ARH 301 Exam 2 - Jones

shikhara

mountain-peak roof typical of Indian Hindu temples

Fatehpur Siki, India, 1570 CE

new capital planned by Akbar -means "city of victory" -private audience hall --Akbar sat on a circular thrown and looked down at those asking for justice --closely spaced brackets serve as the capital for the pillar and base of throne --pillar similar to Ashoka's pillars, support the throne --ramps to 4 directions, recalled the rivers that flow to the 4 corners of the world

Maqsura

screened area preceding mihrab reserved for ruler

JATAKA

stories of the past lives of the Buddha

Joined-block technique

technique developed in Japan using multiple blocks of wood for sculptures to: -reduce cracking -create larger statues -distribute work among carvers -enabled standardization of body proportions

ushnisha

the bun or top knot on top of his head which symbolizes his enlightenment one of the lakshanas

Qibla

the direction of the Kaaba toward which Muslims turn for their daily prayers

Lost-wax casting

the process by which a metal sculpture is cast from an artists wax sculpture. a wax sculpture is formed around a clay core, then clay is applied to the wax surrounding it and making an impression on the wax. the wax is melted out and bronze is poured in. technique used in Ife portrait head -

Pagoda

tower usually associated with Buddhist temple; with multiple eaves

pagoda

tower usually associated with Buddhist temple; with multiple eaves

Moko

traditional tattoo of Maori individuals, carved instead of pieced so it it not as smooth as a traditional tattoo

rathas

vehicles of the god, temples, small, freestanding hindu temple carved from a huge boulder CHARIOTS

Battered

walls that slope in toward the top (GREAT ZIMBABWE)

King Suryavarman II

was the King of Khmer and built the great temple complex called Angkor Wat

Byzantine Iconoclasm

730-787 Leo III 815-843 Leo V

Vimana

A pyramidal tower over the garbha griha of a Hindu temple of the southern, or Dravida, style.

Lakshana

, Term used to designate the 32 marks of the historical Buddha. It includes, among others, the Buddha's golden body, his long arms, the wheel impressed on his palms and the soles of his feet, and his elongated earlobes.

Palace of the Lions, Alhambra, 1370 CE

-Alhambra in Granada NASRID DYNASTY (last spanish muslim dynasty) -beautiful and refined Islamic palace architecture -built on a former Islamic fortress, after taken over by Christians, it was preserved to show the defeat of Islam and its beauty -Court of the Lions: divided into quadrants by walkways that meet at a central fountain atop 12 stone lions -Water animates the fountain -surrounded by stucco arches and windows protected by latticework -Miradores (windows) look over courtyard -women would watch men -Sultan oversaw fertile land of his kingdom

Mathura Style of Buddha

-Carved in high relief -sits in yogic posture on a pedestal supported by lions -Right hand raised with mudra of "have no fear" -urna visible as well as a halo behind his head -robe is tightly pulled giving a nude appearance -torso is subtle and soft BUDDHA AND ATTENDANTS- KUSHAN PERIOD

Southeast Indian Style of Buddha

-Events from the Buddha's life shown -Carved in low relief -largest figure male (buddha) surrounded by women -rhythmic nuances of the limbs and varied postures create a light and joyous effect SIDDHARTHA IN THE PALACE

Kaaba, Mecca

-Islams Holiest Shrine -a black textile stone with gold qur'aanic verses building in Mecca that is shaped like a cube -most sacred Muslim pilgrim shrine -Muhammad returned to Mecca and established the city as the spiritual capital of Islam --emptied the shrine (Kaaba) -hajj =visiting the Kaaba once in your lifetime -circumambulation

LION CAPITAL, UTTAR PRADESH, INDIA 250 BCE

-Maurya period -POLISHED SANDSTONE -From Ashokan pillar at Sarnath, the site of Buddha's first sermon, with characteristic Maurya polish -The lowest portion: down-turned petals of lotus blossom --represents the presence of divine purity in the imperfect world because the lotus flower emerges from murky waters without any mud -Above the lotus: ABACUS (the slab forming the top of a capital) has low-relief carvings of wheels and animals (lion, horse, bull, elephant) -Standing on abacus: 4 back-to-back lions facing the four cardinal directions --representing the universal nature of Buddhism and Ashoka's law inscribed on the pillar -Buddha is known as the "lion of the Shakya clan" -Lions used to support a great wheel (now lost): wheel is a universal Buddhist symbol representing Buddha's wheel of the law being set in motion

Gandhara Style of Buddha

-body is revealed thtough the fold of his garment and is broad and massive with heavy sholders and limbs and a well defined torso. left knee bends slightly (relaxed) -tight riblike folds alternate with delicate creases in his robe STANDING BUDDHA- KUSHAN PERIOD

ELEPHANTA, INDIA, 550 CE

-island off the coast of Mumbai -Shiva = Hindu god is gentile and wild -Temple of Shiva (at Elephanta) -very large cave-temple w/ complex layout (reflecting nature of Shiva) -3 entrances (most temples have 1) are the only source of light (N, E, and S entrances) -carved pillars in the wall (no structural purpose) -Framework of cave shape is formed by overlapping mandalas that create a symmetric yet irregular space -Pillars have a square base that rise to nearly half of their total height. Above is a circular column with a curved contour. east to west axis focus: square, linga shrine surrounded by guardian figures -linga: represents the presence of Shiva, his erotic nature and as the Great Yogi who controls his seed north to south axis focus: Eternal Shiva relief examples of early Hindu narratives Eternal Shiva: five heads -rock cut relief -naturalism --Back head: creator --Left: protector --Right: Destroyer --Front: obsucurer --Top (never depicted): releaser

silpa shastras

...

5 pillars of islam

1. belief in one God, Allah, and Muhammad his prophet 2. daily prayer; pray 5 times a day facing Mecca- mosques- Jewish places for worship 3. alms (offering) for the poor 4. fasting (sunrise to sunset) during Ramadan (September-October) 5. hajj- pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in your lifetime (and visit Kaaba)

Horyuji Compound, Japan, 620 CE

ASUKA PERIOD -oldest wooden temple in the world -based on the Chinese models of the period slender forms, linear grace -Pagoda to the west, Kondo (Golden Hall) to the east -pagoda: reliquary, not to be entered -kondo: golden hall -asymmetrical layout: tall pagoda and large kondo

Hungry Tigress Jataka, Horyuji Compound, 650 CE

Asuka Period - on side of Tamamushi Shrine in Horyuji Compound -illustrates the Jataka tale (story about the former lives of the Buddha) -he sacrifices his life to feed a starving tigress and her cubs he jumps off the cliff to break open his flesh to make it easy for them to eat -helped popularize Buddhism in Japan

VIHARA

Buddhist monastery in India; Buddhist monks living chambers; "for wanderers"

Vihara

Buddhist monastery in India; Buddhist monks living chambers; "for wanderers"

TE HAU-KI-TURANGO, NEW ZEALAND, 1840 CE

CARVED BY RAHARUNI ROKUPO MAORI MEETING HOUSE -seafaring Polynesians =Maori -wooden framed houses -meeting house of men -oldest existing meeting house -built for Rokupo's elder brother -relief figures of ancestors cover the support poles, wall planks, and rafters -NO WOMEN ARE ALLOWED IN -tiki's represent warriors and are holding clubs

BODHISATTVA, AJANTA, INDIA, 475 CE

CAVE 1 AJANTA VAKATAKA DYNASTY -enlightened beings who post pone nirvana and buddhahood to help others and achieve enlightenment -very ornate with jewels and jewlery -his spiritual power shown by his large size in comparison to the other figures -identity as bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara sown by the lotus flower in his right hand -naturalistic style -outline drawing: clearly defined shapes, tonal gradations make it look 3D

KANDARIYA MAHADEVA TEMPLE, KHAJURAJO, INDIA, 1000 CE

CHANDELLA DYNASTY NAGARA-NORTHERN STYLE TEMPLE The Monumental Northern Temple -HINDU TEMPLE- SHIVA -northern style: curvilinear shikhara rising -dedicated to Shiva -rests on a stone terrace that sets off the sacred space from the world -stone blocks using post-and-lintel construction -looks like a cosmic mountaiN=(SHIKHARA) -erotic sculptures AND figures of gods and godesses -circumambulation

Ajanta

Cave 17 500 CE

Rajarajeshvara Temple of Shiva, 1000 CE

Chola Dynasty -RAJARAJA I DRAVIDA-SOUTHERN STYLE TEMPLE -Dedicated to Shiva -Mandapa has a flat roof (as opposed to pyrmadial roofs of the northen style) -Exterior walls are ornamented with niches, each of which holds a single statue of Shiva unlike northen style that shows secular and godly figures -Clear regular and wide spacing of the niches imparts a calm balance and formality to the lower portion of the temple -This contrasts with the irregular rythms of northern style -Superstructure is a four sided hollow pyramid that rises 13 stories -At the top is an octagonal dome shaped capstone -VIMANA=pyramidal tower (compared to Santiago de compotela, Spain)

garba griha

Sanctuary or inner, sacred room of a Hindu temple; literally "womb place". The inner most sanctum sanctuary of temple where the main Deity of the temple is worship is called Garbha griha

Angkor Vat

South East Asia Cambodia 1100 CE

Borobodur

South East Asia Indonesia 800 CE

Dravida

South Indian temple with pyramidal roof named Vimana

Page from the Qur'an, Surah 18, 900 CE

Surah 18 900 CE Islamic -Kufic script (calligraphy) -Qur'an = word of god -ninth century syrian -golf leaf on paper and ornamated with black ink pigments -red marks/dots are pronounciation guides -5 pillars of islam are written around the script

Hijra

The Migration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in A.D. 622, marking the founding of Islam

Blind arcade

eries of engaged arches and column supports An arcade having no actual openings, applied as decoration to a wall surface.

Darshan

experience of the divine encounter in the temple; "seeing" and "being seen" by God in the context of worship

puja

hindu devotional worship of deities at home or in a temple

Mandala

iagram of the cosmos

amalakas

in Hindu temple design, the arge flat disk with ribbed edges surmounting the beehive-shaped tower cushion top, named from fruit

darshan

in Hindu worship, seeing images of the divinity and being seen by the divinity

Avatar

incarnation

Hypostyle hall

large interior room characterized by many closely spaced columns that support its roof Great Mosque Cordoba Spain

Sanarth Style of Buddha

GUPTA PERIOD -Downcast eyes -large circular halo -plain robe with no creases and folds -nude appearance STANDING BUDDHUA- SARNATH-474 CE

PHOENIX HALL, BYODOIN, JAPAN, 1400 CE

HEIAN PERIOD UJI MOUNTAINS -aka Byodoin Hall -pair of Phoenix images on the roof and the shape of the palace resembles the phoenix -originally: residence of Amida Buddha in his Western Paradise -built for a leading counselor the emperor at the time and converted into a memorial palace in his honor -thin columns -artificial pond in the shape of the sanskrit letter, A, for Amida Buddha Central Image of Amida Buddha -carved by Jocho -gold leaf on wood -interior of joined-block wood which made larger lighter and longer lasting structures

CHAITYA HALL

KARLE MAHARASHTRA, INDIA C. 1 CE -2 types of rock cut halls -used for a sanctuary and enshrined a stupa -decoration is restricted to the entranceway -interior and exterior were once painted with bright colors -pillars mark the pathway for circumambulation around the stupa -stupa is solid rock so did not hold relics of Buddha, still worshipped as if it did -horseshoe shaped openings -3 entrances -elephants and mithuna couples -imitates wood -apsidal style hall

ANGKOR VAT, CAMBODIA, 1100 CE

KING SURYAVARMAN II -Crowning achievement of Khmer architecture - Dedicated to the whorship of Vishnu -Serves as a temple and a symbolic cosmic mountain -Stepped pyramid with five towers set within four enclosures of increasing perimeter -5 towers represent 5 mountains of mount Meru -Concentric format -Central access from west side -Set up like mandala (cosmic order) -Interior panels -Low relief statues of Suryavarman II and his armies -Focus on life of Vishnu --Example: Vishnu churning the ocean of milk -no amalaka (cushin flower top)

Standing Buddha, Gandhara, Pakistan, 400-500 CE

KUSHAN PERIOD -GANDHARA STYLE art: combines elements of Hellenistic, Persian, and Indian -carved from schist, a fine-grained dark stone bent left knee: relaxed posture garment has many folds that fold in a rhythmic pattern: suggests life and power -shakyamuni -larger than life -buddha's body shows a well defined torso (belly) -robe: tight rib like folds that alternate with delicate crease

Buddha and Attendants, Madhya Pradesh, India 100 CE

KUSHAN PERIOD -MATHURA STYLE stele (Based on representations of Yakshas-indigenous male nature deities) -carved in high relief -red sandstone -a seated Buddha with 2 attendants -the Buddha sits in a yogic posture on a pedestal supported by lions -MUDRA: right hand raised meaning "have no fear" -large, circular halo behind his head -pipal tree behind the halo: the tree he was sitting when he reached enlightenment -outward gaze and alert posture: intense, concentrated energy -robe pulled tightly over the body, looks almost nude -naturalistic body, the face has geometric shapes for features -his urna, ushnisha and the impressions of wheels on his palms and soles are all clearly visible

Erotic Couples

Kandariya Mahadaeva Temple khajuraho India c. 1000 CE

Chandela Dynasty

Kandariya Mahadeva Temple Khajuraho India c. 1000 CE

Kandariya Mahadeva Temple

Khajuraho India c. 1000 CE, North central India. Several porches allowing access to garba griha. Chanmber is marked on outside by a tall tower that has replicas of itself on its sides. Celebrate forms of male/female sexuality. Celebrate procreative energy.

Calligraphy

Kufic script

GREAT STUPA at SANCHI, INDIA, 100 BCE

MADHYA PRADESH, INDIA -buddhist architecture -Religious monument, probably containing some of Buddha's relics, that is open to the public for private worship - Circumambulatory path - 3 stone disks/umbrellas of decreasing size on top of mast represent either the "Three Jewels of Buddhism" or the Buddhist concept of the three realms of existence: desire, form, and formlessness -Mast itself symbolizes an axis mundi, connecting the Cosmic Waters below the earth with the celestial realm above -SHUNGA DYNASTY -STUPA= SOLID MONUMENT ECLOSING A RELIQUARY

Shikhara

MOUNTAIN KANDARIYA MAHADEVA TEMPLE INDIA 1000 CE

Nagara

North Indian temple style

Tapa

a paperlike cloth made in the South Pacific by pounding tapa bark

Bodhisattva

a person who has attained enlightenment but who has postponed nirvana in order to help others achieve enlightenment

Pradakshina

'on the right', Ritual circling (circumambulation) of a sacred structure or image in a clockwise direction

Mihrab

(Islam) a niche in the wall of a mosque that indicates the direction of Mecca

Santiago de Compostela

(burial site of St. James), most popular pilgrimage site, located toward the northwestern tip of Spain.

Shiva Nataraja (Dancing Shiva), 1100 CE

Chola dynasty Thanjauur, Tamil Nadu -bronze -dance of Shiva represents the universe's cycle of death and rebirth -4 arms, prostrate body, left hand holding ball of fire, back right hand holds drum --fire represents destruction of samsara --drum represents rhythms of creation and destruction, birth and death -different from the Shiva at Elephanta who was self-absorbed and introspective -Shiva is facing the viewer and shows a synthesis between the god and the human -stamping out ignorance (drawf)

mandapa

Columned or pillared hall in Hindu architecture (also used to describe columned porch in Buddhist chaitya hall architecture) "temple hall"

Shudra class

Common people. Lowest tier in Hindu caste system. Only duty was to serve other classes, especially Bhramin. Not allowed to learn or teach Vedas.

Vishnu on the Cosmic Waters

Deogarh c. 530 CE

kailasanatha Temple

Ellora Dravada style Chalukya/Rashtrakuta - ca 757-790 Carved from living rock

CROWNED HEAD OF A KING

Ife, Yoroba -12th- 15th century -cast-bronze -eyes in similar shape to some of the modern Yoruba -scarification patterns -cast of zinc brass using the lost-wax method -crown creates a female oni -heads have hole in the neck so they may have been attached to wooden figures -used for memorial services -represent physical beauty and moral character -contradicted European thoughts of they knew of African art -thought to be created in Atlantis

Tile Mosaic Mihrab, Iran, 1350 CE

Isfahan Madrasa Imami -architecture of the east -MIHRAB=A RECESS OR NICHE THAT DISTINGUISHES THE WALL ORIENTED TOWARDS MECCA -cursive and Kufic inscriptions -made by cutting each individual tiles -typical color scheme for decoration; white, turquoise, and cobalt blue with accents of dark yellow and green -typical decorations of harmonious, dense, contrasting patterns of organic and geometric forms -keel-profiled(arch) niche -organic and geometric forms

Kondo

Japanese, "golden hall." The main hall for worship in a japanese Buddhist temple complex; contained statues of Buddha and the bodhisattvas to whom the temple was dedicated

TAJ MAHAL, INDIA, 1640 CE

MUGHAL PERIOD reign of Shah Jahan -Shah Jahan commisioned it as a mausoleum for his wife (died in childbirth) -Ended up being mausoleum for both of them white marble tomb with semi-precious stones white marble was reserved for saints so implying the religious stature of the buried -8-chamber interior on 2 stories (16 chambers) surrounding a center that goes up to the dome on the Jamuna River -Mughal architects introduced the mosque and the tomb and construction based on arches and domes. inspiration from Indian, Persian, Asian architecture -The dome on top is the same size of the arch, creating symmetry -Octogonal format in dome (reserved for sultans) -Two buildings flank it (a mosque and and a rest house/hall designed in mirror image) --Create contrast because they are made with red sandstone

Minakshi Temple

Madurai India 1336-1736 CE

Aniconic

a symbolic representation without images of human figures

Umayyad Palace

Mshatta Jordan c. 740-750 CE boats elaborate bathing facilities and heating systems

urna

a tuft of whit hair between Buddhas eyebrows (the dot) one of the lakshanas

Decent of the Ganges Relief, Mamallapuram, India, 650 CE

PALLAVA DYNASTY -GRANITE -depicts the penance of a king, Bhagiratha, who wanted to save his people from drought by subjecting himself to torture so Shiva (4 arms) sent the Ganges River, ending the drought -low relief -relief has 2 frontal images: deity (probably Shiva) and one performing a posterity also an image of a monkey also in the same pose could be either/both shibite or bashibite: could be either about Shiva or Vishnu -Vishnu interpretation is 2 elephants: one protecting the young one: metaphor for king's protection of his people

Linga

Phallus form that symbolizes the power of the hindu god shiva

Anakena, Rapa Nui, 1200 CE

RAPA NUI=EASTER ISLAND -polynesians most impressive stone sculpture -FIGURES CALLED MOAI -made from tufa (yellowish brown volcanic stone) -PUKAO on their heads are the topknots of hair -white and coral and stone open eyes -figures face outwards/front

Chola Dynasty

Rajarajeshvara Temple Thanjavur India c. 1000 CE

Boroburdur, Central Java, Indonesia, 800 CE

SHAILENDRA DYNASTY -stepped pyramid -made of volcanic stone blocks -Buddhist site -Four levels that progress upward -Central solid stupa -surrounded by 72 smaller hollow stupas -Most complex and ornate of Buddhist structures -Four entranceways -Access point at each cardinal direction -Clockwise circumambulation -Jataka tales from Buddha's lives on lower gallaries

GREAT ZIMBABWE, ZIMBABWE, 1200 CE

SHONA PEOPLE -zimbabwe=house of stone -masons incorporated boulders and used the uniform granite blocks to build tall encolsing walls --the houses are made of adobe with conical, thatched roofs - largest building is Imbra Huru (Great Enclosure)-royal -buildings were built w/o motar --BATTERED walls= walls that slope inward towards the top -conical tower=3 courses of ornamental stone work --between 2 walls and resembles a granary and represents good harvest and prosperity -housed more than 10,000 people

DOME OF THE ROCK, JERUSALEM, 640 CE

UMAYYAD DYNASTY -byzantine architecture -standard dome on octagonal base -Muslim view:rock where muhammad took night journey -Islamic view: rock was where abraham was prepping son for sacrifice -ceramic tiles (mosaic) -Alternating styles of stonework to create arches -Debate about the primary function: rock in the center is the burial place of Adam, in the Old Testament, it is where Abraham planned to sacrifice Isaac. Presumed focus of the rock as being the place where Muhammad performed his night journey -arcades create concentric aisles that permit circumambulation

GREAT MOSQUE, CORDOBA, SPAIN, 970 CE

Umayyad dynasty -Abd al Rahman I fed across North Africa into southern Spain -Premiere example of beautiful ornamented and big mosque in capital -built on site of Christian church, symbolized a taking over of the space -double flying arches=2 tiers of arches one over the other -marble columns in hypostyle prayer hall with double arches (more lift) painted bright colors -horseshoe arches typical of Islamic architecture in the west -mixture of white stone and red brick on arches helped the building withstand earthquakes -became a focus of patronage, mihrab was added dome shows Islamic interest in math and geometry with complex patterns -Imported byzantine mosaicists and materials -vegetal and geometric shapes in sacred spaces

IFE PORTRAIT, NIGERIA, 1200 CE (CROWNED HEAD OF A KING)

YORUBA ZINC BRASS IFE-NAVAL OF THE WORLD COVERED IN THIN PARALLEL SCARAFICATION PATTERNS SIZE AND DELICATE FEATURES SUGGEST A WOMAN ONI (KING) REPRESENTS PHYISICAL BEAUTY AND MORAL CHARACTER lost wax technique portraiture scarification

reliquary

a container where religious relics are stored or displayed (especially relics of saints)

Mausoleum

a large burial chamber, usually above ground

MITHUNA COUPLES

amorous couples that evoke harmony and fertility, and that suggest the devotion with which the worshipper should confront the interior image of the Buddha

Guilds

an association formed by merchants and artisans

Moai

ancestral figures set up around island, carved from yellow-brown volcanic stone and depicting human form

Calligraphy

art of fine hand lettering