Art 188 Exam 3

Claude Monet, Rouen Cathedral, 1894 -Impressionism -Painted not as a religious conviction, but because of fascination with the way the light played across its undulating stone surface, changing its appearance constantly as the lighting changed throughout the day -More extensive painting than spontaneous in plain air works=reworked them in studio

More than 30 canvases

Jean-François Millet, The Gleaners, 1857 -Realism -Extreme poverty

*Normal one= brighter colors, odd about realism

Consider paintings as autonomous and completely self-referential. Best painting made no reference to outside world.

Clement Greenberg

Paul Cézanne, Mont Saint-Victoire, 1885-87 -[Post-Impressionism] -Depicted 100s of these

Check, might be two

Express their profound social alienation after WWII and to make new art that was both moral and universal. Aspire to create heroic and sublime worlds in paint inhabited by universal symbolic forms. Symbolic forms because increasingly personal some sought in primitive ethic imagery. 1.) Interest in the tradition of painting, but desire to rebel against it and modify ideas 2.) desire to treat the act of painting on a canvas as a self-contained expressive exercise 3.) Mining of Jung Archetypes 4.) Ambition to paint sublime art on heroic scale.

Abstract Expressionism

-Reduce nature's complexity to its essential colors and elemental geometric shapes. concerned with breaking down forms analytically into simplified geometric forms across the picture. They were almost like drawings in the lack of colour and monochromatic concentration on line and form.

Analytic Cubism

Pop Art

Anything can be art as long as the artist intended it as such. Critiqued the superficiality of popular culture's fiction of the perfect home and perfect person. 50s, fueled by growing presence of mass media and growing disposable income of the post war generation.

-Musician Kandinsky contacted to -Eliminated tonal center and view all tones as equal

Arnold Schönberg

"Advance guard" or "Vanguard". Saw themselves as working in advance of an increasingly bourgeois society. Small elite of independent thinkers, artists, architects to break away from the norms of society in order to forge new thoughts, ideas, and ways of looking at the world and art.

Avant Garde

1.) Emphasis on emotional expressiveness and unique experiences and tastes of the individual 2.) Explored dramatic subject matter taken from literature, current events, the natural world, or artist's own imagination

Characteristics of Romanticism

Diaz de la Peña, Landscape 1870 -Romanticism

Check

Edward Volkert, Cows on a Hillside, date unknown [Impressionism]

Check

Gino Severini, The Musicians, 1955 -[Cubism / Futurism]

Check

Gustave Caillebotte, Paris Street, Rainy Day, 1877 -[Realism / Impressionism] (Stokstad, pp. 993-94) -often represent life along the boulevards -Unconventional, telescopic, asymmetrical composition, with a tipped perspective.

Check

Max Ernst, The Horde, 1927 -[Surrealism] -Grattage

Check

Meret Oppenheim, Object (Luncheon in Fur), 1936 [Surrealism] -Woman -Women seen as their muses or as objects of study, but not their equals.

Check

William-Adolphe Bougeureau, A Young Girl Seated on a Ledge (1899)

Check

Édouard Manet, A Bar at the Folies-Bergère, 1881-82 [Realism / Impressionism] (Stokstad, pp. 979-80) -Gender and class expose her to visual and even sexual consumption.

Check

Édouard Manet, The Luncheon on the Grass, 1863 -[Realism / Impressionism] -Called the painter of modern life

Check

Salvador Dalí and Luis Buñuel, Un chien andalou, 1928 [Surrealism] *Film shown in class.

Check, film

the rejection of the single viewpoint in favour of showing the fragmented subject from several different points of view, combined with the simplification of forms. The Cubist artists went much further than Cezanne, representing objects as if they were visible on all sides at the same time. -Multiple viewpoints with simplification of forms. -Just enough to interpret what is -No depth, just a canvas

Cubism

Mocked the senselessness of rational thought and even the foundations of modern society. Embraced a "mocking iconoclasm" Replaced art as something precious with a strange and irrational art about ideas and actions rather than about objects. Began as protest against society=war is crazy

Dada

Minimalism

Dematerialization of art object. ABC art, primary structures, minimalism - interested how the spectator perceives the relationship between the different parts of the work and of the parts to the whole thing. The repetition often seen in Minimalist sculpture is designed to highlight the subtle differences in this relationship. -Steel, mirrors, fluorescent lighting, plexiglass

-the Fauves produced bright cheery landscapes and figure paintings, characterized by pure vivid color and bold distinctive brushwork. -emphasized the expressive potential of color, employing it arbitrarily, not based on an object's natural appearance. -the Fauves adopted a painterly approach to enhance their work's emotional power, not to capture fleeting effects of color, light or atmosphere on their subjects. -found inspiration in objects from Africa and other non-western cultures, interest in Primitivism -preference for landscapes, carefree figures and lighthearted subject matter reflects their desire to create an art that would appeal primarily to the viewers' senses.

Fauvism (Wild Beasts)

-Entranced by the idea of the "dynamic," the Futurists sought to represent an object's sensations, rhythms and movements in their images, poems and manifestos -merged artistic and political agendas in order to propel change in Italy and across Europe. The Futurists would hold what they called serate futuriste, or Futurist evenings, where they would recite poems and display art, while also shouting politically charged rhetoric at the audience in the hope of inciting riot. They believed that agitation and destruction would end the status quo and allow for the regeneration of a stronger, energized Italy. -no references to classical -vibrant colors -evokes movement, speed, celebrates industrialization -War shaves off people who don't deserve to live

Futurism

-Sought to correct impressionism, preferred clarity in classicism -Interested in law of simultaneous contrast of colors, complementary colors -Goal to find ways to create art that enlivened the painted surface using short, multidirectional strokes of almost pure color (Pointillism, Divisionism)

Georges Seurat

To stimulate the viewer's sentiments and feelings

Goal of Romanticism

"Action painting" and "Coloring Field Painting" -Canvas began to appear as an arena in which to act--rather than space in which to reproduce, redesign, analyze, or express an object, actual or imagined -Create a work truly original.

Harold Rosenberg

Conceptual Art

Idea and form are separable in art. At times a physical object is an appropriate vehicle for a work of art, at other times a performance is more important. Catalyst for a work of art is a concept, and means by which concept is communicated can vary.

Wanted to capture the pace of contemporary life, fleeting conditions of light, and quickly changing atmosphere. Small commas of pure colors, one next to another to blend the colors optically which created more vibrant colors. -Painted outdoors, usually focused on a city person on a holiday -did not want social commentary, wanted to create a new modern art

Impressionism

-namely the eye itself is enchanted by the beauty and other qualities of color. You experience satisfaction and delight, like a gourmet savoring a delicacy. Or the eye is stimulated as the tongue is titillated by a spicy dish. But then it grows calm and cool like a finger after touching ice. These are physical sensations, limited in duration. They are superficial, too, and leave no lasting impression behind if the soul remains closed. -Generally speaking, color directly influences the soul. Color is the keyboard, the eyes are the hammers, the soul is the piano with many strings

Kandinsky, Concerning the Spiritual in Art (1910)

Hans Hoffman, Blue Spell, 1958 [Abstract Expressionism]

Look up

Earth Art

Made art outdoors, frequently manipulating raw materials found at site. Designed for a specific location (site-specific) Use land as their canvas.

The technique consists of the artist invoking a paranoid state (fear that the self is being manipulated, targeted or controlled by others). The result is a deconstruction of the psychological concept of identity, such that subjectivity becomes the primary aspect of the artwork.

Paranoid-critical method

-Adopted a bright palette and broken brushwork, and painted landscapes. -Dedicated himself to the "sensations of nature" = did not seek to capture fleeting effects of lights, but instead created highly structured paintings through merging drawing and modeling into a single process. Trying to make impressionism durable, like art in museums.

Paul Cezanne

Less unified, less directed, and less restricted geographically. Worked off of avant garde and impressionism. Reinterpreted art as an expression of an interior world of the imagination or imposed a new scientific rigor on representations of the world around them. -Individualized styles -Symbolic and highly personal meanings were particularly important -Structure, order, and the optical effects of color dominated the aesthetic vision -bstract form and pattern in the application of paint to the surface of the canvas.

Post-Impressionism

The contribution and importance of an individual's unconscious mental processes in the motivation of human behavior. Freud

Psychoanalysis

Commitment to paint the modern world honestly, without turning away from the brutal truths of life for all people, poor as well as privileged. In midst of revolution.

Realism

Salon of rejects, was made after many works were rejected by the salon jury.

Salon des Refusés ("Exhibition of the Rejects")

the study of signs and symbols and their use or interpretation.

Semiotics

When we witness something that instills fascination mixed with fear, or when we stand in the presence of something far larger than ourselves, our feelings transcend those we encounter in normal life. Because sublime is thrilling and exciting rather than threatening, often evokes power of god.

Sublime (Book definition)

Depends upon the removal or diminution of pain this leads to delight. We can take pleasure in what terrifies or overwhelms us as long as we are at a safe distance. Whatever excites ideas of pain, suffering, danger, terrible is a source of sublime. Pain is much more powerful than thoughts of pleasure, has a bigger effect on the body and mind. -Astonishment -Terror -Obscurity -Power -Infinity -Colors

Sublime (Edmund Burke Article Defintion)

Work can unlock secrets of unconsciousness. Human mind is a battleground where irrational forces of unconsciousness wage war against the rational, orderly, oppressive forces of conscious. -The exploration of the dream and unconsciousness as a valid form of reality, -Exposing these uncensored feelings as if in a dream

Surrealism

Part of something refers to a whole of something. Wheels to a car.

Synecdoche / "pars pro toto"

-Hearing colors, seeing sound

Synesthesia

he use of mixed media and collage and the creation of a flatter space than with analytical cubism. Other characteristics were a greater use of colour and greater interest in decorative effects.

Synthetic Cubism

Benday (or Ben-Day) dots

The dots used to print comic books in, people painted to imitate.

One of the most famous post-impressionist artists. -Transformed artistic sources into highly expressive personal style -Believed modern life with its constant social change and focus on progress and success, alienated people from one another and from themselves. -Paintings are efforts to communicate his own emotional states, overcoming emotional barrenness of modern society. -Adapted Seurat's pointillism -produced paintings that contributed to expressionism.

Vincent Van Gogh

Silkscreen

What warhol used, fine mesh silk used as a printing stencil.