces to promote peace, and On Aggression about how primates designate spaces to reduce conflict) -humans are very territorial, particularly in the US, but happens worldwide -how do social pressures in informal groups, like at housing in MIT where most popular people were living by mailboxes and entrance and exits and people were friends with those they lived close to -for a while was a movement where trying to reduce crime by designating spaces better, but it is not a hand and glove fit Buildings: 1. Baker House Dormitory - M.I.T. - Cambridge, Massachusetts - Alvar Aalto - 1949 2. Undergraduate Dormitory - M.I.T. - Cambridge, Massachusetts - Jose Luis Sert - 1975 3. La Tourette Monastery - Lyon, France - Le Corbusier - 1956-60

"Sensual/Visual Form"

-how do we explain buildings visually? -in our culture, it is a sign or prestige or status to have beauty, though beauty is variable and hard to quantify -the way we discover the visual world is the only way we understand God.. through our senses -ask: why did they create this beauty and how did they create this beauty? Buildings: 1. Cathedral, Chartres, France, 1194-1220 2. Chateau, Vaux-le-Vicomte, France, Le Vau/Le Notre/Le Brun, 1656-61 3. Taj Mahal, Agra, India, Shah Jahan, 1631-53 4. Chapel, Ronchamps, France, Le Corbusier, 1950-53 5. Opera House, Sydney, Australia, Jorn Utzon, 1956-73

"Designation and Organization of Use"

-human use, psychology, sociology, communities, planning -How does function shape the design of architecture? -humans want to designate certain spaces for certain things and organize them, even evident in the animal kingdom -form is determined by function -Aboriginal people in Australia: they were nomadic at one point and didn't have buildings, but they still designated spaces... young men versus young women's spaces, bathroom spaces, sacred spaces, etc. Eventually, the Brits in Australia built them homes and when they came back they were shocked to see a hole in the roof to cook with so smoke could exhaust... to Aboriginals, it made sense; they cooked and slept and hung out together in large groups and that's how they wanted their spaces designated. a home constructed by Glenn Murcutt for them reflected all of these functions (large kitchen, no doors/windows, wooden screen so can see out but not in) -the way spaces are designated can have a huge role in social and developmental relationships (example about siblings sharing rooms) -Alberti's palazzo Rucellai and Pitti invented to Piano Noble where the room was organized from bottom up where the most casual functions where on the bottom, then the social functions in the middle, and the family quarters at the top... vertical separations and can see functions in the structure Buildings: 1. Stoughton House - Cambridge, Massachusetts -H. H. Richardson - 1882-83 2. Glessner House - Chicago, Illinois - H. H. Richardson, 1885-86 3. History Faculty - Cambridge, England, James Stirling, 1964-68 4. Exeter Library - Exeter, N.H. - Louis Kahn - 1972 5. Indian Institute of Management - Ahmedabad, India - Louis Kahn - 1962-78

Paintings used as an example in "Architecture as an intellectual/artistic experience"

1. Olympia, Edward Manet, 1863: used to make a political statement as art can; not just speaking to your sense but also to your head 2. Luncheon on the Grass, Edward Manet, 1863: social status picnic with prostitutes; political statement

3 Ways Form Conveys Meaning

1. Order: the world is a logical, rational place... how the world is organized (hierarchy) 2. Complexity: the world is confusing...how the world is circumstantial/undefinable 3. Technique: how does technology affect our daily lives... the technology of an era ~~~"Architecture as an intellectual/artistic experience"

Four sources of different values in architecture

1. Personalities 2. Life experiences 3. Time period/different ideas (trends) in time periods 4. intentionality; personal decisions as to what we value ~~~"Architectural Values/Philosophy/Principles/Prejudices/Theory"

"Structure and Materials"

-last few were outside in, this is inside out ~~~ materials: loads... what kind? how much? ~~~ molecular bonds determine what materials are good ~~~ consider type of forces needed to combat ~~~ Hattusa Turkey is ancient civilization that utilized compressive stone. very stacked and bearing structures; tried to get stone to be in bending but it could not be because stone will not bend ~~~ for bending, Japanese Castles and Buddhist Temples great because made of wood; also had compressive at bottom... technology in architecture... allowed them to be somewhat open and airy... small scale articulation. showing loads transferred... linear rhythms... serene elegant structures ~~~ Strimling House by Maurice Smith is kind of like these Japanese Castles and bending Buildings: 1. The Pantheon - Rome - 120-124 A.D. 2. Hagia Sophia - Constantinople - 532-37 A.D. 3. Maisons Jaoul - Neuilly, France - Le Corbusier - 1952-56 4. Colosseum - Rome - 80 A.D. 5. Pont du Gard - Nimes - France - 14 A.D. 6. Ames Gate Lodge - North Easton, Mass. - H. H. Richardson - 1880 7. Morse and Stiles Hall - Yale University - New Haven, Conn. - Eero Saarinen - 1958-62 8. Capital Buildings - Dacca - Bangladesh - Louis Kahn - 1962-74 9. Lake Shore Drive Apartments - Chicago - Mies van der Rohe - 1948-51 10. Deere and Co. Headquarters - Moline, Ill. - Eero Saarinen - 1957-63

Synthesis of Form

-one of these form considerations is not enough; a good building has multiple Buildings: 1. St. Ignatius Chapel - University of Seattle - Steven Holl - 1998 2. Jewish Museum, Berlin - Daniel Libeskind - 1999 3. Museum of Contemporary Art of the XXI Century - Kanazawa, Japan - 2004

Hugo Haering

-outspoken and charismatic influential figure in Germany's architectural community at the time (1920s -30s). -had two overriding social values: individuals are the most important aspect in society and nature is man's great teacher 5 architectural values: 1. design is an intuitive, emotional process... architect needs to be In the right frame of mind 2. beauty is relative 3. each building needs to be unique 4. function is the most important aspect of a building 5. expression is second most important behind function Buildings: • Farm - Gut Gurkau, Germany - 1924-25: Architectural Values/Philosophy/Principles/Prejudices/Theory; reflects movement and function in every aspect ~~~cow barn designed with intention for single-file follow the leader nature of cows ~~~stalls for cows curved because cows can't pivot ~~~curved shape reflects the movement occurring within the barn; shoveling hay ~~~windows in barn are human eye-level

"Geography/Topogogy/Ecology"

-physical considerations are central to planning; on a large scale than buildings and land -gopher example about how gophers did a better job at planning than the humans in the village (town is in unfavorable location for wind, bad position in creek for the winter and away from the willows, while the gophers have their dens slanted and hidden from wind and predators) -Austin example about planning for the airport; had to relocate because old airport was in residential area. needed new location... wanted it to be convenient, but not disturb anything, wanted it to be on good soil and got lucky on Balcones fault line with good western soil and good eastern topography Buildings: 1. Friendswood 2. Sea Ranch - California, Laurence Halprin, Planner - 1965 3. The Woodlands, Texas - Ian McHarg, Planner - 1970 4. Hill Towns in Tuscany, Italy 5. Swim Club - Sea Ranch - MLTW - 1967

"Buildings and Land"

-physical considerations: the most fundamental aspect used to be simply having shelter... these "roots" have kind of come full circle and are still very important today. -how does nature relate to land? -is the building "friendly" to the physical environment around it? -great example in the Chinese communities: were able to collect rain to flood rice fields and re-use/texture fields, buildings fit into landscape and follows its contour lines, unobtrusive to the land, efficient with resources, not roads, build homes with local wood and use every bit, animals live below homes and their heat rises and warms home, attics can be opened as well Buildings: 1. Monte Alban - Oaxaca, Mexico - 3-7 c. 2. Acoma - New Mexico - 12-17 c. 3. Mont St. Michel - France - 2-16 c. 4. "Falling Water" - Bear Run, Pennsylvania - Frank Lloyd Wright - 1936 5. Condominiums - Sea Ranch, California - Moore/Lyndon/Turnbull//Whitaker - 1965 6. Taliesin West - Scottsdale, Arizona - Frank Lloyd Wright - 1938-59

Le Corbusier

-pioneer of modern architecture; believed that a house should be as efficient as a machine in that every piece is interconnected and functioning efficiently -believed in and utilized the golden ratio (5 to 8) Buildings: • Chapel - Ronchamps, France - 1950-1953: "Sensual and visual form in architecture" ~~~ approached by the Catholic church to build a chapel for this small little town ~~~ not a religious man, but spiritual elements of form: ~~~ shape: shifts the character of the building ~~~ line ~~~ texture ~~~ color ~~~ space ~~~ light: emphasizes statue of Jesus ~~~ rhythm: syncopated, jazz-like • Sarabhai Residence - Ahmedabad, India - 1952: "Order and Systems in Architecture" ~~~ Le Corbusier mainly practiced in Paris, but spent time in Mediterranean where he encountered wine cellars in caves and mimics of them ~~~ vegetation, gardens, giant spaces • Maisons Jaoul - Neuilly, France - 1952-56: "Structure and Materials" ~~~ duplex house Le Corbusier did for two brothers ~~~ made of series of 3 parallel walls made of masonry brick walls with vaults between them to carry loads ~~~ vaults push out and are segment of a circle; technology and holds walls together ~~~ clearly in compression with brick walls ~~~ also tension: steel walls • Secretariat Building - Chandigarh, India - 1958: "Architecture in Response to Climate" ~~~ lots of bureaucratic office work ~~~ oriented 45 degrees from NSEW because at the foothills of the Himalayas ~~~ southwest (no windows, worse than west) and southeast (both vertical and horizontal sun shading, this rhythm gives it character and distinction) ~~~ massing: southwest is short and and long southeast ~~~ solar shading is at different scale for meeting and office rooms ~~~ ramp blocks west sun/short ~~~. space between glass and sun shades= microclimate; outdoor lobbies (public spaces) • Palace of Justice - Chandigarh, India - 1958: "Architecture in Response to Climate" ~~~ impressed by parasols in India ~~~ put a canopy over the entire building = microclimate on top and on the sides (can also be used to catch water for irrigation and water cools) ~~~ long faces: southeast and northwest ~~~ short: southwest and northeast ~~~ component of south or west = horizontal sun shade ~~~ hallway between sun and inside ~~~ outdoor lobby spaces • Assembly Building - Chandigarh, India - 1958: "Architecture in Response to Climate" ~~~ more monumental than the others ~~~ front-facing southwest (massive sun shade porch) ~~~ inside chamber where legislate meets ~~~ conic form sliced off directly south; aperture tacker winter-time sun arcs and other tracks summer sun (lighting device for the great hall... like a little diagram) ~~~ southwest face: horizontal sun shading for souther, vertical angled from building to allow sun to perforate in winter, but block western sun in summer • La Tourette Monastery, Lyon, France - 1956-60: "Architectural Determinism" ~~~ experiment for the Dominican order by separating their priests from urban areas ~~~ wanted to be separated from society and worldly things; be as spiritual as possible ~~~ the building was above ground to demonstrate this separation... limited views out ~~~ in country, but separated from beautiful countryside as well ~~~ no visitors except for other monks ~~~ floor was designed to be as quiet as possible so impact was minuscule ~~~ concrete: not about worldly comfort... harsh space.. think about God ~~~ monks had long, thin rooms ~~~ shapes the people living there ~~~ don't talk in dining room ~~~ in chapel, everything is opposite; in presence of God.. bright, lively

"Architecture in Response to Climate"

-primal nature of architecture -primarily talking about the sun and heat when constructing buildings -How does the sun work? -summer 28 degrees N of E, 82 degrees, 28 degrees N of W -winter: 28 degrees S of E, 35 degrees, 28 degrees S of W -need to know if the building will need more or less heat -know the altitude and azimuth of the sun.. for example: at noon in December the altitude of the sun is 35 degrees and the azimuth is due south -doing so can help save on fossil fuels ~~~ Rough Creek Lodge a great example of combining all three factors... connected to outdoors, response to climate, conscious of environment, uses different structures to respond to forces interacting... wood, stone, steel... solar shading but also views to lake ~~~ student union at IIT; kind of wacky, mural on VDR on glass, bridge between housing and dynamic area.. emblems with activities and people ~~~ first energy crisis in inspired movement for architecture ~~~ orientation, sun-shading, thermal storage insulation ~~~ keep heat out and cool in 1. Cameron Offices - Belconnen, A.C.T., Australia - John Andrews - 1972 2. Tenneco Building - Houston - S.O.M. - 1963 3. Secretariat Building - Chandigarh, India - Le Corbusier - 1958 4. Palace of Justice - Chandigarh, India - Le Corbusier - 1958 5. Assembly Building - Chandigarh, India - Le Corbusier - 1958

5 ways geometry affects architecture/reasons to use geometry in architecture

1. Prestige: elevates; something is settled/eternal about using specific geometry that gives the building prestige. (Library in Stockholm, Guggenheim NYC) 2. Makes structural sense: efficient to use these forms (U.S. pavilion) 3. Iconic: draws the eye (Zollverein School of design) 4. Mysticism: some shapes, forms, and sequences are just right (Pyramids, Chaux) 5. Intellectual puzzles: interesting (Houses) ~~~ "Mathematics/Geometry in Architecture as Inspiration for form"

5 things architecture provides

1. Shelter 2. Climate control 3. Functional assistance 4. beauty 5. meaning

"Humanism at a Personal Scale"

-through principles of humanism, architecture has the ability to make people feel important -Humanism is a doctrine/attitude centered on human interests and values; it is a philosophy that emphasizes the human capacity for self-realization and recognizes that capacity through reason -how do we optimize this? how do we maximize this? - simpler in architecture; difference between showiness and humanistic - examples: jeans and wine bottles - compare French furniture and English furniture; though French is beautiful and interesting, it is not humanistic though, while the other piece is much simpler and accommodates human use -English chair is thicker for weight of butt, arms to rest on, comfortable for humans, simple design - Shaker village: plain materials, clean, comfortable furniture, organized uses, absence of pretension -Gamble House: wealthy family that used plain and local materials in their California home, bungalow house, sensible construction, comfortable house, lack of ornament -Gustav Stickley furniture is very humanistic; chairs very comfortable and some of most comfortable chairs -Villa Mairea in Finland by Alvar Aalto: wealthy family, but comfortable and beautiful... leather around steel post because more comfortable, social and open space, door handles wrapped in leather better to touch -humanistic architecture responds to every element Buildings: 1. Paimio Sanatorium - Paimio, Finland - Alvar Aalto - 1929-33 2. Library - Viipuri, Finland (now Russia) - Alvar Aalto - 1930-35 3. Resurrection Chapel - Turku, Finland - Erik Bryggman - 1941

3 Aspects of Humanism

1. Attitude focused towards human values and interests 2. Asserts the dignity and worth of mankind 3. Emphasizes this worth through capacity of self-realization and reason ~~~ "Humanism at the Personal Scale"

12 elements of form

1. Balance 2. Proportion 3. Symmetry 4. Light 5. Space 6. Shape 7. Line 8. Color 9. Material 10. Scale 11. Rhythm 12. Texture ~~~"sensual/visual form"

8 Characteristics of Humanistic Communities

1. Convenience: close drive to grocery store or market to easily pick up from home.. located things that need to be closer to each other.. convenience for mobility impaired, baby carriages; mixed qualities/environments 2. Accommodation of activities: Be able to get together as people and do things; going to park or things like concerts.. Austin has made a city where cool things happen... SXSW, runs/race, ACL; constantly activities that allows for more self-realization 3. Range of people accommodated: more humanistic of a good mix people.. something for everyone... if too homogenous, easy to feel left out.. Austin has had issues with this, trying to get affordable housing downtown 4. Sense of human presence: things that remind us that people have lives here; historic buildings remind us that people have been here; flower beds in a park enriches; kiosk on campus with posters... all over Austin.. capitol buildings, S.C., 6th street 5. personal or humanistic scale: not just high rise buildings.. in Austin, can only build 4 or 5 stories at street face to incorporate scale 6. variety of visual experience: concurrent with some level of harmony; not chaotic, but not too homogenous.. can get too uniform; in Austin, capitol view quarters means never will have uniformity of skyline 7. freedom of intrusion or distraction: intrusions from traffic and weather; how to calm traffic's hassle, noise, and pollution.. weather can be so hot = provide shade, make covered areas so don't have to worry about rain 8. Periodic natural relief: something about wanting to connect to nature (trees, plants) ~~~ "Humanism at the Scale of Communities"

Vitruvius's 3 issues of architecture/ 3 elements of architecture:

1. Delight = Form: aesthetics 2. Firmness = Physical Considerations: used to be a heavy focus on physical forces of nature. now, physical considerations are centered around thermal aspects, being ecologically sensitive, and being energy efficient 3. Commodity = human factors: more that commodity; psychologically appropriate, sociologically appropriate, humanistic ~~~"Sensual/Visual form"

3 reasons for learning architecture

1. Familiarize 2. Increase awareness and experience 3. Become and advocate/artist

"Sensual and Visual Form" painting examples

1. Le Grande Odalisque, Ingres 1814: balance, color, shape, light (contrast), texture 2. Stoke by Nayland, John Constable 1814: texture, balance, light, color ~~~ these paintings are using these elements and visual appeals to convey their messages

6 Characteristics of Humanism

1. Made of plain materials (simple) 2. sensible/logical construction 3. comfortable; interacts with body and use 4. practicality; reliable 5. cleanliness; secure 6. absence of pretension/ornament ~~~ "Humanism at the Personal Scale"

Four Reasons Why We Focus on Nature in Architecture/Natural Forces at Work in Architecture

1. Natural materials: Buildings are made of natural materials 2. Natural Forces: Forces of nature shape a building 3. Behavior: We move in fluid ways - function 4. Human shape: We are natural organisms so architecture should reflect that.. our own physiognomy (not geometric) ~~~"Nature/Biology/Organisms as Inspiration of Form"

7 stages of Construction:

1. Site Preparation: demolishing 2. Foundation: pouring slab or drilling 40 ft, loads get transferred to ground, need to get to good drill piers 3. Putting up Structure: what was discussed in Construction/Tectonics.... structural frame 4. Enclosure: protection from thermal elements 5. Separating Spaces: partitions 6. Mechanical Systems: plumbing, electric, heating, etc 7. Finishes: apart from space... painting, decorating, etc **not always in that order ~~~ "Construction and Tectonics"

4 Forces to Plan for in a Building

1. Tension: stretching, fairly rare in architecture 2. Compression: opposite of tension; doesn't stretch and resists forces weighing down (stone, brick) 3. Bending: squeezing and stretching; tension and compression together; wood, steel, and reinforced concrete good (resist tension at bottom and resist compression) 4. Shear: earthquake forces.. connection between windy area and bottom of the tall building ~~~ "Structure and Materials"

5 physical considerations with architecture

1. energy consumptions: buildings consumer more than half of the US's energy 2. resource consumption: buildings consumer things like steel 3. land consumption: forests, farm land (greenhouse and water issue) 4. waster: from trash to the entire building 5. toxicity: asbestos, air quality/chemicals in carpets are toxic themselves ~~~ "Buildings and Land"

the 3 E's

1. environmental (hills, vistas, live oak) 2. experience: if we have a clean environment 3. economy: depends on quality of life; have to get fir two right or economy is blown ~~~ "Geography/Topography/Ecology"

5 areas of Environmental Planning

1. transportation planning: roadways, public transport 2. infrastructure planning: water, sanitary 3. land use planning: ways of dividing land, zoning laws, regulations; make things compatible 4. economic planning 5. environmental planning (geographic, topographic, ecological) ~~~ "Geography/Topography/Ecology"

Reasons Why We Designate and Organize Uses (Always and Now)

Always: 1. Practical: don't want kids playing where you're cooking, for example 2. way of embedding social values and taboos for a culture (young men and women separation in Aboriginals) 3. stake claim: something is us that wants to claim a space; countries, homes, rooms... being in control Now: 1. Convenience and efficiency: more of an idea with modern times; time is money and we are conscious of how this affects our lives 2. Machines... our lives are more centered around these: dishwasher, oven, microwave, etc.... all these machines are fixed and we need these machines in same designated, well organized place ~~~ "Designation and Organization of Use"

H.H. Richardson

Buildings: • Ames Gate Lodge - North Easton, Mass - 1880: "Structure and Materials" ~~~ using masonry materials ~~~ expressive in technology; wants the building to feel heavy ~~~ emphasizing stones being pushed down; feel the compression/weight of the stones and how it works structurally ~~~ sometimes uses huge stones in bending to emphasize it doing what it doesn't want to ~~~ importance of arch • Stoughton Hous - Cambridge, Massachusetts - 1882-83: "Designation and Organization of Use" ~~~ at the the time, in the 19th century, it was all about form, not function; just symmetrical boxes, like Longfellow house across the street ~~~ porch off of the street ~~~ Stoughtons were well off; declare a certain day stay at home day and invite others to come by and visit. they present card and wait in the reception room, which is designated for this ~~~ women's living room ~~~ men study ~~~ for parties: receiving room, but then go into dining room... close to kitchen and Butler's pantry.. separation from servant's rooms and family/guest areas ~~~ organic; growing out of lifestyle and activities ~~~ each room is structured for those activities and expressing its function • Glessner House - Chicago, Illinois - 1885-86: "Designation and Organization of Use" ~~~ corporate giant; built with protection from workers protesting ~~~ enter in to reception hall and staircase; one direction is study, other direction living room ~~~ music room -> dining room -> butler's pantry -> stable areas ~~~ quarter to serve guests and disappear ~~~ unobtrusive ~~~ courtyard more lose than outside (round staircase leading to servant quarters) ~~~ study very masculine ~~~ bay window reflecting dining room shape and lighting for everyone *** not on handouts but good to compare to Ames Gate Lodge: • Town Hall - North Easton, MA - 1804 ~~~ piers supporting the arched look squished; load comes down and is compression ~~~ explanation of what materials go where ~~~ rocksbury pudding stone; built on top of outcropping of stone ~~~ every piece is talking about forces ~~~ higher = lighter... stone -> brick -> wood ~~~ bottom has arches to feel weigh ~~~ proportions make column look squished ~~~ base compressed and load going down

Edwin Waller

Buildings: • Austin City Plan - 1939: "Order and Systems in Architecture" ~~~ believed the capital should be in the center and they wanted to drive out Native Americans ~~~ TJ had sent Louisiana Purchase and they made grids; TJ thought grids were best because he was egalitarian ~~~ in ATX, the grid was altered and had to be tailored to the geography... hills/topography ~~~ street names after trees and rivers ~~~ original capital was Burnet (less than stellar) ~~~ Congress avenue populated with commercial activity showing how to build a city

Alvar Aalto

Buildings: • Baker House Dormitory - MIT - Cambridge, MA - 1949: "Architectural Determinism" and mentioned in "Humanism at the Personal Scale" ~~~ done right after the aforementioned study about informal social groups at MIT; Alvar Aalto very interested in social aspect ~~~ sits on Charles River; beautiful views... series of dormitories along rows ~~~ lower dining room; upper level living room, terraces, skylight for natural lights, night time lights mimic daylight and heat ~~~ drawings to mass according to life in building ~~~ views to south because want winter sun ~~~ pros and cons: light, views, privacy ~~~ tries different approaches; make more diagonal, 3 Instead of 4 units, spread apart, slide them different ways, etc ~~~ all looking south has view, privacy, and light, but not enough units ~~~ eventually, came to shape that that optimized all of these... stretch flat south to get more units, thinking out of coming from capus ~~~ understood how college student live; at MIT stay there all four years ~~~ had to add 60 rooms, which got west light (wanted this light); 6 floors of 60 ~~~ 60 people could get to know each other pretty well ~~~ a mix of years a little ~~~ one end: freshman and sophomores, where sophomores had more privacy and a few upperclassmen ~~~ upperclassmen rooms = more privacy; rooms defined by kinks in building ~~~ smaller, miniature community ~~~ access to stair on each floor leads to campus, run in to someone by the open stair ~~~ very social and light with nice views ~~~ living area where people hang out, openness between living and dining room ~~~ guy made friends much more easily ~~~ every dorm has a window for each person ~~~ emblematic of a collection of individuals ~~~ think of a lifestyle ~~~ humanism: hand rail, stairwell is open, open for a sense of community, rail to lean on for your hand, wood is more comfortable temperature... clean, plain, practical, not pretentious, yet still beautiful • Paimio Sanatorium - Paimio, Finland - 1929-33: "Humanism at the Personal Scale" ~~~ built for tuberculosis patients; isolated for the rest of your life ~~~ what is a typical day like? ~~~ orients rooms southeast for morning sun and recreation area outside for nice views ~~~ wing with day time activities for warm winter son all day ~~~ elevator, stairs, kitchen not oriented toward sun bc don't hang out in these areas ~~~ big windows in patient wing ~~~ sun shades south-side; terraces ~~~ kitchen workers have natural light ~~~ designed room for horizontal person; color on ceiling, tucked light fixture out of view, cold extremities have heating right by feet, windows open out and in so air blows in but not on patient; special sink so water won't fall on person ~~~ bright colors to be more cheerful • Library - Viipuri, Finland (now Russia) - 1930-35: "Humanism at the Personal Scale" ~~~ built on similar ideas ~~~ reading room and community space; function is divided ~~~ concerned with light and shifting weight when reading, so skylight at top for angled sun to avoid shadows and reflection ~~~ emulates light in same. way ~~~ books are arranged in open and social manner ~~~ community room: all about sound and acoustics, make a room where sound could move; wavy ceiling where other areas with non-speakers are non-absorptive

Nicolas John Clayton

Buildings: • Bishop's Palace - Galveston, Texas - Nicolas John Clayton - 1886-1891: Architecture and Society ~~~ brashness, ambition ~~~ demonstrative of making money ~~~ Galveston was a cosmopolitan place at this time ~~~ Gretcham (owner) was well-traveled ~~~ house is "cobbled together" ~~~ elegant ~~~ laying down roots ~~~ whimsical = sense of humor ~~~ Mrs. Gretcham's personality shines through as well

John Andrews

Buildings: • Cameron Offices - Belconnen, A.C.T., Australia - 1972: "Architecture is Response to Climate" ~~~ Brits came to Australia and built like in England, which did not work and they were frying.. built porch to shade ~~~ long faces were N/S and short face were E/W (no windows West) ~~~ horizontal sun-shading south; non North ~~~ great example ~~~ open gardens between wings; shading keeps west sun from coming down in the courtyard; cooling from water and vegetation = microclimate that is cooler and easier to air condition officers (energy efficient)

Piano and Rogers

Buildings: • Centre Pompideau, Paris, 1976: "Architecture as an intellectual/visual experience" ~~~ technology component of how form can convey meaning in architecture ~~~ Why so serious? ~~~ art is intellectual ~~~ shows the mechanical movements of the building of people in the building ~~~ what is an art museum in modern times?

Moore/Lyndon/Turnbull/Whitaker

Buildings: • Condominiums - Sea Ranch, California - 1965: "Buildings and Land" ~~~ pacific ocean; on the coastline and set as gently as possible ~~~ north of San Francisco ~~~ looks like a big wooden rock; all colors of the landscape in the buildings ~~~ layers of interior ~~~ buildings fall down the hill ~~~ rugged; winds erode and waves crash; glass protects residents while allowing them to stay connected to the outdoors ~~~ protective courtyard ~~~ big heavy timbers made from redwood connect to landscape and make Inside feel connected to outside ~~~ feels like you're on the edge of the world ~~~ rooms have volume ~~~ scale • Swim Club - Sea Ranch, California - 1967: "Geography/Topography/Ecology" ~~~ pools into the ground to protect from wind ~~~ as levels increase gets more intimate in club ~~~ leave land alone

Claude Ledoux

Buildings: • Designs for Chaux - 1804: "Mathematics/Geometry in Architecture as Inspiration for form" ~~~ town had a Salt Mill that was the driver of the city and the center of the ring ~~~ Ledoux implemented anatomical designs ~~~ many basic shapes likes cubes and spheres ~~~ wheel-makers house was round like a wheel ~~~ mysticism is evident throughout; certain forms create an extra element of decorum and aesthetic elements throughout... certain forms just look right

Charles Harker

Buildings: • Foam House - Austin, Texas - Charles Harker - 1969: Architecture and Society ~~~ 1960's Austin was all about rebellion ~~~ hippies; people thought everything was going to change ~~~ Harker was a lawyer who thought things were going to change and constructed his home accordingly ~~~ natural and organic ~~~ free open space inside ~~~ ideas and house that represented these ideas were ephemeral; both deteriorated

James Stirling

Buildings: • History Faculty - Cambridge, England - 1964-68: "Designation and Organization of Use" and "Perfection and Compromise" ~~~ modernist movement; Le Corbusier arguing for function.. "machine for living in" all parts doing their job and reinforcing each other ~~~ more than a library; for everyone in history ~~~ studying history = books = library is central, so library becomes central functions ~~~ everything is going to function ~~~ library going in to function ~~~ library is right there upon entrance and circulation desk ~~~ from front desk can see through entire library = complete surveillance ~~~ stacked on top of central library in L shaped tower; more public on bottom and private up top ~~~ sense of community for people studying history ~~~ natural light flowing down ~~~ architecture = 3D expression of diagram and building's function ~~~ every decision going back to function ~~~ deals with functions of library beautifully, works really well for functions ~~~ problems with physical considerations; glass is difficult to clean and perpetually dirty ~~~ tons of light in central space... heat is good, but ultraviolet light is horrible for books and the glue in them (irreplaceable) ~~~ skylight leaked and moisture was bad for books too ~~~ as far as form, doesn't fit in to Cambridge's campus

Peter Eisenman

Buildings: • Houses - 1967-1969: "Mathematics/Geometry in Architecture as Inspiration for form" ~~~ function is the main driver; mathematically based ~~~ not personal homes; mathematical explorations ~~~ not a stair; a geometric puzzle ~~~ geometry affects architecture through being intellectual puzzle and makes it more interesting

Daniel Liebeskind

Buildings: • Jewish Museum, Berlin - 1999: "Synthesis of Form" ~~~ hard to talk about; chose a Jewish man who had suffered from the Holocaust ~~~ tunnels in underground to mimic confusion and oppressive ~~~ there is order, but very hard to find among chaos = intellectual ~~~ emerge from tunnel to garden ~~~ 7 x 7 piers; lots of numbers ~~~ each pier is a square, skinny spaces between them... can't see others ~~~ color: dark and ugly gray ~~~ jagged, aggressive lines ~~~ unpredictable rhythms ~~~ tunnel is crowded and uncomfortable ~~~ soft, nice spot is genealogy room ~~~ top of stairs stops at wall ~~~ entire message in architecture, exhibits reinforce or instead of overwhelm message ~~~ space: acoustics exaggerate sounds of metal faces, like screams ~~~ sophisticated

Charles Moore

Buildings: • Kresge College - University of Santa Cruz, California - 1973: "Humanism at the Scale of Communities" ~~~ beautiful landscape.. redwoods, ocean, meadows ~~~ rebellion against other campuses; not humanistic (high rise Berkeley housing) ~~~ broker university into 10 colleges to have smaller groups ~~~ live-work environments ~~~ winds through redwoods... meandering around ~~~ town hall: recreation, dining ~~~ piazzetta: academic areas ~~~ residential along meandering path; mixed used environment... modeled kind of like shopping malls ~~~ different used integrated to each other and environment ~~~ convenient, human scale living (village, intimate little buildings), accommodation of activities, signs of human presence (bikes, balconies, art), freedom from intrusion (parking, separate arcades to avoid rain, natural relief (buildings back painted color of forest)

Zaha Hadid

Buildings: • Phaeno Science Center - Wolfsburg, Germany - 2006: "Nature/Biology/Organisms as Inspiration of Form" ~~~ chosen because the building would be all about movement ~~~ building hovers; people can travel through the hovering space ~~~ escalators all around for movement ~~~ like a jungle gym or playscape

Erik Bryggman

Buildings: • Resurrection Chapel - Turku, Finland - 1941: "Humanism at the Personal Scale" ~~friend of Aalto's ~~~ colors, shape, light quality are all soothing ~~~ angled pews for view of nature.. serene, beautiful, and soothing

James Olgethorpe

Buildings: • Savannah City Plan - 1733: "Order and Systems in Architecture" ~~~took prisoners to the colony of Georgia ~~~ very flat; not geographical (like Austin), but social purpose ~~~ created wards to give a sense of community for the prisoners

Gerritt Rietveld

Buildings: • Schroeder House, Utrecht, Holland, 1924: "Architecture as a intellectual/visual experience" ~~~ technology component of how form can convey meaning in architecture ~~~ updated architecture to utilize lighter materials than just stone ~~~ no support inside ~~~ controversial for how different it was than typical architecture

Glenn Murcutt

Buildings: • Simpson Lee House - Mount Wilson, Australia - 1994: "Synthesis of Physical Considerations" ~~~ wanted a place to write books ~~~ all about resource conservation ~~~ recycled materials, minimal environmental impact, little resource uses ~~~ land in the middle of the forest reserve ~~~ nests on flat space between little hill ~~~ long and thin = less intrusive ~~~ two parts: main house vs studio ~~~ all about living in nature ~~~ glass and screen doors; adjust to temperature conditions ~~~ breeze goes straight through ~~~ G/T/E; minimum footprint.. house is on columns to barely touch the earth, conscious of rain water, eucalyptus trees (hard shell seeds... forest fires burn and break open pods to generates more trees.... needs fires, so have to make non-combustable materials and reservoir pool to use sprinklers ~~~ structure and materials: only dirt road... non-heavy steel bc had to use man-made and pick up ~~~ small, simple pieces = simple structural systems ~~~ compressive bearing walls ~~~ frames, steel beams ~~~ climate: breezes, cool water, south side has deep overhang to get winter sun and keep out summer ~heatL powerful fireplace made of steel to radiate

Steven Holl

Buildings: • St. Ignatius Chapel - University of Seattle - 1998: "Synthesis of Form" ~~~ done at the university of Seattle ~~~ breakthrough building ~~~ chapel is tiny but needs power to make up for the huge student center that sits across its axis ~~~ strong in shape ~~~ space... open inside ~~~ articulated, different set of space ~~~ light from all directions; spiritual ~~~ color: reflected, softness ~~~ texture: walls and glass for character ~~~ central visual and intellectual components; St. Ignatius is the founder of the Jesuit order; very education centered and Steven Holl read his books ~~~ consolations and desolations that might occur can be seen in the way light is used ~~~ speak to order; stable on axis... also altered with complex pieces around rectangular form ~~~ technology shows how it is made; tilted wall from the manner in which the concrete is used ~~~ architecture is "the underlying structure of anything" ~~~ different light qualities that pull you in: processual (entering), narthex (gathering), tapistory (dark, soft, light), altar (dramatic light), communion (red, intense light), confessional (dark, intimate), choir ~~~ orderly and complex ~~~ geometry and math: square pool, square islands, rect-linear front, golden sections ~~~ legs of altar: alpha omega in legs ~~~ scoops of light = natural and organic ~~~ door from local wood ~~~ organic bubble in glass light fixture ~~~ tree and hand-railings ~~~ overall, very sophisticated architecture

Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (S.O.M.)

Buildings: • Tenneco Building - Houston - 1963: "Architecture in Response to Climate" ~~~ glass is set back from the facade; even though uniform, still responds well ~~~ horizontal sun shading south, vertical east and west ~~~ microclimate in little area • LBJ Library and Museum - Austin, Texas - 1972: "Meaning in Public Buildings" ~~~ abstract communication... new building type ~~~ what does it say about LBJ? power? presidency? ~~~ made things happen ~~~ powerful outside, even oppressive, dominance, respect, power = space, light, shape, materials, color.. conveying things abstractly

Buckminster Fuller

Buildings: • U.S. Pavilion at Expo - Montreal, Canada - 1967: "Mathematics/Geometry in Architecture as Inspiration for form" ~~~ makes structural sense; least material could be used with a dome structure ~~~ made of bits of steel ~~~ crystal shapes used less material (tetrahedron) ~~~ tetrahedrons will shut in the sun ~~~ prestige and power conveyed through the design; all about the space race at the time ~~~ physics is structurally based in geometry

Jose Luis Sert

Buildings: • Undergraduate Dormitory -MIT - Cambridge, MA - 1975: "Architectural Determinism" ~~~ meant to accommodate a different lifestyle, 6 different houses with different themes ~~~ kitchenettes grouped together with a common area ~~~ rooms and bathrooms grouped together ~~~ not just one solution, need a range of different options for different people

Reia and Pietila

Buildings: •"Dipoli" Student Union - Otaniemi, Finland - 1966: "Nature/Biology/Organisms as Inspiration of Form" ~~~ STEM courses in nature; out in nature for the students ~~~ this piece in particular didn't want to disturb the nature but wanted to have a presence in It ~~~ feels like you're outside/connected: granite outcroppings, stones, canopy of trees

Le Vau/Le Notre/Le Brun

Buildings: • Chateau - Vaux-le-Vicomte, France - 1656 - 1661: "Sensual and Visual Forn" ~~~ built for Nicolas Fouquet, who was a regent for Louis XIV and had this country house built for himself to express power Elements of form: ~~~ symmetry: building, gardens ~~~ shape: landscapes ~~~ texture: landscape, Interior (articulate surfaces) ~~~ color ~~~ space: appropriate scale of space... bigger and smaller space for the bed

Kazuyo Sejima

Buildings: • Zollverein School of Design - Essen, Germany - 2006: "Mathematics/Geometry in Architecture as Inspiration for form" ~~~ draws eye, for example, windows are all places strategically to frame an iconic moment • Museum of Contemporary Art of the XXI Century - Kanazawa, Japan: "Synthesis of Form" ~~~ famous city; in one direction there is a castle and in another there is a garden, so it needed to be oriented in multiple directions ~~~ circular shape ~~~ collab with artist... morning glories and open glass contrast = light and reflections ~~~ light in galleries is soft and controlled to center focus on art ~~~ intellectual; swimming pool twist perception ~~~ sophisticated

Shah Jahan

Mogul emperor of India during whose reign the finest monuments of Mogul architecture were built (including the Taj Mahal at Agra) (1592-1666) Buildings: • Taj Mahal - Agra, India - 1631-1655: "Sensual and visual form" ~~~ built to soothe grief over his favorite wife Taj Mahal Elements of form: ~~~ proportion ~~~ symmetry ~~~ shape ~~~ light ~~~ scale ~~~ material

Ian McHarg

Scottish landscape architect who introduced the idea of ecological planning in his book "Design With Nature". He sought to fully and intelligently design human environments in concert with the conditions of setting, climate and environment -Influential to get us to think about how the environment should be the central core of what we design and plan Buildings: • The Woodlands, Texas - 1970: "Geography/Topography/Ecology" ~~~ flat, heavy rain fall ~~~ north of Houston; a little sandier, but still clay soil ~~~ rules: 1. only build on higher ground; have nice parks in low areas in case of flooding 2. dug out areas for low areas like detention ponds and lakes; looks beautiful and collect flood water 3. minimize impervious cover; 24 instead of 32 ft wide streets, boardwalks instead of pavement, use swales, water-decking ~~~ did work out great initially although now worse because other areas did not do good

3 Ways Architecture Responds to Climate (the sun)

in Texas, India, Australia... hot climates 1. Massing of building: general shape responds to climate = long N/S, short E/W (vulnerable when sun is low in the sky... low in winter at south and low in sky in east morning in summer and west afternoon in summer) 2. Fenestration: where to put windows? best place is south side of building (controllable), North is second best to avoid heat in the summer, East is 3rd best (heat in morning, though not as bad as in afternoon), west is worst (late afternoon in summer) 3. solar shading: putting elements on the building to keep sit away from windows; horizontal is for south (get winter, keep summer out) and vertical is for east and west (keep low sun from hitting)

Cathedral Chartes

~~~ "Sensual and Visual Form" ~~~ France - 1194-1220 ~~~ Chartes was small town, not really on the map ~~~ Why did they build it? there was a belief that this town had the turin that Mary was wearing when she was informed she would be having the Christ child and there needed to be a structure grand enough to house it Elements of form: ~~~ front is balanced: not symmetrical, but first tower is romanesque and solid, while the second is gothic and more delicate ~~~ texture: limestone, piers, ornaments/sculptures ~~~ rhythm: visual; like that of a heartbeat ~~~ scale: scale for God, majestic compared to the scale of humans ~~~ color in stained glass

The Parthenon

~~~the temple honoring the goddess Athena, built on the acropolis above Athens ~~~ to understand, think of the culture it was built within ~~~ Darius the Great had burned Athens, but Perseus fought Darius and the Parthenon was an emblem of rebuilding, making a statement about what Athens would become ~~~ Public spaces were exceptionally important in Athens ~~~ representative of a logical, sophisticated, and rational culture ~~~ also interested in theater; decor by Phidias tell stories and drama

Antonio Gaudi

• Casa Mila, Barcelona, Spain, 1906-10: "Nature/Biology/Organisms as Inspiration of Form" ~~~ last building he did before cathedral ~~~ unconventional; inspired by nature... the region he is working in is independent with their own language and culture and the building is reflective of that ~~~ inspired by the costal region; waves ~~~ building is constantly in motion ~~~ top is like the top of a mountain ~~~ air comes in and out ~~~ caves; surface of stone and movement of water ~~~ balcony like seawedd

Hagia Sophia

• Constantinople - 523-37 AD - "Structure and Materials" ~~~ new capital of Roman empire ~~~ bigger dome; semi-domes carry loads ~~~ thickest space in center to carry loads down to ground ~~~ structural shapes; vaulted areas ~~~ vaulted spaces carry loads down ~~~ frequent support. through apertures ~~~ tiny arches allow for light

Pont Du Gard

• Nimes, France - 14 AD - "Structure and Materials" ~~~ aqueduct... water from one hill to another ~~~ Romans discovered the arch to allow stone to bend in arch ~~~ smallest at top to bigger, wider, thicker at the bottom ~~~ keep stone in compression but It can also "bends" and the perfect circle carries loads

The Pantheon

• Rome - 120-124 AD - "Structure and Materials" ~~~ dome; kind of the inverse of an arch ~~~ brick and stone and rubble concrete ~~~ stone, compressive and bearing ~~~ so impressive to make stone look like its bending ~~~ technology! ~~~ initially, no loads, then gets thicker and thicker to carry loads down to ground

Colosseum

• Rome - 80 AD - "Structure and Materials" ~~~ though it is beautiful, it was not done to be beautiful; about technology ~~~ is the fact that is has lasted more beautiful because of its materials? ~~~ thicker at bottom to carry loads; arch is device ~~~ compressive; brick and stone ~~~ need middle piece to stay structurally sound