Art 1001 Spieth Exam 3

Manet

"Painter of Modern Life," precursor of Impressionism

Rodchenko

-Another Constructivist engineer/ object maker -Facinated by graphic precision of drawing instruments: all his paintings, drawings and designs for sculptures rendered with rulers, compass and drawing pens. -Active as a photographer

Mission of Constructivism:

-Art should solve practical problems; it should serve society at-large -Pre-occupation with nature of new materials, media and techniques -"Impure" or "proletarian" materials (like steel) serve as metaphors for industrialization and as catalysts of the revolution -Faktura="Speech of Material," implying an honesty of material determined by its purpose

Romanticism

-Color -Sensibility -Contemporary and exotic subjects -Death, injury, and physical decay - Rapid, cost efficient execution, broader strokes -Simplified iconography

Napoleon Bonaparte

-Crowned himself Emperor of the French in 1804 -Militarization of European societies; preference for military subjects in art -"Despotic" rule over the arts; discovery of art as a propaganda tool to influence public opinion

German Expressionism

-Expressionism: Feelings, inner emotional states can be expressed through art, specially color and emotional charge of brushstrokes -Fascination with the darker reaches of the human soul, the Gothic, the medieval -Two distinct movements: "Die Brücke" ("The Bridge"); "Der Blaue Reiter" ("The Blue Rider") -Choice of color influenced by the Fauve painters around Matisse by the artists of "The Bridge" -Origins of abstract art with Kandinsky, member of "The Blue Rider"

Neoclassicism

-Line -Heroism -Classical Antiquity -Flawless bodies -Meticulous brushwork -Complex iconography

Transition to Romanticism

-No longer flawless but livid, disfigured, suffering bodies with bubonic sores, wasting away

Picasso Continued...

-October 1900: he departs for the first time to Paris, where he will settle permanently in 1904; fascinated by Parisian lifestyle; "Bateau Lavoir" ("Laundry Boat") on Montmartre -1907: Les Demoiselles d'Avignon revolutionizes Picasso's way of thinking about art; transition to Cubism -Close collaboration with Braque until outbreak WWI: invention of Cubism -1920s: Discovery of Surrealism -1937: Guernica painted and displayed as indictment of General Franco's Fascist government in Spain during civil war

Neoclassicism

-Ongoing support of French Academy for the promotion of morally uplifting "history painting" Writings of German Art Historian Johann Heinrich Winckelmann -New Republican political order

Who:Marcel Duchamp What: L.H.O.O.Q. When: 1919 Material: photography and pencil [assisted and rectified readymade] Readymade Notion of "originality" seems to have become obsolete in the modern world

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The French Revolution

1789 All humans born with equal right Radical Phase: "Terror" regime under Robespierre Central figure of the European art world: Neo-classical painter Jacques-Louis David Paintings celebrated virtues of self-sacrifice, idealism, Republican virtues

Empire Period

1804-1814

First Restoration of the Bourbon rule

1814/1815

Second Restoration of the Bourbon Rule

1815-1830

Enlightenment

18th Century idea: defined the intellectual currents, discussions during the century; announced the coming to the modern age

Fauvism

1905-1907**** Fauvist style: Bright primary colors, arbitrary use of colors, Mediterranean culture as inspiration Emphatic use of color to express inner emotional states "Relaxing" and decorative art (Matisse: "a good armchair for a tired businessman")

Purism

A branch of Cubism of which Leger was the strongest proponent.

Dadaism

A generation of artist sent to the trenches to fight WWI Started as a reaction against the bougeois complacency that made WWI possible By attacking the notion of art itself, Dadaist artist intended to attack the bougeoisie and its value system Started in Switzerland, moved to Germany, spread to France and U.S. (New York)

Realism

A style in French painting prevalent during the mid-19th century (late 1840s to 1860s) Subject matter: peasants, members of the working classes Opposed both Neoclassicism and Romanticism

Surrealism

Art movement of the 1920s lead by writer André Breton: interest in dreams, creative potential of subconsciousness, art of children and the clinically insane

During Napoleons rule

Art served as political propaganda

Karl Marx

Author of Communist Manifesto

Marcel Duchamp

Before becoming a Dadaist he went through a Cubist phase

Géricault and Delacroix

Best known romantic painters

Landscape painting considered a

British genre

Precursors to Expressionism

Broad brushstrokes, color as a means to express inner emotional stages

Guernica

Capital of the Basque region in Spain that the Republican government had granted autonomy Picasso sided with Republican Government, which commissioned Guernica.

Mondrian

Coined the term Neo-Plasticism for his art which was meant to impose a rational structure of life

Pointillism

Composition consisting of dots. Based on Positivism and Science

The Bridge

Conceptual bridge into the creative future Nature scenes, studies in the studio, street scenes typical for "The Bridge" High-keyed vibrant colors after the Fauvist model

Aesthetics

Consistent with Mondrian's paintings or Rietveld's architecture Unified style

Demoiselles d'Avignon

Context: French colonial expansion in Africa through the 19th and early 20th century Influx of African tribal artifacts into France

Philosophes

Enlightenment thinkers and intellectuals Ex: Voltaire, Rousseau, Diderot, d'Alembert, d'Holbach

Barye

Famous for depiction of animals in bronze

Kurt Schwitters

Famous for his collages Strong visual interest in objet trouvé (found object) like train tickets, food stamps, address forms, labels on packs of cigarettes, etc. called all his pictures Merzbilder (Merz pictures), appropriating the "merz" from the name of German bank called "Commerz- und Privatbank"

Marc

Famous for his paintings of animals, especially horses

Delacroix

Famous for introducing Orientalist painting

Romanticism

First half of the 19th Century Clash of Neo-Classicism and Romanticism

Italian Futurism

Founded in 1908 by Italian poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti. Cubism+Movement= Futurism Idolatry of the machine Hatred for all things in the past Future holds the Utopia promise of solving all present conflicts Emphasis on courage, audacity, approval of war as the world's hygiene > approval of Mussolini's fascist politics in 1920s

Fauves

French term for Wild Beasts

Daumier

Got his start as a caricaturist, remained primarily a draftsman

Kidnapped the pope to attend ceremony as a silent witness

Humiliation

Education

Important new topic of Enlightenment literature

Cubo-Futurism

Influence of Cubism and Italian Futurist art:

Renoir

Influenced by 18th- century Rococo art: Watteau, Boucher > rose- colored touch to his art, nudes

Futurist

Influenced by photography and inventions like the X-ray photography. With photography it became possible to think of movement as a succession of component movements.

Orphism

Inspired by Cubism: physical reality broken up into planes: brilliant color reintroduced

Nolde

Interest in Biblical subject matter, non-European cultures Love for color and anti-authoritarian stance

Regicide

King's killer

Kirchner

Leader of the "Bridge" group of Expressionist painters

Capitalist and Proletarians

Lecture 20 Slides 12-18

Propaganda Art

Lecture 20 Slides 19- 21 Agitprop art (agitation and political propaganda)

Hartley

Loved work with symbolism and bright colors

Turner

Master of expressing the sublime in art( idea that nature can inspire feelings of awe and terror)

True meaning of Surreal

More than real overly real

Marie-Rosalie (Rosa) Bonheur

Most celebrated woman painter of the Second Empire Specialized in animal painting, especially horses

Symbolism

Mysterious aspects, non-European cultures

Bauhaus

Name of a very influences school of art and design founded in Germany after WWI Artist include: Kandinsky and Paul Klee

Picasso

Native of Spain, active in France Invented Cubism Departure from Renaissance perspective, escape from mandate to create faithful representations of physical reality Went through two periods: Blue Period(1901-1904) Red Period(1905-1906)

David

Neoclassicism Supported the ideals of the Revolution, sided with the radical movement of the Robespierre's Terror, voted for the death of Louis XVI

Rietveld

One of the founders of the De Stiil movement Architect and furniture designer

Cézanne

One of the most eminent figures of modern art; great influence on the development of modernism in the early 20th century (especially Cubism: Braque, Picasso) Part of the Impressionist group

The De Stijl Movement

Originated in The Netherlands De Stijl (Dutch)=The Style Comprehensive art movement Ultimate goal: to radically re-design the entirety of the human environment and thereby initiate an age of universal harmony Counter-model: bring about the end of capitalist individualism and replace it by a spiritualized new world order

Jacques-Louis David

Painter to First Consul, later Emperor Napoleon

"Plein air" painting:

Painting in the open air, outside, not in the studio

Orientalist painting

Painting inspired by the Middle Eastern settings and customs

Classification Systems

Plants, animals, rocks, cultures in non-European countries

Seurat

Pointillist Influenced by scientific color theories Admired academic painter Puvis de Chavannes; especially de Chavannes' frieze-like arrangement of figures

British specialty

Portraits and landscape

Van Gogh and Gauguin

Post-Impressionism Symbolism Precursors to Expressionism Denial of rationality; emphasis on sensations Proximity to so-called "decadent" literature: Baudelaire, de Huysmans, Verlaine

O'Keeffe

Precionist style: modern structures, machine aesthetic rendered with painstaking attention to detail

Degas

Preferred subject matter: life along the boulevards, cafes, racetracks, brothels, but especially theater and ballet

Post-Impressionism

Seurat, Gauguin, Van Gogh, Cézanne First time that the term "avant-garde" is used in the context of an art movement (art movements vying over being ahead of their times in terms of style and content) Pointillism

Greuze

Specialty in Bourgeois family dramas The Moralizing Painter*

Wright of Derby

Specialty: Paintings of scientific experiments and natural wonders with dramatic lighting effects

Mid 18th Century

Strong anti-Rococo current in French art Return to serious subjects, morally uplifting

Boccioni

Strongly influenced by: Cubism, Pointillism of Seurat and Signac

Modernism

Style or mentality in the visual arts Lasted from c.1860 to c.1960, when it was superseded by Post-Modernism

Impressionism

Subject matter: Haussmann's newly opened boulevards, cafes, street life, railway stations (bridges, trains), resorts in the vicinity of Paris (e.g. Argentueil) Capturing the fleeting moment Treatment of light as if it were a physical substance

Lissitzky

Supremacist artist and a polymath with many talents: painter, sculptor, typographer, illustrator, monteur, all- purpose designer

Andre Brenton

Surrealism at first a literary movement that was started in 1924 by the French writer and critic Andre Brenton Published Surrealist Manifesto in 1924 "Psychodelic automatism" to expose "the actual functioning of thought" Asserted the importance of dreams (subconsciousness), art of children, art of clinically insane, "primitive" cultures as means to tap new types of creative potential Greatly admired di Chirico; considered him a role model for Surrealist painters

Di Chirico

Ten years prior to the arrival of Surrealism and the Surrealist Manifesto

Ernst

The first visual artist to join Breton's group, when he arrived from Cologne (Germany) in Paris Background in Dadaism (lots of overlap between Dadaism and Surrealism)

Kandinsky

The leader of the other German Expressionist group: The Blue Rider. Only abstract painter in the Blue Rider group Naïve touch; interest in Russian and German popular, peasant art.

Fredrich

The most famous German Romantic painter

Constable

The most highly regarded British landscape painter of the early 19th century (second only to Turner by mid-century)

Surrealists

Tried to free themselves from the inhibiting shackles of reason Left-wing political rhetoric: Stalinism and Trotzkyism The art of children provided a unique occasion to glimpse at the uncensored, polymorphous self

Typical Impressionist subject matter:

amusement "en plein air;" flickering light

Radiant Color

cerebral epiphany

Chardin

epitomized the taste of the bourgeoisie (middle Class; NOT the aristocracy)

Junius Brutus

founder of Roman Republic

Marriage à la mode

indictment of both fashion fads and false pretense of aristocracy

Knowledge is finite

it can be described and acquired in its completeness

Joie de vivre (joy of life)

optimistic outlook on life > enjoyment of food, good company, on a sunny day

Marshals

shadow cabinet of generals and military leaders

Encyclopédie project

to summarize all human knowledge in one multiple-volume book, ordered by alphabetic entries; a blueprint for civilization>term encyclopedia derived from it; scientific emphasis