ARS 101 Exam 2

Collapse of Mycenaean Civilization

1200-1100 B.C. Entire Mediterranean culture Loss of literacy, art, architecture, kingship, centralized administration, economic and social systems "Dark Ages" about 200 years Greek polis will emerge 900-800 B.C. unsure why

Pausanias

2nd century AD Greek traveler who wrote descriptions of Parthenon and Dionysos, reason we know now what they once looked like his descriptions are now basic sources of Ancient Greek art and artists

Euphronios

6th century vase painter red figure killing of Sarpedon

Homer

8th century B.C.

Exekias

Achilles and Ajax playing a dice game black figure

Praxiteles

Aphrodite of Knidos Hermes and the Infant Dionysos

Lysippos

Apoxymenos, Weary Herakles

Peplos Kore

Archaic Age

Metropolitan Kouros

Archaic Age Big example of Greek art changes over time Also example of how Greeks learn sculpture from the Egyptians example of Greek art changes over time when compare to other later sculptures (ie Doryphorous)

Hades Abducting Persephone

Hades abducting Persephone; Vergina, Greece; mid-fourth century BCE • Detail of a wall paining in tomb 1 • Lord of the Underworld kidnapping Demeter's daughter • Three-quarter views of all subjects • Shading and foreshortening (depth) Classical Age Tomb painting, Vergina

Bronze Age

Orally transmitted stories from Bronze Age=reason why loss of literacy did not affect Greek stories. Oral transmission was part of the Greek culture What we know about Bronze Age=combination of 1. orally transmitted stories from Bronze Age (very fixed oral recitation, memorize and tell the city, not like a game of telephone) 2. visible remains of Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations

Phidias

Parthenon sculptor frieze and Athena Parthenos) Statue of Zeus at Olympia

Lord Elgin

Thomas Bruce (7th lord earl of Elgin)=British Ambassador to Turkey (Turks control Greece at the time). Elgin asks for permission to go in and draw and take falling sculpture metopes, frieze, pedimental sculpture ends up in British Museum

ionic

architectural order base to column column still fluted architecture=3 spaces then instead of triglyph, one lone space for battle scenes comes later than doric order columns generally went all the way around the building more elongated, greater height to width ratio of bases flutes on base separated by flat surfaces (fillets) capital (tippy top of columns) has distinctive spiral-scrolled volutes three-tier/panel architrave (horizontal base piece above capital) continuously sculpted/decorated frieze rich decorative moldings throughout (a lot more "stuff" rather than Doric plain space)

doric

architectural order plain capital fluted column on last level (stylobate) no base (like Minoan columns but doesn't taper) above capital=architrave then blank space carved with reliefs sculpture in between triglyphs if carved (didn't have to be) earlier style shafts (columns) directly on stylobate (no base), fluted or channeled, with sharp edges round half-circle part (ebichus) and then tablet part above that (abacus) provide top of column Then architrave, frieze made of alternating triglyphs and metopes plain horizontal element (cornice) then decorative roof

Sir Arthur Evans

comes to Crete looking for seal stones for museum eventually comes to Knossos, stays and excavates for decades encounters modern reconstruction of the site, which Evans thought was a good idea (at the time, idea of leaving things in found state to look at and learn was slow to develop. Because of this, hard to tell what's old and what's new;"this wall fell down, build another") Evans paints on wall of Palace of Minos what he thinks was done there, columns were wooden and painted red so he made concrete red pillars

Perikles

commissioned building of Parthenon

stylobate

continuous base supporting row of columns

Perseus myth and depictions

depiction/moment of depiction in vases bvaries based on interest what used to be appeal was monsters-->depiction was Medusa in her monster form. Later on, not the case

Henrich Schliemann

discovered Mycenaean society before Minoan society was discovered Mycenaeans conquered Minoans German businessman, retires early, marries Greek woman obsessed with Homer, The Iliad, The Odyssey, sets out to go find city of Troy (generally known to be in Turkey, exactly where unknown) Uses Homer's works as guide and a man who lives on the hill near there, finds and excavates Troy destroyed-->debris--> people build on it--> becomes mound dug all the way down, below "level" of Troy, finds The Trojan Gold (Priam's Treasure) Schliemann claims only he and wife were there, no workers. He has permission to dig but doesn't show government, takes it out Takes to Berlin, during war put in zoo to secure end of WWII, Germans can't find it 1992, 2 employees in Moscow find it in boxes, Russia had it all along scholars come examine it (Rumors Schliemann bought and put it there to seem like archaeologist but it was real) vessels, jewelry who owns it (Greece, Turkey, Germany, Russia?) Greeks want it but still in Russian museum Schliemann leaves tTroy to find Greek side of war, goes to Mycenae citadel of Mycenae already uncovered but he excavates further and finds grave (burial chambers, face mask for King Agamemnon, weaponry)

Hubris

human failure excessive pride horrible for a mortal to show

Greek Polis

independent, autonomous city state coinage trade, military

What united Greeks?

language religion Pan-Hellenic cult centers literature (Homer, Hesiod) Pan-Hellenic heroes (Herakles) common culture amidst fighting, independent cities

Black Figure

literally what it sounds like-the silhouette in this case is black ceramic process due to glazing and firing (though we call it painting) contrast of red clay with black slip/silhouette. scratch out sharp white lines because of overlap, hard to tell where one figure ends and one begins white often female skin, old men, highlights

The Greek Polis (Poleis)

magna graecia=italian colonizations in Greece

architrave

main beam that rests across the top of columns

kore

plural korai female counterpart to kouros same function as male, only differences=females are clothed, usually have outstretched arm, and are eating a peplos also change over time but less obvious because the body is covered. More cues of era come from remains of paint, etc and below more changes to face, hair, clothing kouros and kore=earliest attempts at figure sculpture

kouros

plural=kouroi male nude 2 functions of kouri 1. commemorative marking on grave 2. temple offering both of the above^^ are part of culture. different from Egypt in that not fully carved out of the stone, completely nude, less concerned with writing (not on columns or bottom of sculpture) complete nudity=man is the center of the universe nude male becomes center of all Greek art not sexual just man=center of all things

Red Figure

reverse of black figure-leave figures in red and black slip fills in instead of white, details painted on with black, makes it easier to distinguish figures, more fine detail allowed

metope

square space between triglyphs in Doric frieze

triglyph

tablet in vertical grooves of Doric frieze that alternates with metopes in Doric

Why are vases an important part of the geometric and orientalizing periods?

the Greeks produced many wall and panel paintings that haven't survived and vases have

pediment

the triangular top of a temple that contains sculpture

capital

uppermost part of column, kind of fancy part that's at top right beneath load on top of column

frieze

wide ornamental horizontal band above architrave and beneath pediment

Treasury of the Siphnians Reconstruction Drawing

Archaic Age Delphi Delphic tripod=3-legged stool=symbol of Delphi Siphnians from Siphnos became wealthy and built treasury at Delphi (important because God Apollo's place on top of mountain, beautiful, Apollo's battle with the Python-comes, defeats, makes sacred place) 2 reasons for putting treasury there: 1. no one goes to Siphnos, everyone goes to Delphi, prestige, show wealth 2. offerings go to treasury, people put stuff there after, come with offerings to show wealth caryatid columns=2 frontal columns made to look like females different mythical story on each side pediment=Apollo and Herakles fighting over tripod some inscription carved on surface saying what the relief carvings are The oracle of Apollo is a priestess of Delphi, people would come with questions and bring offerings she sat on tripod, vase gave idea of what would happen. Chewed laurel leaves, went into a trance, told answer in hexameter verse, priest interpreted it king wants to know whether to fight Persia, she gives cryptic answer, he interprets it wrong, destroys his kingdom, Delphi became huge also right on path to Apollo

Death of Sarpedon

Archaic Age Red figure krater Euphronios Sarpedon=son of Zeus and mortal woman, killed by Achilles in Trojan war Zeus wants to save but Hera points out all gods have children in Trojan war so Zeus saves body instead, sends Apollo so he can have proper burial (terrible thing in Ancient Greece not to have proper burial) other side of vase=regular people preparing for war (not always the case that both sides have a myth) Hermes not Apollo rescuing him=artist departure Hypnos (god of sleep) on left, Thanatos (death) on right Sypnosis=nude. Artist's choice, strong warrior, Greek value but not realistic labeled again great detail in caps, wings, sleep=different than death blood spouting knee/leg meant to look bent "foreshortening"=use of space, shows artist aware of how we view the body in space, very different from Egyptians 1972, purchased by Met. By that time, rules saying can't take from country but they said private family collection--> ok legally. Found it was looted illegally from tomb in 2008, returned to Italy issue with antiquities=ownership/acquisition

Battle Between the Gods and the Giants

Archaic Age Treasury of the Siphnians, Delphi North Frieze Detail represented idea of Greek dominance over everyone else, viewed everyone else as barbarians in treasury of Delphi (oracle of Apollo), prestigious for Siphnosians. Built for a reason, Siphnos built in this specific location knowing why important to Greeks (shows order over chaos, Greeks over all others, barbaric) Also depicted on vase paintings Can be firmly dated (usually date estimated based on style, etc, but this is known about 530-525 B.C. because by 525 Sisnophians not prestigious and in power anymore). Means we can use this to compare to other, non-dated ones would have been seen as people walked up to the Treasury Olympic Gods, before they reign must fight the giants some figures identified undoubtedly some bronze parts that came off action, figures move in different directions giants not giant, look like regular Greek warriors -Gods are equal to them -different interpretation of giant (means uncouth) -if scale put in, Gods would be teeny tiny lots of anatomy, muscles, bones, overlapping

Achilles and Ajax Playing a Game

Archaic Age black figure amphora Exekias unlike Egypt know artist's names in Greece In the Iliad, Trojan war has been going on for 10 years at opening. Achilles=greatest of warriors, Ajax=right below him in rank, physically larger In all accounts, (Iliad and more) no mention of them playing dice in a tent could be account he knew and we don't or Exekias made it up Achilles=dominant figure because still wearing crown; visual preference because known as legendary elaborate and costly cloaks. Generally you provide your own armor so how they look is prestigious this particular scene became popular amongst vase painters myth goes later Achilles killed, fight over body, debate over whether Odysseus or Ajax gets it, Ajax loses, humiliated, falls on sword and dies. Most artists depict that but Exekius chose a moment before, more powerful than gore scene

Herakles and Cerberus

Archaic Age black figure krater one of the last of his labors Eurystheus=in pot. Cousin who sends labors trying to kill him but Herakles keeps coming back. Foil to Herakles, afraid of what Herakles brings back, why he's scarily hiding in pot (humorous) 3 heads=3 different colors to differentiate all 3 focus=monster, snakes Eurystheus and Herakles=white skin (typical fashion) Nemian head, club don't have name of artist Eurystheus in pot=copied later shields used to cover problem areas (like 3 torsos)

Anavysos Kouros

Archaic Age more attention to visual form than Metropolitan Kouros, more realistic, more muscle, more bodily tells us that artists want to make it more realistic, and are not content with original try. Difference not because of wealth or status, difference because artist trying (metropolitan) like the Egyptians are same function (funerary commemoration or temple offering) "archaic smile" is attempt at natural-looking lips not perfect but more realistic "stop and grieve at the tomb of dead Kroisos, slain by wild Ares in the front rank of battle" ^^statue not of Kroisos, so why put money into having it made? Because imagery=impressive, people will come by. Idea=to get people to stop by and grieve

Temple of Artemis, Corfu

Archaic Age west pediment Gorgon Medusa Medusa holding Pegasus and Krusair (the twins she had when her head was cut off) snake belt big muscles (emphasis on these, she is very strong) smiling face, snakes hair why here at temple to goddess Artemis?=first part of story=Athena's wrath because Medusa and Poseidon got together, why she was turned to a monster. Connection=to Artemis the virgin God mostly=apotropaic device (taking of something evil/destructive and using it to protect, in this case protect the temple) ^^very common in Ancient world specifically here, with 2 crouching lions=Artemis is god of the wild, same idea as Egypt, imagery has power here is the iconic image of Medusa, crazy head with mouth, teeth, but Hellenistic period=beautiful woman)

Greek and Persian Wars

Battle of Marathon Athens Sacked Battles Salamis and Plataea (defeat of Persians) Delian League Rise of Pericles (Delian League funds moved to Athens) Rebuilding of Acropolis

Palace of Minos reconstruction drawing

Bronze Age Knossos, Crete open air pavilions=how to get light to lower places focal point=courtyard a lot of stories, very complex (maybe small and added to or maybe planned to be this way) remains of columns and amount of debris=how they determined 4 stories originally even though collapsed when found no writing/inscriptions even though literate society (so you speculate the use of rooms) see Evans (concrete red pillars) new, rebuilt walls and stairs lots of corridors, open space, let light into even the lower quarters a lot of the imagery has aquatic subjects (ocean animals, etc) vegetation=very flowy, nothing like schematic Egypt boxing picture=tradition in Ancient Greek ages of athletic competition (later turns to Olympics) female profile similar to Nefertari, suggests Greeks learned from Egyptians difference from Egyptians=much more movement/spontaneity of head and body most imagery=organic, natural, spiral, water animals harvester vase=figures holding sheaths of wheat, singing image of bull=very prominent everywhere, important role in Minoan society labrys=double ax Theseus killing the Minotaur (sacrifice of 7 men and women at Crete each year to Minotaur, etc) may have inspired prominent symbol of bull

The Trojan Gold

Bronze Age (Priam's Treasure) issue of ancient world=antiquities have such a convoluted past it's hard to say who has the right to them, can't trace descendants

Bull Leaping fresco

Bronze Age Palace of Minos, Knossos reconstruction is pretty solid looks like grabbing horns, holding body, leap behind (other examples of this in statue, etc suggests maybe real ritualistic event or sport, maybe myth) hooks in with Labyrinth story, which led to which same convention for skin (dark for male, light for female) but not always consistent, hard to tell very tiny waists profile mostly face

Lion Gate

Bronze Age gateway up to citadel in Mycenae 2 lions with feet up on Minoan column (Minoan column means it tapers at the bottom) Heads missing so male or female unclear Both relieves weight over lentil AND ancient heroic intimidating symbol

Dagger Blade with Lion Hunt

Bronze Age shaft grave, Mycenae figure 8 shield almost as tall as person. Homer talks about this in his work, not used later in Greek history but is (possible) evidence the Trojan war happened indicates wealth and warlike status 4 people with shields hunting lion, lion killing deer, man zillion lion-->hierarchy of man=dominant

Mycenaean citadel

Bronze age all fortified by walls and towers-->suggests Mycenaeans had much more fear of attack/warlike existence than Minoans 2 great circles, burial chambers beneath, body in shaft some imagery but importance=fortification not nearly as elaborate as Egyptians sheets of gold pounded into faces laid over heads of deceased (like Tutankhamen's face mask but crude and one-side only. But made of gold so very wealthy, kings) most amazing=what Schliemann claims was the face of King Agamemnon (some say altered/made up) weaponry

Warrior A from Riace

Classical Age Found in 1972 in Riace, Italy with Warrior B 2 scuba divers find arm sticking out of sand eventually find the two statues accumulation over time under the sand affected the metal typical male nude warrior stance typical of new classical period (leaning back, foot raised) inlaid eyes, teeth, lips, nipples typical of bronze originally would have had spear details of bronze

Diskobolos

Classical Age (Discus Thrower) Myron originally bronze, this=marble copy (there's a number of copies of this like with Doriphoros) anatomy of tensed muscles well known, becomes part of artists' repertoire Vatican museum more advanced than Doriphoros because more movement but still limitation even at this point and even in bronze figural sculpture in classical period

Zeus from Cape Artemision

Classical Age Cape Artemision bronze sculpture found underwater (a few bronzes were lost in the ocean and not melted down) hollow bronze so no support needed (like heavy marble) allows freedom of limbs/mobement back foot off ground

Parthenon Plan

Classical Age Iktinos and Kallikrates=architects Athens

Parthenon

Classical Age Iktinos and Kallikrates=architects Athens Parthenon sculpture: (all meant to allude to Greek and Persian wars) -East pediment=Birth of Athena *being crowned *cloth reveals body (wet shirt-esque) *towards ends of pediment, same scale figures but reclined to solve space issue *not totally sure what it looked like because no pedimental sculpture to remember specifically -West pediment=Contest with Poseidon *some point in history of Athens, contest over who city should be named after. Poseidon strikes sword, stream, water, beach, Athena plants olive tree=more useful (food, grooming, rituals, everything) -Frieze=Panathenaic Procession *now copy, original in British museum *extensive, all same subject *frieze lends itself to long narrative *unusual in Doric build *original would have been difficult to see -Metopes= *would have been visible if painted but sort of like Egypt, point not to be seen *good area for conflicts *South=Lapiths and Centaurs *North=Sack of Troy *East=Gigantomachy *West=Amazonomachy +Battle of Greeks and Amazons +Amazons=warrior women, good with bow/arrow, ride horses, same class as giants (uncouth, unciv) to Greeks who think women shouldn't do those things iconic building, epitome of Golden Age of Greece giant temple to Athena on top of hill Christians take over, starts to fall apart 1684, artist draws pediments 1687 becomes ammunition storage facility, Venetians shoot it and it becomes ruinous, terrible disrepair Elgin asks for permission to go in and draw and take falling sculpture metopes, frieze, pedimental sculpture ends up in British Museum significance of it to British Museum=not just random artifacts, all from one building and one time period Athena=Parthenos=maiden (gods and goddesses had many names). Originally parthenon, Parthenon comes from that background=islands, coastal area to the right, in modern-day Turkey (Greek cities at time) Persia=Far East Parthenon and sculpture are built during rebuilding of Acropolis at end of Greek and Persian Wars. His idea of showcasing Athens as responsible for Greece's existence huge temple to Athena, larger than any that had been built so far Doric temple with 92 metopes all around exterior above columns West and East pediment also full of sculpture interior frieze Reason so large=standing statue of Athena about 40 feet tall, built FOR sculpture so she had to fit pediments, metopes, frieze=3 main elements of sculpture frieze all around walls of naos, generally not in Doric temples but are here reconstruction in Nashville=originally art fair, kept because even reconstruction=prestigious more sculpture than any previous building (Siphnian treasury had frieze all around but was smaller building) huge sculpture, lots of money invested from Delian league funds which were used for it Not celebrating unified Greece just Athens=great Athens and allies eventually have war with Sparta and allies (Pelloponesian war)

Weary Herakles

Classical Age Lysippos Roman copy of bronze original apple in hand signifies end of labors, he's tired as he has just been vanquishing death huge muscles but WEARIED idea of creating a sculpture showing Herakles wearied would never have been done earlier. This shows a move awayy from traditional mode of celebrate the strong, fearless god

Apoxymenos

Classical Age Lysippos (Man Scraping Himself) Roman copy of bronze original athletes wold put oil on selves and scrape after working out longer legs, smaller head, hair, intent=to further observe/make more natural human form leaf=part of Vatican collection even though more muscular, more like Hermes than early sculpture because slim, long more advanced than Diskobolos because points out, goes IN to viewer's space (innovative) idea of viewer and consciousness of viewer on part of artist in this sculpture and in transition to Hellenistic period

Parthenon metopes

Classical Age Parthenon point=allude to Persians would have been known/understood by audience at that time not Battle of Marathon, directly Athena-related like other sculptors at time Just all allude to Persians, 4 uncouth, uncivilized enemies

sack of troy

Classical Age Parthenon north metopes high relief--> survived best Greeks defeat Trojans

Horsemen

Classical Age Parthenon, Athens Panathenaic Festival procession, frieze

Gods and Goddesses

Classical Age Parthenon, Athens Panathenaic Festival procession, frieze in center of East side-->signifies their importance shallow relief but exquisitely done part in Louvre now compare to goddesses in Siphnian treasury-->example of Greek art changes over time, not satisfied with original, artist figures out, deliberately manipulates clothing and adds to it some in British Museum

Presentation of the Peplos

Classical Age Parthenon, Athens Panathenaic Festival procession, frieze very center of East side 1996-Joan Connelly suggests that's not actually what's being depicted. Parthenon and Parthenon: A Mythological Interpretation of the Parthenon Frieze. Vol 100, No 1 Jan 1996, p53-80) American Journal of Archaeology ^^says depicts mythical sacrifice story of man (Erechteus) who must sacrifice his daughter idea=mythical gods, weird to have realistic center Since the whole rest is realistic scenes of ordinary people, symbol=Athens is favored by the Gods. People are in company of Gods. We think of it this way not Connelly's way scene between Athena and Zeus part of Panathenaic festival=bring special woven peplos to cult statue (small, light statue like in Ancient Egypt, not the gold Parthenos statue) women carrying stools, priest of Athens, cloth (peplos) all would have been done in real life

Panathenaic Festival Procession

Classical Age Parthenon, Athens frieze every year, greater one every 4 years athletic contest (like all of Greece festival), box, race, chariot riding victors get special vase with contest picture on one side, Athena on other, filled with olive oil like week off work for everyone, animal sacrifice like barbecue very important civic time Panathenaic procession=ride around city, carry peplos for Athena=important culmination of festival all one thing much lower relief than metopes but still detail in man/animal bodies vessels being carried for ritual, men/women in lines body bent, drapery bunched, material, holes, (makes long procession picture less boring) Phidias was in charge of all sculpture but obviously didn't do ENTIRE metopes and frieze

Lapith Fighting a Centaur

Classical Age Parthenon, Athens metope Lapiths=Greek family, centaurs distantly related, come to wedding, because uncouth, uncut, don't know how to mix wine with water, carry off bride and maidens, Lapiths must fight for their women these survived best don't clearly show Greeks winning (point=enemies strong enough that it was a good fight, not easy) anatomy of horse, humans cloaks just to show sculptor's skill animal skins with centaurs interesting because animal skin with Herakles, Dionysos centaurs have shaggier beards

Athena Parthenos

Classical Age Parthenon, Athens model=Toronto Phidias exterior of shield=Amazonomachy feet=Centauromachy like Zeus's statue, Athena's statue has not survived, (maybe in Constantinople, unsure) 38 ft tall wooden carving gold clothes , peplos, detachable in case of war time, and ivory skin "Chryselephantine" beneath=birth of Pandora helmet=sphinx in middle, griffins on sides (originally, not in all copies_ aegis=part over her chest (Medusa's head, protective symbol given to her by father) (originally snakes, emphasis grew to include Medusa) (becomes identifying part of Athena) nike=winged creature in her hand, represents victory mythical parts on shield, feet=proclaim victory against Persians our knowledge of what it looked like comes from 1. Ancient authors (as does a lot of what we know about Ancient Greek art) 2. Roman copies (Athena=virgin goddess, favorite daughter of Zeus, mother Metes=goddess of knowledge, Zeus swallows her, has terrible headache, asks to be hit in head with axe, Athena jumps forward fully clothed, holding axe, out of his head. Also goddess of war, craftsmanship (imp because female and Greeks usually press women) always in war gear, ax from head)

Doryphorous (Spear Bearer)

Classical Age Polykleitos original sculpture called (Kanon (canon)), in bronze Roman copy=marble Greeks favored hollow bronze to marble for sculpting we just wouldn't know because there's so few left Polykleitos writes treatise to go with Canon, perfect proportions, anatomy we know the original bronze existed because other Greek writers mentioned it different from Egypt=know artist, Polykleitos was famous, well-to-do Roman copies often what we see of Greek art. This stone one is a Roman copy can tell Roman copy by base/structure on leg can tell more realistic than earlier because captures movement, feacial features kontraposto=shift hips, one straight leg causes shift in torso, hips, bears weight, etc simple but is a transition

Hermes and the Infant Dionysos

Classical Age Praxiteles 1877 Temple of Hera, Olympia Described by Pausanias in 2nd century AD For many years, believed to be original by Praxiteles (very few originals of his still exist) because description is so much like it but it is actually a Roman copy description is of a bunch of grapes being held by Hermes, Dionysos is reaching, (that tells who it is if didn't know) point=artists not content to be "done" experimenting and trying to improve their work Dionysos=son of Zeus and mortal Semele. Hera disguises self as old crone woman, plants doubts that Zeus=Semeles's real lover. See says grant me a wish, Zeus agrees, to come in real form, Semeles burns. He saves baby and sews into his thigh. Like Athena, born from him (twice born) Athena gives Dionysos to Hermes to be raised in safety away from Hera, Hermes taking him to safety hair much more realistic, muscles less pronounced, slimmer, artist coming after Polyklidos not content with his style kontraposto(leaning in) point=artist not content to be done experimenting/trying to improve

Aphrodite of Knidos

Classical Age Praxiteles nude female=not seen before, now accepted in society if it's of someone like Aphrodite Defining part of late classical period Roman copy in bronze, original marble (reverse of usual) makes sense first female nude would be of Aphrodite

Artemis and Apollo slaying the children of Niobe

Classical Age Red figure krater depicts hubris: excessive pride, human failure, horrible for a mortal like Niobe to show also depicts vengefulness of Gods, they're not all-forgiving and sweet, they're vengeful and violent depth illusion the result of Polygnotos (who is not a vase painter but a wall painter who is respected for his depth illusion). Shows that vase painters are being influenced by wall painters, especially in terms of the depth illusion idea depth and space artist unknown Artemis and Apollo=twin children of Zeus and Leto (shown often because of her twins but not really all that imp herself) Niobe=mortal with 14 kids, boasts that she's more of a mother than Leto, Leto offended and Apollo and Artemis kill all her children (7b, 7g) layering=hills, foreground, middleground another example of trying to make more realistic, earlier was all one layer

Atlas Bringing Herakles the Apples of the Hesperides

Classical Age Temple of Zeus, Olympia metope Can tell not archaic because much more realistic Herakles must get apples from a tree guarded by a snake/monster thing most versions, needs help from Athena This version, goes to Atlas w/Athena, he takes sky from Atlas, Atlas gets apples for him later versions, Atlas won't take back Herakles says wait while I get a chusion, tricks Atlas In this one, handling Herkales the applies, artist aware of cushion story work=much more realistic -higher relief, depth, muscles, no archaic smile, no weird turns, anatomy, proportion Athena=more realistic body, draping, can see leg, hair up, gives way to observed reality, artists trying to figure it out

The Killing of Agamemnon

Classical age Red figure krater The Oresteia by Aeschylus shows vase painters being influenced by plays as well The Oresteia: Agamemnon, The Libation Bearers, The Eumenides; trilogy that tells story of the Trojan war Agamemnon=King of Mycenae, offends goddess Artemis so no wind and can't get too Troy. Told through various prophecies/oracles he must sacrifice his daughter to Artemis. So tells her and her mother she's being married to Apollo but sacrificed instead. Agamemnon goes to Trojan war for 10 years, during which time wife at home hating him. Klytemnestra and Aegisthos plot to kill Agamemnon, which is what's depicted here. Cassandra can see future, knows something horrible is about to happen, Klytemnestra=second figure, then Aegisthos, Cassandra, Elektra, Agamemnon Klytemnestra says prepared bath, she and Aegisthos (in this version Aegisthos) throw net over him and kill him top of vase=Achilles and Hekter (labeled), Achilles seems to be defeating Hekter idea of vase=very simply convey a lot of info. Artists have ways if you know the story you know the picture. maybe popular because represents civic trials, law (last part where Orestes and Elektra are freed)

Bronze Age civilizations

Cycladic (from Cycladic Islands) Then Minoan (from legendary King Minos) Then Mycenaean (from the city Mycenae)

Polykleitos

Doryphoros

Olpe from Corinth

Geometric and Orientalizing Age Corinth pitcher space organized in registers detail/artwork covers the whole thing figures of animals some of these things go along w/imagery(this was the period of large vessel imagery)

Funerary Krater from Dipylon

Geometric and Orientalizing Age Dipylon When Greece evolves from Dark Ages, not as much skill. Figures become geometric, stick-like organized by width of vase central part= -probably the deceased's viewpoint, turned profile -3 figures on right=pulling out hair=mourning symbol -a lot of fill-in: patterns, dots, no blank space -just funerary symbol 2 below parts: -chariot of horses (military men of the time) suggests military involved in procession of funeral (could also be Bronze Age ritual-funerary games to celebrate death, chariot races, etc), crudely drawn, roses lined up funerary vases all very similar-deceased on bed, etc. Start of learning how to do human form. meander=Greek design of the little square-like things

Reconstructed Altar of Zeus

Hellenistic Age Originally mountainside in Pergamon, now reconstructed inside museum in Berlin Original altar in single-story Ionic colonnade on high podium with 68 foot wide, 30 feet deep staircase Figures on frieze not only fill space along base of altar, break out and invade spectator's space, crawling onto steps to altar ^^interaction of figures and space=epitome of Hellenistic style, just as balanced and restrained Parthenon=defining of classical style Pergamene artists sought to balance opposing forces in three-dimensional space along dynamic diagonals. Classical preference for smooth, evenly illuminated surfaces replaced by dramatic contrasts of light and shade playing over complex forms carved with deeply undercut high relief. Composure and stability admired in the Classical style give way to extreme expressions of pain, stress, wild anger, fear, and despair. Hellenistic artist demanded that the viewer also empathize. 7 foot tall sculptural frieze depicts battle of gods and giants in this case barbarians meant to be Gauls, symbolizes Pergamene's victory over Gauls

Athena Attacking the Giants

Hellenistic Age Reconstructed Altar of Zeus, Pergamon now Berlin East front of frieze Gods fighting not only with giants but also with monsters and snakes for legs emerging from Earth Athena has grabbed the hair of a winged monster and forced him to his knees. Label inscriptions tell us the monster is the son of the Earth goddess Ge, who rises from below to plead for her son's life. From above, a Nike crowns Athena with the wreath of victors

Laocoön and his Sons

Hellenistic Age Trojan War Attributed to the three sculptors; Athanadoros, Hegesandros, Polydoros on the island of Rhodes, by sculptor Pliny the Elder. They were probably influenced by Pergamene sculptors. great example of the Hellenistic period. Writhing movement with strong diagonals, as well as deep carving which heightens the contrast of light and dark and creates drama detail of the face (esp compared to Discus thrower) shows emotions (pain, and exertion) that are now apparent in the face. We do not see this during the Classical period but we do in the Hellenistic. Many people think this is an original although there is an argument that it is a copy, creative adaptation, or Roman-commissioned copy struggling figures, anguished faces, diagonal movements, intricacy of movement, unification of diverse forces suggest strong relationship between Rhodian and Pergamene sculptors sculpted in the round designed to be seen frontally and from close range-->resembles relief sculpture from altar at Pergamon Trojan war story. Lacoon=priest who warns Trojans not to bring giant wooden horse inside. Gods in favor of Greeks, so as he and his sons are walking along the beach they send serpents from the sea to kill them all

Nike of Samothrace

Hellenistic Age hillside above the theatre in the Sanctuary of the Great Gods at Samothrace currently in Louvre, Paris typifies Hellenistic art: large open movement, strong contrast of light and dark, deeply sculpted form, contrasting texture of feathers, fabric, skin winged figure of victory, perhaps drenched in spray huge goddess (over 8 feet tall) wind-whipped clothes, spray-water-like look, stone ship base indicate probably signified important Rhodean naval victory Nike minus head and arms and a bit of ship base were found in 1863 in ruins of Sanctuary of Great Gods by French explorer. Transported to Louvre soon afterwards forward momentum of body balanced by backward thrust of wings

Temple of Zeus at Olympia

Hellenistic Period Athens, foot of Acropolis designed by Cosutius on foundations of earlier Doric temple, (not completed until 3 centuries later under Roman emperor Hadrian) much larger than Parthenon, massive columns=55ft, 5in tall but still followed old conventions (ie enclosed rectangular building surrounded by screen of columns on 3-stepped base). In this sense just a really big traditional Greek temple Classical Age statue made by Phideas Olympia 6 sculpted metopes on front and back sides (East and West) are painted, subject=12 labors King of Elis responsible for restoration of Olympic Games. Olympia=where Augean stables myth took place. Order of labors on metopes changed so that Augean stables last on East side to honor the location. Due to the prominence of Elis, myth can be changed Olympia=site of Olympic games, dedicate to Zeus, started by son Herakles statue was one of the 7 wonders of the Ancient world (hasn't survived and we're not sure what happened) becomes iconic image of Zeus pediments have survived, same space issue with triangular shape Doric temple Pausanias

Geography of Greece

Helles defining feature=water/sea (within 20-30 minutes anywhere) also mountains mountainous terrain gives way to individual city states, not one unified land like Egypt different agriculture, grow in rocky area even though the ocean is prominent, believe in danger in water, stay close to coastline, not a lot of exploring

Chronology

Minoan Mycenaean Dark Ages Geometric Period Orientalizing Period Archaic Period Classical Period Hellenistic Period

Linear A and B

Minoan society 2 languages A not translated, not related to other languages B is translated, similar to Greek some references indicate names of early Greek Gods but not as descriptive as Egypt Because A not available and B not descr., we don't know much about the Minoans