Art 258 Finals

Hiberno-Saxon books

Early Medieval Europe Christianity probably reached to England. Hiberno-Saxon books. Hiberno is ancient name for Ireland, Saxon refers to the main groups settles in England. Irish English. They don't have papyrus, they start to write on animal skin, parchment, sheep lamb skin, medieval of illustration of monks prepares skins. You put together like a book called codex, you bind sheets on the side as a book. So there's advantage and disadvantage: advantage - scroll too handy to roll up every time to read it, if you want to paint or illustration, the paint has to be thin, because it's going to crack if you roll up and paint to thick. Parchment, strong and sturdy, it's a flat page you can illustrated you can have a painting and paint would hold better, its better surface for an artist. A book is easier to handle to read. Disadvantages, all be thicker, modern bible made special paper so thin bind into one book, but with parchment you can never do that. so you cannot have a bible, all you will have a single book of bible, maybe a single book. they never have one book of the old Testament together or the bible.

Christ as Pantokrator, (looking into the dome) Daphni, Greece

Byzantium Middle Byzantine Art dome mosiac in the church of the dormition Christ as Pantokrator means ruler of all, ruler of the universe. This one is close to the early original version of icon. A church called Daphne, a dome over Squinch: a circular dome over a square building. There are a lot of damages because of the earthquake. Chris looking down into the church, made of mosaic with gold background here. Chris holding a bible in one hand, big halo, purple golden blue royal colors. If you believe in icon, and you believe they are made in heaven dropped out of cloud. The original icon was accurate, it depicts what Chris look like, and it means every later icon just copy the same format, artiest don't get change. The lines of drapery on the neck are exactly the same, or the shadow alongside his nose, is the same. As you copy, every fold of cloth, you copy the same thing, they tend to be more and more stylize, the fold of the cloths became flatten and lines instead of lines. It also may because this is made of mosaic, look the shadow on his neck like rose darker color. This is like angry looking Chris, he is not looking at you, glaring down into the church. He is all powerful figure in heaven, you better obey and respect him. The Daphni dome resets on a octagon formed by squinches, which play the same role as pendentives in making the transition from a square base to a round dome but create a different visual effect. Modern Greek orthodox church, just build with gold and sparking stuff and painting. All sorts of icons and painting, the tradition of believing that holy figures act through important icons and images = absolute survived. Compare Greek theater, was the healing sanctuary, depicted as kindly caring figure.

San Vitale, Ravenna - Apse mosaic: Chris between two Angels, St. Vitalis and Bishop Ecclesius

Byzantium Early Byzantine Art Chori and apse with mosiac of Chris Altar half dome, image of Chris, angels, heavenly vision, sky is gold leaf on glass, red blue clouds, green grasses and beautiful flowers, derive from the bible, from the book of revelation, also the book of Isaac, in old testament. This is a predication when Chris returns, he would be seated by a globe of heaven, and lead by the living and dead, distribute the martyr wreath and crowns to the saint. Chris is youthful here, wearing purple clothes, holding the book of light with 7 seals, and a pair of angel's act as official, intermediator introducing his presence, they were labeled names. On the left side, San Vitalis, who was a martyr got hale, dressed in white and Chris handing a jewelry crown to him. Interesting: He covered his hand under his cloths to reach out to Chris, this is based on Court Edict at the time. If Justinian handed you something, you would never dare to touch him because he is a sacred person, you have to cover your hands. On the right side, angle is a bishop, was begin the church, his name was Ecclesius, he is presenting the church to Chris. He died before the church was completed.

Church Hagia Sophia by Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus.

Byzantium Early Byzantine Art East Empire, Constantine build capital on the site of city called Byzantium. It's different from Roman empire because it is a Christian Empire, appointed by God to rule the empire, and they control government, church, army and everything. Justinian: - assembled Roman law code - Ambitious, want to restore the Roman empire, kingdom of Gods. Much of the west lost to barbarian. (Italy ruled by Gods) Modern Istanbul or Constantinople, strategic location, the bridge connect Europe and Asia, surrounded by water - The emperor's palace was close by, the reason that many church was built here. - Original Hagia Sophia was built by Constantine, was basilica like Old, St. Peter. - Under Justinian, there was a revolt, riots, half of the city burned down, Justinian rebuilt it quickly only 5 years. It turned into a mosque, so the towers and rocks were addition, much changed outside the church by Islam. - Church is big center dome over a square and small domes descending out from the center. Original there was a big courtyard in front of the church, people could assemble, and two entry hall called narthex.

Iconoclasm

Byzantium Early Byzantine Art Images are substitute of emperor in Byzantine. Icon are portable, sometimes they put images on the thrown, or hidden behind the curtain you reveal it, carry to a parade, carry into battle, like taking Chris with you. During the hard times like war, people want to feel someone cares about them, so more people focus their worship on Icons. They started stories of miracles, icon of Chris might heal your illness, might answer your prayer, this is image of Chris add in this world, like the Chris present in the image, so some icons cry, or if you scratch the icon it would bleed. People claim icon were not made by human-hand, but someone saw it fell out of the cloud, it was made in heaven and it was dropped on earth, so it is actually coming straight from God. More people flock to monastery that have collection of famous icons, and worshiping making donation, and culture of icon become more important. 723, Emperor who under attack by the Aribicas, and volcano erupts, natural disaster. He decided that God must be angry with Byzantine, he decide the reason is idolatry, people are worshiping the images not the idea behind it. So he declares a period of Iconoclasm, icons are illegal, they make god angry and you cannot worship icon anymore, icon should be destroyed, and he sent soldiers to monastery to seize any kind of religious images and destroyed. Iconoclasm means breaking icons, now it means break the tradition. Iconoclasm Last 100 years, 843, during this period, more like civil war, some people say this image need to get rid of, other say if you destroy the images like killing Chris over again. It's chaotic period. At the end, 803, emperor dies, and his wife rules, she decided to have icon and images, and iconoclasm ends.

San Vitale, Ravenna

Byzantium Early Byzantine Art Justinian conquered Italy, Ravenna is capital, he builds churches sign of his victory. Why is called San Vitale? San Vitale was early martyr, he's supposedly to die for his Christian beliefs. Problem: they were martyr in Milan, they produced a forged document. It enhanced prestige of the church, associate it with martyr, makes it more important, so it's dedicated to this early saint. It's not a traditional basilica, it's octagonal, central is an octagon as central dome, apse attached to the side, it is little awkward. Also add stairs to access to the upstairs galleries, and apse side chapels.

Church Hagia Sophia by Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus - inside

Byzantium Early Byzantine Art The dome is not wide as the Pantheon, but higher and taller than Pantheon. This dome is thin, not concrete, light weight brick and martyr, it is not stable, dome has collapse completely and rebuilt, and repaired several times. No immediate support, Pendentive - dome over a square Dome is light, do need much support, covered with marble stone, secondary support are columns. Because of the walls don't actually support the dome, so filled with windows, double clearstory windows, second story galleries. Everything is open up with light. The apse is on the side, half dome, no altar here, but originally the altar was in the apse. Originally widows were colored glasses and gold dome. 40 windows, Islam writing up there. The original dome was gold, later images of Cross. Church turned to a masque, now it's a museum and mutual territory, no religion held in here. Some of the additional decoration were Islam, but originally wall decorated with Gold mosaics. why is the central dome different? In the basilica church everything points down to the alter and apse, this church, eyes going up in the center, the dome symbolize heaven. In Byzantine / east churches, ritual different : ordinary people never approach the altar, in fact the central space is not for the congregation, central space under the dome heaven is reserved for Justinian, he is official priest. Only the one in the altar bring wine and bread to the congregation, ordinary people are not allowed here. The empire is the intermediator between you and the god.

San Vitale, Ravenna - inside dome

Byzantium Early Byzantine Art The dome was light weight, was made of bricks and mortar, protected by the added towers. Eight large piers support the squinches that support the dome. This is the focus of worship here. Justinian never came here, but he was represented as priest, and central place dome was preserved for him. The support for the dome were 8 pillars, made mural in the front. Instead of having a flat wall, the columns sit back, so the space moves out from the center. This is the focus of worship here. Justinian never came here, but he was represented as priest, and central place dome was preserved for him. The support for the dome were 8 pillars, made mural in the front. Instead of having a flat wall, the columns sit back, so the space moves out from the center, its complex and lovely. Originally decoration gone. But the altar, originally covered with marble. Stone with patterns with cut piece together, originally all the dome upper surfaces were covered in glass mosaic. The dome was repainted to Baroque period.

Chris Pantocrator, Mount Sinai - icon- Encaustic on wood

Byzantium Early Byzantine Art icon- Encaustic on wood Icon: secret images, not expensive, not expensive, which usually on wood, portable, hang inside the churches, icon hang on the screen, which prevent people see altar By the end of Justinian reign, terrible plague, highly contagious epidemic killed people, effect the government, barbarian came down. Arabs army fight the new religion Islam, threaten the Italy, no large scale building. Mount Sinai is a sacred location, Justinian build the monastery here. encaustic: Early icon, Chris is life size on wood panel, the painting is a new technique, called encaustic = grand the pigment and mix with liquid, but here the liquid is hot wax, so you need a little candle to burn under the paint, to keep it liquid and dab it very quickly, which allow you to build up layers of paint. Especially face natural looking, close up images of Chris, shoulder is cut off, like cannot fit up in the frame of paint, his halo fills up the whole. bit blue sky, a little landscaping. Wearing purple, his hand clench jewelry bible, right hand making a gesture of blessing, like he is look blessing you. Face is really interesting, realistic. The shadow on the right side of his face, more shadow on the chick and his nose, like a light source from the left side. He has long hair and beard, face is symmetrical, like a real person. Lower eyelid, eyes large and staring, impression that he is looking at you and listening to you, waving for your prayers, accept what you have to say here. No story here.

Virgin (Theotokos) and Child between St. Theodore and St. George - icon- Encaustic on wood

Byzantium Early Byzantine Art icon- Encaustic on wood Icon: secret images, not expensive, not expensive, which usually on wood, portable, hang inside the churches, icon hang on the screen, which prevent people see altar smaller, full figures, originally had a frame, and removed so you can see the wood panel. Virgin Mary now refers to Theotokos, means God bearer. She is wearing purple and sitting on thrown, which is made of jewel platform, and Chris on her lap. Saint Theodore and Saint George, both of these Saints were Roman soldiers, so they were military figures. The way they dress like god who protect the emperor and empress, around Mary. Odd painting: different style for the different figures. Look at Mary, realistic. Her knees under the clothes, a little three dimensional. Chris wearing god, he does not acknowledge you. It's the saints on the side actually stare out at us. Their body flat, no sense of space. Angels in the background, looks like different painters painted them, they are almost translucent, really loose sketchy style, their emotion just staring, like returning to heaven, beam of the light on to the Virgin Mary and Chris child. People pray to the icon, those saints staring at you like they can pass your prayer to the Virgin Mary and Chris Child.

San Vitale, Ravenna - Altar- Justinian and attendants

Byzantium Early Byzantine Art Mosiac on the north wall of the aspe - right side At Chris right hand, favorite side. Justinian was surround by the group, the church, the government and an army. He is in the center, dressing purple with gold and jewelry, and has halo, representing God. He is holding a gold bowl, a gift he gave to the church, it would be used on the altar to hold the bread mass. He is the patron to the church. People around him, interesting: their body and feet, they never stand, no sense of real space and presence and stand on each other's feet, but their faces are so realistic, portraits. Bishop who was dedicated to the church, only get his name. One is holding incense, one has bible and jewelry on it. Left side, government, banker transfer the found to build the church. Soldiers, on the shied, bit X and P, chi-rho-iota, those were Greek initial letters, means Chris.

San Vitale, Ravenna - Altar- Theodora and attendants

Byzantium Early Byzantine Art Mosiac on the south wall of the aspe - left side On the left side, less favored, Justinian wife Theodora, with some ladies more interested in beautiful dresses. Compare two scenes, the background: Justinian background is neutral. Woman not permitted to the altar space, they are showing they are outside the space, like a door way they are pushing back the curtain, it's probably they are in the narthex, outside the church and they were about to come in. Even the emperor was not allowing to enter the altar. Theodora is the tallest figure, has halo and huge crown with pearls and jewels. She is bringing a gift to the church, a wine cup, that holding the wine during the mass. At the bottom of her dress, were 3 kings who brought Chris gifts on his birth, this is comparing her to the 3 kings. Why these images surround in the alter? Showing their power come from heaven and conveyed through the chosen empire and empress. They are Chris representative on earth. You are worshiping Chris, and affirming your loyalty to the system of the government as well. Worship is a political act as well as religious here. Images of emperor and empress were regarded as sacred, if Justinian could not go somewhere in person, he would send out his portrait, you treat the portrait as the emperor. People would treat the images and portrait as substitute as the emperor. When you worship here, they are here always present and people worship them as well. They plan to come here, but never came, but their images here as they always present.

Virgin (Theotokos) and Child enthroned, apse mosaic, Hagia Sophia

Byzantium Middle Byzantine Art Hagia Sophia apse mosaic, image of the Virgin (Theotokos) 16 feet tall, mosaic/ big icon. There is a description says It is okay to have images again. Why this happen? 1. One reason is shock of Arabic invasion, the rise of Islam is so traumatic for the west, the decide let gods punishing them. 2. Financial aspect: The emperors were losing power, trying to taking control and restore their power. One possibility is financial, the emperor need money to fight wars, you cannot attack churches, emperor need money, emperor seize their possession and donation that monastery collected.

Katholikon, Hosios Loukas, Greece

Byzantium Middle Byzantine Art Out of countryside, in Greece. little church, very plain/ not very decorative on the outside, dome in the center. Two churches here, look like a cross. Church shape like cross, but the arms are pretty equal. Middle Byzantine churches typically are small and high-shouldered, with a central dome on drum and exterior wall surfaces with decorative patterns, probably reflecting Isiamic architecture.

Katholikon, Hosios Loukas- dome

Byzantium Middle Byzantine Art Tall mural church, altar in the apse. The dome is really high, the icon on the screen in the altar, up in the dome over square building. Squinch, a circular dome over a square building, because you can actually see the square. Like a hierarchy, the higher it is the holy it is, so almost like an oculus, an opening into heaven. These images are called Chris Pantokrator, means ruler of all, ruler of the universe. Chris is look down into the church, with angels and saints. The church design, where you go in the church, you can see Chris in the heaven, he can see you and everything in the church, as an aspect of his power up there in the entrance.

Equestrian portrait of Charlemagne(?), early 9th c

Early Medieval Europe The Carolingians: A serious ruler Charles the great Charlemagne, they want to be seen as successor of the Roman emperor. Including Netherlands, France, control northern Italy, and Rome. Charlemagne went to Roman, idea is that Pope crown him, chosen by God, god is blessing this government. Under Charlemagne, we had a revival in art. For 100 years, no one has been casting bronze figures, the Carolingian want to relearning how to cast in bronze. bronze, originally gilt An equestrian statue shows Carolingian emperor maybe Charlemagne (not really certain), definitely Carolingian ruler. He has crown on his head; he is holding an orb. He is on a horseback, traditional means expressing imperial power, go back to Roman status Marcos. Big difference is the scale: composition is different, Carolingians ruler is only 9-inch-tall, they are just learning to cast bronze, they cannot handle huge quantity yet, they don't have the richness that Roman had. Probably originally gilded, where its places 9-inch on a table or palace, details of the horse is very simple. 2 separate pieces, relearning, no one has been in sculpture for 100 years.

Schematic plan for a monastery, from Saint Gall

Early Medieval Europe The Carolingians: According to plan, self-sufficient community, a miniature city. a basilica church, shape like a cross, the new things is the towers. The addition tower to basilica church is a Carolingian style, they don't know how to do it very well. Why need towers? People for travelling can find you, they will be able to see the landmark, so they can find a way to the church, so people would know when to come to the church, let the monks to know they have a schedule when they are supposed to be doing. This is an odd church, because it has apse up and down, entrance, most of the altars not for the public, but for the monks. Next to the church, it's space called cloister, really means an enclosed space, this is the heart of monks lives. It's like little garden space. This is a look like a Roman peristyle, Pompeii. What is organized in this space, one side is the church, the other side is the dormitory, Other side, is the dining hall, and other side is the wine cellar. Really advanced, dining hall connected to the kitchen, It's very efficient. Vegetable garden, next to it poultry pan, they use poultry manure to fertilize the vegetable garden, to supplement the poultry feed. School, children have to make their books, scriptorium is connected to the church, scriptorium is a studio were coping books, creating bibles and preserving any kinds of books, literature and education here. you can start as child, and educated here and die here, everything you need will be here. Odd blueprint, because they don't show the thickness for the walls, we know many of the buildings were two stories, and no stairs indicated. Cloister, to show the columns, it sophisticated.

Palatine Chapel of Charlemagne

Early Medieval Europe The Carolingians: Carolingian rulers and his court travel continuously, so they move from place to place hold trials and ministry, enforce their authority, but they could not stay out in one place. As he got older, Charlemagne try to build a capital, he wanted it to be the second Roman, he called it the new Rome. Charlemgne's chapel is the first vaulted medieval structure north of the the Alps, the architech transformed the complex, glittering interior of San Vitale into simple, massive geometric form. There was two stories hall, with the apse where he conducts political affairs. He try to make this the central of the government, and connect to the basilica, there are covered passageway, he is Christian ruler, he went to church several times a day.

Palatine Chapel of Charlemagne

Early Medieval Europe The Carolingians: Chapel: all of these are later edition, reconstruction. There enclosed courtyard in the front yard, Roman form, a tower in the front, open window to give speech. Square apse, second floor to the galleries next to the entrance. Look at the form, central dome, in fact similar to the San Vitale. The basic concept is absolutely based on San Vitale. Because Charlemagne's father captured in Italy, he spends at least a year in Ravenna, and to build his chapel, he got the permission from the Pope to bring materials like columns and capitals from Ravenna and Rome and to take them transfer all the way into Germany to build this. Interior is different, San Vitale columns more complex and sit back, much more complex space, here you only have simple arches, but still very similar. Stripped arches, we saw in Great Mosque Cordoba, Spain, which Islamic feature, Charlemagne went down into Spain, was fight the Moorish army, it is possible he saw examples of that Spanish Muslim architecture even though they are fighting them, they probably admire the architecture, so that might be the influence here. Byzantine churches the central space is for the priest and for the ruler, here the central is for the court, is absolutely given used by the ordinarily people. Framed by those arches is where he sits, columns and three arches, raised up a big platform, this based on the description of the bible of thrown of the Solomon. The idea of is that these rulers want to successor of old testament kings and rule chosen by God as intermediator between God and people. The second story of gallery, the windows you can view the people below. Big different between this building and Roman building, here is spolia, it's taken from earlier buildings, so not only the columns and capitals are reused, everything is reused here. Those produce them, that's the bronze casting, but basically the material here is all plundered from earlier building, they don't have the money.

Crown of Otto I, first used in 962

Early Medieval Europe The Ottonians: Carolingians becomes weak, most of kings in Otto took the northern of Italy, and it's more to the east, it's more Germany. They are in power because God chose them. Otto the first, he wanted a crown for his coronation, actually had a cloths cap, and cloth had been replaced, 8 planks hinged, so they can move to fit your head. Covered with gem stone and pearls, 2400 pearls, 1200 gem, the number 12 because the description in the bible of heaven, heaven Jerusalem, 12 distributions of gems and pearls. Everyone one of the gem stone has a cloisonné, it labeled and says King Solomon, these old testament king. Otto the first is their heir, he is the descendent of the old testament god chose. Chris on his throne, with angels, on both sides, says King's rule through me, perfect statement of their belief, Chris chose Otto the first. The form, 8 arches, Otto the first went to Aachen to be crowned in Charlemagne's chapel, he wants to connect himself to this earlier important Carolingian king, in fact 8 arches around the center of this chapel, 8 arches above the gallery, maybe the crown echoes the shapes of the chapel.

Christ blessing Otto II and Theophanu - Ivory

Early Medieval Europe The Ottonians: Otto the first wanted alliance with the Byzantine empire. He sent diplomatic to Constantinople and he want Byzantine princess to come marry his son Otto the second, finally, Byzantine agree to send his niece Theophanu, to send become the Ottonian queen, we think she came, she brought artiest from Byzantine empire. Ivory piece, architecture frame, raised up on a high footstool in the middle, Chris. On either side, Otto the second, his new Byzantine bride. Look at the dress, costume look like they were born in the east Byzantine empire, they two raised above the ground. now The man who commission to this, a close friend or advisor, telling the priest, important member of the government, he is showing he is basically supporting the king literally on his back, humble but important position. This may had been a book cover, nut certain, looks clenching a book to her, maybe this book. Main message, Chris is blessing either them or crowning them, blessing their rule, their power comes from god, god has chosen them to rule. Otto the second look old, he is supposed to this powerful figure, and he died shortly, she was the reign for a quiet time.

Purse cover, from the Sutton Hoo ship burial, Suffolk England

Early Medieval Europe Gold, glass, and cloisonne garnets England has been part of Roman province, Hiberno-Saxon. Funeral with a ship: Some worries die, they take a ship and put the body on the ship, they bring treasure hidden in the ship, and push out to sea, and idea is that the dead somehow travel across the ocean afterlife. This discovered a large remains in a ship, only found the marks of the ship, the wood had deteriorated. They also could not find corpses, they realized the body didn't survive. Cabin area where puts the body and all sorts of valuable things. The burial of the king, remains of reconstruction, focus on warfare with armor and weapon. Part of gold, part of iron, strongest metal at that time. 7 in cross long, the hinges attached to a buckle that you wear on your waist. The purse must be leather or textile, which was dissolved and gone. The all blank, may be bone or ivory something that did not survive, the gold, gem stone remained. Whoever wears this probably a king or important figure. cloisonné - The technique here is called cloisonné = gold background, take little piece of gold and solder them in 90-degree angle, it creates a little pocket, that's the cloisonné, fill with glass or gem stone cut exactly to fit in, and originally it's smooth, the cloisonné can be part of the design. Beautiful border, bottom is abstract person, on his sides animals maybe a wolf, he is controlling them, holding their pause up. People travelling contact with different culture before the get to England. In ancient near east, a common theme, sign of dominion over nature, a human in the center controlling to an opposing beast, central figure controlling them. Similar to Assyrian, king holding their tails. It is a sign of power or a kingship, strange style, but the theme the same with Assyrian, they saw it and maybe adopted it. A symbol of power in the nature. Animals fight each other, tongues intertwined, animal geometrical interlace pattern. On the corner, beautiful pattern, statues of symbol for someone who is important, the pouch is gone, but they found 37 coins, which were not meant for these people, they came from mainland Europe, kind of show their trade ties, coins obtained through maybe war.

Book of Kells, late 8th to early 9th c., Chi-rho-iota page, St. John

Early Medieval Europe Hiberno-Saxon books Kells is a monastery in Ireland, it's also Hiberno-Saxon books. This is called Chi-rho-iota page, those letter in Greek, Chi is in X, rho is a P, iota is I, first three letter in the name Chris. Every inch is covered with decoration, some of those designed woven, animal interlace. These books made to be displayed on the altar, or carrying in possession, they are so ornate and beautiful to show off to people, including little details. Bottom: communion waver, tow little rats, little cats with more mice on the back, cute things here. A pair of angels, their heads two faces, they are making the bible exciting by adding little cute things, charming, must taking a monk days of labor to paint one page.

Lindisfarne Gospels, ca. 698-721 Cross-inscribed carpet page

Early Medieval Europe Hiberno-Saxon books Cross-inscribed carpet page, folio 26 verso of the Lindisfarne Gospel Tempera on vellum Lindisfarne is in England, Irish monastery. One of the gospel book, a decorative page, has a cross on it, people called it carpet page, because it looks like a fancy carpet with interwoven repeat patterns. The cross is odd shape, white circle bell shapes that stand out, similar to early stone cross in Ireland, with an arm of the cross round, decorative cross. Right in the center, each element of the cross, white circle looks like a head of a screw, Philips screw, cross crew, looks it is attaching something metal onto something else. animal interace - All the design around these screws, you can see animals, the beak and eyes biting each other, color wings. The whole pace is animal interlaced. Why these interlaced animals covering the page of the bible? That's the tradition from jewelry, from metal working, the jewelry is something shows authority and power of the person. If they want to create a bible a word of God, they want to enhance its meaning, they look to their jewelry tradition, looks like the cross could be made in metal and screw on the page, it refers to the metal working tradition here to create this beautiful page to adorn the bible.

Man (symbol of St. Matthew), Book of Durrow

Early Medieval Europe Hiberno-Saxon books Ink and tempera on parchment This early Hiberno-Saxon Gospel book has four pages devoted to the symbols of the four evangelists. The clock of Saint Matthew's man resembles a cloisonne brooch filled with abstract ornamentation. Roman scrolls also begin with portrait of the author, a paint from Pompeii, shows a Roman poet, show with the book they wrote. Christian introduce to the bible, gospel books would have portrait at the beginning - Mathew, John. Book of Durrow, portrait of Mathew. Artiest is not comfortable with human figure, but comfortable design and color. Painted like a frame, frame is made out of intertwining pattern. Matthew got a clothes, no sense of body, face is just a circle, hair cut like monk to show this is holy man, it's simple and primitive.

Book of John late 8th to early 9th

Early Medieval Europe Hiberno-Saxon books - not important The book of john, litter complex than Mathew, seated on a fancy chair, has one leg on one side, the border pattern beautiful, again look like metal work. He stares right at us close to the Roman style, he has a big long pen, he is not in the process of writing. Figure is flat, he is not like sitting down, but his clothing as drapery like sitting, doesn't not make sense. Patterned hair, the thing behind him like a cloth, something hanging behind him. Behind his head is a like Halo, frame his face to show this is a holy man, the halo is based on fibula, round fibula cut to this tradition, with cloisonné pattern. Animal interlaced, it's like taking the prestige of the fibula, combined with Christian meaning. These people trying to combine two traditions, Christian have their traditional metal work of jewelry, incorporate that into the bible here.

Pair of Merovingian looped fibula, France

Early Medieval Europe Silver gilt worked in filigree, with inlays of garnets and other stones. Migratory tribes, flood into the west, emperor falls apart, Roman empire survive the east, but not the west. These people do not have traditional architecture, their art work is very portable, they are illiterate, so we don't have writing. Simple wooden house cluster together, what remain is the amphitheater, people move there, using the wall as fortress to protect themselves, all the houses all cluster inside. Some cities not function anymore, urban life just disappeared, no coin stone. Building only be wood, reused the material, forget how to make concrete. They are working in metal, jewelry makers, jewelry carrying worth with you, is a sign of status. A fibula is a pin - you fasten over shoulder with a pair of fibula, a way of attaching clothes. The middle is arched, a big safety pin, so more room to thread clothes on the pin. 6 inches big, made out of gold, have silver and gem stone attached, the red stone are garnets, decoration seems abstract. Look at the top, like an eye of an eagle, bird pray, and fish in the middle, also decorative cross, a symbol of Christianity. Lots of them seem geometric, these are found in a grave, these people we don't know what they believed in, but they seem believe afterlife. Because we find corpse with jewelries and armor, taking stuff with them for afterlife. The word Merovingian is an early dynasty people who settle in France.

Schematic plan for a monastery, from Saint Gall

Early Medieval Europe The Carolingians: Red ink on parchment. Water system break down, no long distance trade, cluster together for protection, this is how monastery formed. Monastery, is a community of monks, people who devote themselves to God, living together with purpose of worshiping and praying serving God. How did community form? Originally they begin in Egypt, there were certain Hermits very spiritual man who decided the world was evil and materialistic, they got into a desert and they live in a cave, deny the world and devote themselves to God. They gain a reputation for spirituality, someone who is really in touch with God, they begin to get followers, people want to go out and be taught by them. So they end up these community formality, and gradually they become more and more formalinized. In the 6th century, the Benedictine Rule, he really tries to set up some rules, what they should be doing, how they should be spending their time, he set up a very rigid discipline for the monks, part of the time they pray, part of time they worship, part of the time they perform physical labor, they have to sustain themselves to create this community. This is a plan for ideal monastery, in a monastery call Saint Gall. The original of the plan may have been created at the Aachen at the capital of Carolingian, it was copied and pass to one monastery to another, it shows the central government try to standardize the form of the monastery. Its 40 inches high, it's actually glue together, 5 separated calf skin that had been glue together, the plan is in red, the got labels everywhere. This architecture design this whole community with everything you need for your monastery, to make it as efficient to build a good monastery.

Hall of the cloth guild, Bruges, Belgium

Gothic Europe: Bulgium Usually the economy is based on banking, and the textile trade, clothes is a major industry that in the north, City Bruges in Belgium, towers landmark, statement of status and power, 2 big towers at Bruges. City center, public square, market square, where you can have all public events, but you could set stalls, this building is the Hall of cloth guild. Big tower, there is important merchandise in the city, this the cloth guild would be The cloths and wool would be the major cloth sow here, a guild hall is a professional organization, clock merchants set up price, try to maintain certain levels up, quality, control who gets into the business, how you print, so we think think they store wool here, auction wool here, there is also office a banqueting hall, middle class getting together to dine together, just elegant building. It's brick with stone around the windows, originally the tower was that high, you can see a square 2 stories, later they add octagon tower at the top, has little flying buttress there, you can they are coming to reinforce it, because they are showing essentially run the town, these are merchants now, not the king, not the church, this is rising capitalism, it's really the beginning of modern period.

ivory jewelry caske - Aristotle

Gothic Europe: France Aristotle, in middle ages the rediscovery of his writing, really create his artistic revolution, artists start to look at the world, people admire Aristotle, so they made these story about him, romance that involving Aristotle. In reality, he was the tutor of Alexandra the great, he help educate him, according to middle age story, Alexandra had a girlfriend, name Phillis, princess, he is wasting his time hang out with Phillis, Aristotle gets mad at him, you give up this woman devote yourself to your book, Phillis finds out she was peeved, she took her revenge, and she makes him falling in love with her, and Aristotle would do anything she tells him to do, and she humiliate him, make him to do ridiculous things, get down on horse, she rides him, slapping him. Why these story appealing to people, the more love the story is it does not matter how smart you are, when you fall in love, you become a idiot, no matter how intelligent you maybe, you just blind do foolish stupid things, that is really appealing, this shows woman in a position of power which woman never had really, so it's like the world is reversed, it's amusing, especially pleasing to woman, on a box a gift to woman, these stories are meant to please woman, important for western culture.

Chartres Cathedral, begun 1134, rebuilt after 1194 - France

Gothic Europe: France Chartres Cathedral, begun 1134, rebuilt after 1194 Chartres Cathedral is regarded as first fully high gothic Cathedral, all the elements here all work out, there is earlier examples where they still learning how to do this, but this one is fully gothic. Chartres in Paris, if you are a pilgrim, you are walking through Paris, then you would come here, because they have a relic, that's gonna change it all, they have a piece of cloth, usually called the tunic of the virgin, it's a piece of silk, they claim that the virgin Mary wears this when she gives birth to Chris. Why is relic just a piece of cloth, in fact we talked about body parts, bones, according to Christianity, when the Virgin Mary dies, Chris came back to earth, he took her physically up to heaven, there is no tomb of virgin Mary anywhere, she didn't leave body remains here, so the only relic here is something she would be in contact with, that left behind, so the church would have the milk of the virgin from when she was nursing, all a hair she might shed, but the rest was in heaven. If you have a relic of Chris, maybe a piece of true cross, there are some church have horse skin, because he was circumcised, it was resurrected. Relics are really important, so at Chartres, they have tunic relics. There was a church to the Virgin Mary already in the 4 th century, the tunic was supposedly was given to him in the 9 th century, there was a big Romanesque church, a pilgrim's church, we don't know what it exactly look like, so there was a fire, and the front of the church was damaged, it was in 1174 so the the façade here, probably took them a few years to get everything cleared away, and start to build it, we think it's pretty early 1145, maybe to 1170, then 1194, a convenient fire burn down the rest of the Romanesque church, and left it's intact, and they build the rest of the church. So there were two building efforts, it's been a long period of time. So here's the façade, the why you can always tell which one is sharp, it's because the tower done match, they have different height, different styles. Originally, they were the same, this was struck by lightning, and it was rebuilt in 15 th century, not sure why they would be different, later more elaborate style. So we think they actually salvage the foundation of the early tower of Romanesque church, so the really gothic part is just be something in the middle, and the things you notice is the window. French cathedral always has big glass windows. In the front, almost like a flower, the carving here we called rose window, big buttress, we have three doorways, so these are called royal portals, and it's similar to what we saw, the Romanesque period, you got carving along the door jambs, got tympanum above, three tympanum, slightly pointed down, in the Romanesque it would be perfect round, but the same idea is concentrating all of these carving, giving people to really look at while they come to the church to open, every time they come to the church, they would see these different scenes. So it's just covered with carving, focus one tympanum in the middle.

Carcassonne, France

Gothic Europe: France City called Carcassonne, down in the south, area of French tend to be independent, local dukes, consolidate authority in the south, the walls build here by Louis the 9, also build this, his relious area in the south, middleval not practical, little streets, they didn't have sewage system, no water system, dependent on walls, and they are difficult to adopt for modern life, to add plumbing, it's rare to have such beautifuly preserved middeval town. It's up on a hill, and it's on a stragtegic location, the Roman had a fort here, already pick this out as stragetic location, later the goth deveop here, when King of France took over here, he add these walls, the military defense, in fact, there are serious of towers with walls connecting them, actually 2 rings, so the outer wall here, 22 different towers, if you on the wall, end up in no mans land, facing higher inner wall, the inner wall has 25 towers, and there are walkways at the top, so the inner walls higher, so people could shoot out not hit their man down the lower walls. Out wall, there is a walk way, soldiers can patrol here and lookout, and the wall solid, stone shield, narrow inside, arrow loop you can shoot in between. Out towers some of them have wells, you have water source, space between, streets are so narrow, congested, but inner walls, impressive. Towers had wooden holes, windows people can look out, for actually building a gallery. You might gaps, first you can look down at the bottom of the wall, or you can drop things shoot down, if you have walls like this. The defensive is so effective, once these wall, never came under siege, inside the walls, there is a little church, castle, inside, facing the interior of the town, inner courtyard, local duke. It has own towers, inside, maxium military effective, design to make this town safe. Living a town like this, no water system, no sewage system, trash on the streets, smeilling inside the house, one of the problem having these wall, you are safe, but you have nowhere to expand, growth, build up, having house have common walls, fire hazard, disease spread quickly too. inside the wall, there is a little church, design to make this town safe, what people do with trash, throw them in the street, they have hole with sea over it, might line with stone, weaker lining, pay someone to clean out, fertilized them, It would be not clean, water not clean, problems with walls, you are safe, you have no expanse, you build up, fire hazard common, disease spread quickly, people close proximity. Medieval People living in the castle, knights, even in the gothic period, jamb figure, have knight, about this class of knights, they are from upper class, to be a knight you have to afford the armor, horse, but by a large of younger sons, everything goes to the first son, you don't get split property, divide riches, first son get everything, younger son on their own, don't have property, don't have a place to live, they are trained as warriors, have knight skills, they go the court of king or duke important lord to offer their services they fight. If they don't fight, they probably prey on the poor, become robbers steal from people, just in order to survive, violent class in the society, aggressive, their efforts on the church, try to direction their violence in a more less structure way for society. Crusade, where people free the holy land, it's better for violent people to kill the infidel, Criminals and sinner, get them out of Europe, think about these courts, most man cannot afford to marry, because they don't have any property, no resource, must been lot of sexual anxiety in the court.

Chartres Cathedral - stained color glass

Gothic Europe: France Glasses essentially melted sand, you put some potash in as well, together colors you are adding different chemicals, minerals, the problem is that nobody wrote things down, there are no formulas, we don't know how they made the colored glass, it was orally transmitted, we don't know the name of the architects, craftsman, they learned on their job, but midlevel glass is absolutely beautiful. And it is hand made all the glass, so our glass is industrially produced, it is perfect flat, we don't like flaws in it, it's perfect clear, this glass is full of flaws, because it was all made by hand, so there are 2 ways to do it, you got grab a pole glass, spin the poles as fast as you, which would be bigger in the center and get thiner outside the edges, you cut it off. The other is you have blowpipe, you blow bubble in the glass, you cut it off quickly before harden, and you unrolled it, then someone create a design, you have to cut the piece of the glass of the design, each piece of glass is gonna have strings of lead, you wrap each piece glass, and solder them together, for details like the bases, this was repainted. Maybe the cloths, and face painted on the glass, and you do a flash heating so the paint would bind as much as possible, so you solder it all together but it's really soft and flexible, then you will see they are actually iron frame to hold it in place, and essentially hang it on the building. Charters had the best collection of medieval glass, it's famous especially for the intense red and blue. Because the glass is irregular, not only in thickness, but bubbles and flaws gaps in the glass, all of that sparkles reflects the light, so medieval glass absolutely beautiful, which modern glass cannot touch it, it does not look right. This is one of the oldest window we think in the cathedral, because the cathedral is dedicated to Mary, so here is the virgin Mary, queen from heaven, on a throne with Chris child on her lap, and lots of angels on the side, light coming down, some angels holding candles, swing incenses over her head, beautifully composition. So all the window are hand-made, we talk about rose window, this is a characteristic especially in French gothic cathedral, so this is the rose from the front, it's the façade of the church, the earliest one, beautifully carved on the exterior, some of the iron frame holding the glass in place Inside, colored beautiful, bright light glass, it's actually Chris in the center, like a Last Judgement, these are people are calling from their coffin, some of the lids of the coffin is open, so it's like a judgement scene, with angels and saints up above, but from the floor you cannot read it. This one is early, lots of light, but also lots of black wall here, so church is built in 2 phases, so the façade was built before fire, the later fire, built the rest of cathedral, so the transepts here actually have their own entrances, and they have layer rose windows, both of them, show you that one. You can see they are getting better illuminating the wall, add little windows in the corners, windows below, basically this is the full width of the transept, you look at the wall, you just see all of these beautiful color lights, so it's more complexed, more glass than before. Expensive, hand labor, who is gonna pay for them, throughout Charters, many of the windows we can actually identify the patrons, there were gifts to the cathedral, and this one in the corner. In the corner, are 2 coats of arms, and one is the symbol of French monarchy, it's stylize Iris called fleur-de-lis, three palate iris flowers. Always gold background, coat of arms of king of France, and in between we have a gold castle on the background, that's the color of Castile in Spain, it's the coat of arm of King's mother, Queen Blanche of Castile, so the king's mother actually paid as a gift to Charters, other big windows are donated by Dukes and bishops. So again, glass work beautiful. Theme of kingship is presence here.

Reims Cathedral, France

Gothic Europe: France Gothic style is invented, next church is in opposite direction, a more highly develop cathedral. They never completed, it would be much taller, these bishops really competitive with each other, and every one of them want their cathedral to be taller, more ornate, big windows, this is little later, design to outdo Charters. Look at the façade, Charters, still lots of plain walls here, kind of simple, the decoration in between the towers. Here in Reims, you hardly see solid walls, just covered with decorations, and they want to be as light and airy, this is representing the house of gods and heaven, and so you can actually see through the towers, see the sky. The rose window bigger, hardly stone work, it's almost glass, and the doorways crowded between the towers in Charters, now they are spread out cover the whole body of the façade, the nave walls are in main door is in the middle to the aisles, and over the doors, the actually add rose windows in the tympanum, so they move up the carving to the big porches.

Gothic Cathedral

Gothic Europe: France Gothic was coined back in the Renaissance, and scholar thought it was barbaric and awful, because diversified from classical, this is the opposite of Greek and Roman architecture, they assigned to the gods, they have nothing to do with gods. Typical Romanesque church, there are lots same ground plan, same general format, it's Romanesque because the arches are round, covered stone vaulting, big barrel vaults here, kind of heavy. Up till now, we see two types of vaulting, barrel vault, groin vault, which are are barrel vault intercept. As we moving to gothic architecture, there are three characteristic. Instead of round arches, gothic: the arches are pointed. Point arches turns out more efficient, they don't exert much pressure on the walls, they are lighter, then they also add flexibility in vaulting, because you think about the point vaults we just look at, basically you can only build a groin vault over a square, because if you try to build over a rectangular, the round arch its height is determined by the radius at the bottom, so the arches are going to higher, if the side is longer, the arches are gonna be higher, and two arch are meet when they cross, until you end up having the wall thing, and it is not stable, it does not work as well. So if you point the arches, you can point any high, you can basically have a groin vault over a rectangle, that's the first element, the point arches. Then the second element rib vaulting, essentially you are building a skeleton, you would have pointed arches that crosses the nave, and these ribs acting to look up, and those are gonna be the stronger element, you build them separately, then you gonna come back kind of a late fill, just fills in one segment at time, so instead of you have the whole long barrel vaults that continuous, actually just have skeleton building, section by section, and you don't have to use much stone, pointed arches with the ribs, again it's like the bones, then it's like adding a skin over them. So the light weight, when you look up, you actually see the structure of the roof, this is gonna lighter weight, so it's cheaper, it's faster, it's more efficient. The third element is flying buttress, and those gonna be support the outside the church, physically like an arch fly through the air, comes in reinforce the building on the outside.

Sainte-Chapelle, Paris

Gothic Europe: France Heart of pairs, reason they build Chapelle here was there are 2 islands, protecting the middle of the Sainte, it's enclosed by modern government building, called Sainte Chapelle, holy chapel, here is from the front. Big rose window, pointed arches, no flying buttress, why? it does not have aisle, the problem is getting aisle, that's why you better send the flyer out, inside it's just one room so does not need flying buttress.

Reims Cathedral, France - interior

Gothic Europe: France Here is the ground plan, it has a transept, and these all had plans design for moving people through them apse, ambulatory, radiant chapel on the back, it's open back here, so people can circulate. This is taller than Charters, the point of the arch is more narrow at the top, big rose window, now even the glasses on the corner, rose window at the door of the tympanum, even brought, the even brought stained glass to where the triforium would be. Looking at the wall, church getting brighter and brighter, this one lost most of its stained glass. So what happened to the stained glass, picture from war world 1, bombs is dropping that close to the cathedral, this is the city after the bombing, the fact that the church survived this is amazing. War world 2, they anticipate similar war fare, at Charters, they took all the window out of the cathedral, every one of them they took them out and they number them, and hide them away underground, because they thought there could be the destruction. So the reason those window survived is that they were taken down for years from the cathedral. Here is Reims, the flying buttress are more efficient here, flyers coming enforce the wall, especially the ribs connected to the wall, that pushing the wall out. Instead of a solid stone, they try to make them beautiful, the upper flying buttress, are like niches with columns, and they have angles in them. Their wings actually stick outside of the niches, like the churched is defended by its army and angels on the flying buttress, but there are the flyers, part of the structure of the church, so very ornate.

Great Mosque or Mezquita, Cordoba, Spain - dome

Islamic Art Mihrab - You need to know people to know the direction of the prayer, the niche is supposed to remind people towards Mecca, called Mihrab, they want to draw your attention here, the columns and arches get fancier. Arches facing each other. Miharb derived from apse of the Christian church. In Christian you have a rounded space called altar. But this is empty, no altar here, this symbolic of Mecca, which is something far away, something outside the building, so this is just an empty niche, which is very beautifully decorated, Roman columns, horse-shoe arches, covered with gold mosaic. Look up the ceiling: squinch dome, it's a round dome over square space learned from Byzantine. You can see the squinch on the corner, like 2 squares sit up 45-degree angle, so the ribs seem intercept, complex geometry, very advanced mathematics. Really decorated so that people can focus here, and draw their attention here.

Chartres Cathedral, begun 1134, rebuilt after 1194 - France -tympanum

Gothic Europe: France It is Chris, the halo around his head, halo around his body, basically it supposed to be him at the end of time, the second coming of Chris, when you come back to call the dead above the graves, how do we know that? these are 4 animals of the apocalypse, the bible says they would appear before he returns, so this is actually the same subject that we saw on the Last Judgement, with the dead were being call out of the grave. So just compare the two figures, the style changed here. In the Gothic version of Chris, he is just more human looking, he is more three dimensional, he is just more well-proportioned, if you can compare the faces, he has really carved where projects out, he looks like a real person, in most cases, he was seated on a throne, but in the Romanesque, he was just so flatten out, he was really so elongated and expressive, a sense of being coming forward, it is not fantastic, but it's much more natural looking, the clothing and drapery still patterned, especially with swirl over his arm, still like a transitional piece, he looks more human, more relatable, instead of light come out of his fingertips, he is holding a bible, his fingers were broken, we think he is blessing people, so if you come to the church, he is welcoming you into the church, he is more a nicer looking figure. They eliminated all sorts of sins and demon, all those threating images all gone, these supposed to the 12 disciples, there two figures in the corners, disciples below him they are angels, elders appear in heaven it's design scary, it is not design to intimate people, it's more welcoming, that's the big change.

The Castle of Love and knights jousting, ivory jewelry caske

Gothic Europe: France Ivory box, interesting subject, the subject here is love and romance, and we have this new idea introducing in Europe, court of love, knights fighting for the good, also idea of falling in love, respect for woman. Decoration in those box, expensive, made out of ivory, 9 half inches long, the metal are later replacement, must be something as hinges, it disturbed the design little, not very original. These objects are design to please woman, is a gift, whether a wedding gift or lover's gift, probably use for jeweler box, small valuable personal items. Subjects here, called Troubadour poetry, who are Troubadours, they are wondering minstrels, they are poets composed poets and songs, and they go from court to court and just offering to entertain people, may get paid. In the late gothic period, man are off fighting a lot, they go on the crusade maybe for years, if the lord is absent, wife or mother would in charge of day to day running of the castle, in charge of food, and social life. In Troubadour poetry, romance is always doomed, it's never happy, and basically story is, king Author had a queen, she falls in love this his greatest knight, triangle, there is no divorce no happy ending to this doomed love affair, we think this probably based on reality in way, how are marriage been arranged, they arrange by man, woman had no saying, they were arranging for political purpose, there is no romance in marriage, then you have this class of knights, young man who cannot afford to marry, they are living court, they falls in love with a woman who is attainable, and these stories interesting and emotions, why do they fall in love, how do they fall in love, they have a need, offering them something they are missing in real life, so they are offering something in life.

Royal portal, jamb statues of Old Testament kings and queens - Chartres Cathedral

Gothic Europe: France Jamb figures kind of explain why it's called the Royal portals on the columns on all three doors, they were almost carved to the column, they would be like a little platform sticks out, but their body like columns, there are 22 figures, and they are supposed to be old testament kings and queens, so these are royal figures. And they were supposed to be the ancestor of the Christ, I think the idea is that these ancestors were from the old testament, they are literately help support the new testament from above, like a foundation on which the new testament exists. So there are actually capitals too, with figures, so here are a couple of figures, their faces are the most realistic, a nicely rounded, they are trying to individualize a little the hair and beard, they don't look like really people yet, and the bodies still conform to the column, and the clothing still kind of liner and zigzag still very pattern, so those are part of the royal portals, that's completed by 1134, 1194 the rest of the church burns down, so that's all gonna be later, and the nave, the transept, the transept actually have their own portals, they are completed covered with altar decoration, 42 hundred figures carved in this one building.

The Castle of Love and knights jousting, ivory jewelry caske - right scene

Gothic Europe: France Last scene, is similar castle setting, lovers, gesture of affection, down at the bottom, we got a knight on a horse, and a woman on a horse, each have a bouquets of flowers, his lady rewarding the successful knight giving him flowers after the jousting, I don't think that's what it is, just because they both on horseback, I think this is like a satire of jousting, the two of them are towards each other, but, this is courtship as combat between the sexes, so that's the lid.

Sainte-Chapelle, Paris - interior

Gothic Europe: France Original this was part of the whole palace, it was king's private chapel, it's not a big cathedral, not mean to accommodate thousands of people, it's for the king and queen, and few members of the court, all the stuff around it, two stories here, on the ground floor, that's open for more ordinary people, buttress on the outside, they are right on the wall, so on the ground floor, there is a little gothic dark building, it's a popular chapel, for ordinary people, and it has pointed arches, vaulting, but it's dark below, because it got a main room above it. So when the palace was here, the king would have a private entrance on the second story, he didn't have to go the street level and go up. Main chapel, this is late gothic, natural conclusion, try to dissolve the walls with stained color glass. In fact, you hardly see any structure any building at all, all gorgeous glass, you can see compound piers, bundles of columns here, you don't see stone here anymore, the stone had all been gilded, painted gold dark blue and red, so it does not look like being in a building, it looks more like a jeweler box, the metal work of jewelry, and in fact that is what supposed to look like. Because this was built for a specific function, not just for the king, Louis, Saint Louis, was very, die on the crusade, he was a collector of relics, he had a really special collection, so in a 1238, at Constantinople, a very important relic was offer for sale, the king was fighting wars and raise money, he had the crown of throne, which has been placed on Chris head when he was torment just before he crucifixion, soilders were mocking him king of the Jews, so this crown was offered for sale, and Louis decided to buy it, he sent monks all the way to Constantinople by the they got there, it had been pound to the Venetian, but Louis spend millions of dollars on this crown, and he bought the crown back to Paris, when it arrived in Paris, it was such a big deal, it was Chris crown, he and his brother went out, when they bare foot they carry through the street of Paris, all people and pary and cry, it was great miracle that the crown had come to France. The Pope said it was Chris had crown the king of Chris with his own crown, so that is the first big relic, the crown. 3 years later, a piece of true cross, that the Chris was crucified on, was out in Syria, even beyond, he sent monks out to buy the piece of jewelry cross, they pass through Constantinople, every one will remember their last visit, offered for sale, and they bought it, when they came back, they had piece of cross, purple cloth of Chris, a fragment of the reed, the lance use to, Chris blood, the chain of chris. And the head of John, all these things, what louis with these amazing collection, especially sitting around Chris death, typically you would give it to a cathedral, Notra dome just close, if he gave it to the cathedral, they would be controlled by the church, and what Louis want these are for himself, and this chapel is built to display these, this building is a reliquary, the whole building, that's why it looks like a jewelry box, reliqurey get go inside. At the front, originally there was altar, raised base, stairs, Louis can go up there, second floor, raised table, there was a huge reliquary on top of that table, and individual doors he can take out relics to show it. During French revolution, this was attacked, all the relics were disappeared. He worship here as church, basically he display these relics. Windows If you look at the windows, most of them are old testament, the exceptions 2 1. Right behind the relics display, there is a story of Chris passion, relics would see here, Old testament kingship, old testament king on his crown, amazed by all those old testament king, whole septor, symbol of France, so the idea is old testament kings to be filled god chosen by god, basically history can be in the present where louis also claim to be chosen by god, king and queen symbols of France. The scene of kingship and crowns. 2. Last window actually show louis got the crown. Tell the story of crown of thrones. Luois and his brother carry the gold box, through the street of Paris. Does not emphasis the torture or humiliation of Chris, it's basically show victory, living thing. Victory with crown, successful, it becomes a symbol of triumph, and of course it's a symbol of monarchy. So we see relics in different ways, church promoting relics for people donate money, these are the relics for political purpose, where louis is basically connecting himself with old testament king, and Chris king, he is showing biblical history comes to the present, he is enhance the whole country, he is the success of leader chosen by god. part of the drainage system of gothic church, you church all carve with demons, sinners, pointing their month, huge gutter system and the gargle oil connected with gutter, open month and spill water away from the wall, spill water from the church, they carve demons hideous figures, pointing their month, usually hidden on the high on the towers, think maybe artist having little jokes on the monks, could be artistic humor from gothic period.

The Castle of Love and knights jousting, ivory jewelry caske - middle scene

Gothic Europe: France The next scene is jousting, and this really exists, when knights when they are not fighting, to train to show off, keep their skill sharp, in jousting, two knights in the horseback had helmets completely covered their faces, shields, charging to each other. If this is actually combat, the spears would have a point at the end, this is called arms of peace, you just try to knock someone off, there is a balcony up there, lots of pretty woman, some of the figures maybe couples, they are looking down the knights, the idea is that if the knight is in love with a woman, he would be better, noble goal.

Saint Theodore, jamb statue - Chartres Cathedral

Gothic Europe: France This is the jamb figure from one of the transept, we don't know exactly, we say 80 years has passed between the Jamb figure of the front and the jamb figures in the transept. They all saints, the most advanced and interesting is Saint Theodore, he was in the icon, Theodore was a Roman solider, he is not shown as Roman solider, he is showing as medieval knight, as a contemporary fighter. But style here, again he is part of the column, there is clear base here, he is pretty solid, like he is standing there, instead of look ahead he is actually turning towards to the door, it's just more natural looking, he's got this curly hair, looks like a handsome young man, his clothing is really detailed, that is chainmail. This is advanced chainmail, comes all the way protect his arms, like a mitten, his arms are separated because he is holding on sward, but his fingers in one mesh here, the chainmail comes down actually connected to the shoes, so all his legs are protected, , this is a hood, you can tie it with a string to tie it down, so his neck would be protected, it would really completed cover his whole body, which has disadvantages. One disadvantage is heavy, weight 50 pounds, hang off your shoulder, the other things it must be really hot, you had to keep it polish, you don't want it to rust, you want to stay valuable, so you would wear a tunic over it, to cut down on the glare of the sun, because otherwise this be a tunic can heat up, so he is got a tunic on, which really nice fold, so he's got sword, shield, holding a spear, this is a figure who really looks like three dimensional now, compare to the west early façade figure, both jamb figures, he turns a bit in space, he's got a full physical presence here. Why is this progress to a greater naturalism, we see this across the gothic period? we think it has to do with philosophy and theology. In the early 12 century, European scholars rediscovered the writings of Aristotle, who is a Greek philosopher in 4 century, he was the tutor of the Alexandra of the Great, his writing has been lost, then translated into Latin, and Chartres had a school, the leading theologies who are in charge were reading Aristotle, interesting he said: one of the thing he said the only thing to understand the divide is by studying the creation, we cannot understand the spiritual force in heaven but god create in the earth, and the best to understand the divine is to study his creation, so he is kind of empiricist, observed the world what god created, if you go back to Romanesque period, the church is telling people people the world is full of sin and material, the world is bad, all we had was our soul, Aristotle says our physical bodies and our soul together is what makes us unique, and in the bible it says that man was created in God's image, so our bodies completely sinful and bad, this really changes the Christian theology, this idea that you can understand god through observing the world he created, so it is good, and it's what we see arties doing now, they actually start looking what people really look like, how do you stand, there are gonna be more and more figures look like human, and natural 3 dimensional.

Chartres Cathedral - ground plan- interior

Gothic Europe: France this ground plan of Chartres, it looks different in a way, some way they look similar, nave, isles and transepts, it's a pilgrim's church, so isles go all the way around, this is the choir, so this longer, they are pushing the aspect here, the isles here called ambulatory, actually double ambulatory, you are giving people so much space, the tunic of virgin will be display on the altar here, they are building a lots of room for people for walking and moving around. And you got reading chapels just three of them pop out of the back. Usually ground plan, you see the walls, heavy walls, but you don't see walls at all here, you see these piers, these are the buttress on the outside, but outside they are perpendicular where the wall should be, what they are trying to do, they are basically building a Skelton, possible eliminated the wall, they want fill things up with windows, they want to open things up so the inside here, the space kind of flows around the piers, and this is the building is gonna be really tall, rig your eye up, here are compound pier, looks like there is columns attach to them, you look at the vaulting, there is the ribs, you see pointed arches look at wall here, you try to illuminated the wall as much as possible, so got big pointed arches, this is called nave arcade, the gallery they are gonna get rid of, the place that looks smaller called triforium, you got big clerestory windows with the ribs between them. So when you look at the walls, it's open as possible, big clerestory window here, where the ribs kind between the walls, one part kind of solid here, it's actually triforium, why you had to add that solid wall (triforium), it's because of the aisle rust, you got rib vaulting here, but you got keep the water up, so this where the roof attaches with the wall, that triforium is the one place that can open the windows, like a little attics there, you got big tip of roof above to protect the stone vaulting, you don't want water get in there cracks forming, here's the flying buttresses. This vaulting is light, but it's really heavy it's stone, and it's gonna attend with ribs connect to the wall, kind of force the wall out, you need to reinforce it, you need something up here gonna help buttress up, help counteract the weight of the central wall, the problem is aisle, here you can just have a buttress against the wall, but what happens up here. You want the buttress up, you need these things called the flyers, these are like segments of arch, coming to re-enforce the wall where you think the weakest. Interior: Romanesque, big round arches, big galleries, the windows at site, heavy solid building Here the triforium is a passage way, you actually sometimes see a door, it's for workman to go up there, but there is no space for big crowd of people, galleries you can put extra pilgrims to stay, this is narrower and lighter, might add glasses as possible, so that's the big change. Rib vaulting, looking up, there are the ribs, like a Skelton, light weight in between, the measurement on the interior, 18 stories building really tall, we look up that stone, it's like floating off the building all you see is the colored glass, all you see the beautiful illumination underneath the stone, this is the house of God, so it supposed to be mysterious, because it supposed to create a sense of worship, because it supposed to create the sense of worship around the aisles, again the support is on the outside, exterior. Roof over the central, original it was wood, so now it is fire hazard, so the flying buttress here early stage, kind heavy, wired, on outside, these are the flying buttress.

The Castle of Love and knights jousting, ivory jewelry caske - left scene

Gothic Europe: France this is the siege of castle of love, so it looks like a military scene, you got knights and chainmail, crossbow, powerful, sling shot, castle, one of the knights had ladders climbing the wall, defending the castle, actually like an adult cupid with wings, he is pointing the arrow one of the knight, then a couple of woman there, defending the walls, weapons are flowers. It's very strange scene, because it's militaristic, but then you have this aspect of romance, and during the ages, this is a common metaphor to court a woman, kind of like siege to her, scale the wall, and overcome her objection.

Cathedral, Baptistery and Campanile in Pisa- Italy - Interior

Here is the interior, very luxurious, that marble is wrap into the inside, so you got big Corinthian columns with arches, a big gallery, lots of space for people, actually there is a clerestory, and it's all covered with strip marbles people called zebra's stripping, luxurious beautiful interesting look. Marble here is amazing. So think Romanesque church we saw in France, they tend to be very dark, it's because they were vaulted with stone, it's close to the end was a timber roof, decorative coffers over it, it is might lighter weight, then you can clerestory, and can have windows, this bright and light compare to the church we see in France which is heavy stone. At the front towards to the end, pointed arches here, which is Islamic influence, looking towards to the altar.

Great Mosque or Mezquita, Cordoba, Spain- detail of the upper zones of the east gate.

Islamic Art The hypostyle mosque Exterior: play around with arch. Roman half circle arches, here in Spain raised up like horse shoe shape, interwoven, intersect design, using column.

Alhambra Palace, Granada, Spain

Islamic Art Alhambra means the red fortress, fortified location. Palace is huge, a whole city, 40,000 people lived there, including the goveremnt, towers, soilders, the residence of the king. Much of them has been ruied. Spain climate is warm, where you can live outdoors, constantly have enclosed garden with pools and fountains and landscaping, rooms when you inside you look outside, when you outside you look inside, a flow between interior and exterior spaces.

Court of the lions, Alhambra Palace, Granada, Spain

Islamic Art Alhambra palace court of the lions, similar to pomii. Columns don't look Roman. The courtyard of lions, a fountain sit on the back of stone lions. Water flows over the sides of the basin, channels move up in 4 directions, water actually flows into the rooms on the side. Column, supporting arches, unusual decorative shapes, similar to Pompeii, peristyle. Spain is very Roman stylized, we sure that once Arabic moves to Spain, they've seen beautiful gardens and copied those and adopted those. The difference: the columns here don't look Greek anymore, they look unique and strange, the arches are different, the walls don't look solid, everything is covered with beautiful stucco wood, looks like lace that you can see through the wall. This is one side of the suites, water from the central fountain, two sides that turn off, all of those are covered with marble with luxury materials. We think this is where the ruler lives, this is private suite.

The Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem- inside

Islamic Art Elaborate inside and exterior. Exterior wall is covered with tile and mosaic, because it exposed to the weather, it has to be repaired, so this is not the original. The color scheme was original, blue with gold. In Islamic art, they going to avoid figural art. In the Quran, figures / images were discouraged, teachings of Mahammad, if you have figural imagery, people worship that instead of God. This is a reservation shared with many religions. The decoration here, you see writing, geometric pattern, plants, vines but no figures. On the interior, the original mosaics are largely intact, at the center of the rotunda is the rocky outcropping later associated with Adam, Abraham, and Muhammad.

The Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem

Islamic Art In the middle is the sacred Rock, two aisles go around it with heavy pillars and solid columns. Columns are Corinthian with arches, gilded capitals and colorful marbles, the basic are borrowed from Roman architecture, but they combined in a new way here. Clerestory with lots of windows and lights comes in, all of mosaic decoration, same technique as Christian churches, gold leaf, beautiful mosaics, patterns, geometrical shapes. How did they build this? This actually is wooden frame, double dome to make it visible and really high, interior dome is little lower to see clearly the images. There are some gap and space between two domes. Interior dome covered with gold and has to be renewed every once a while. The king of Jordan and his family is in charge of this. This is unique building, because it is not really a mosque, it's just a marker of statement of possession of Jerusalem in a way, it's a visible landmark to show this religion has arrived. The word mosque meaning a place for bowing down, you have to stop and face in the direction of Mecca, know where the holy city where Mecca is, and pray God. Originally you can do it anywhere. When Mahammad was alive, we think his man in a courtyard pray together there. This big mosque was built by political leaders, a place for bowing down for political meeting, Friday evening worship, Varity in mosque. minaret : minaret is square tower with dome on top, face out different direction. You need to tell people where to pray, the best to call the prayers is to have towers, where you send someone up high and they call, the higher voice the father it reaches, so the tower refers to as minaret. All the dots are column bases and create for people to line up in rows, they need to know where Mecca is, it's indicate in the niche that stands out beyond the back wall of the mosque. It shows the stand of Muslim conquest, take over Byzantine empire.

Quran page with beginning of surah, Ink and gold on velum

Islamic Art Ink and gold on velum calligraphy - a lot of decoration is actually Arabic writing. God give to Mahammad. The act of copy is holy act, you want God to be beautiful, so they developed calligraphy, which is a decorative writing, they also have different styles of calligraphy, but the idea is to make the written word as beautiful as interesting as possible. This is actually on sheets of calf skin and kept in a box, stack up in order, and bound up like a book on one side, but this is actually a chapter heading here. Arabic write from right to left, so this meant to attract your eye start there. And the chapter heading is actually in gold, they dissolve the gold as ink, has five text line and a palm-tree finial as decoration. Main text is black, orange and red marks. Those red marks for someone reading the Quran out loud, and it tells the reader where to insert the vowels, so it helps them sound out. Calligraphy will be all kinds of form, mosaic, glass, important component in their decoration.

Maqsud of Kashan, carpet from funerary mosque, Iran

Islamic Art Wool and silk, it presents the illusion of a heavenly dome with mosque lamps refleted in a pool of water filled with floating lotus blossoms actually a pair of them, the other one was damaged. 42 half feet long, made made for a mosque that specially focus on funeral. Funerary mosque ceremony for the dead. So how does this made, there is a backing, taking a little silk and thread into the backing tie into a knot. You do over and over, after trimmed basically level on the top. In a square inch, 340 knots, 25 million knots that are hand tied to create this one rug. We don't know who made it, or a group of people work on it, but if one person work on it, they took 20 years to make this rug. The pattern interesting: dark blue background, idea is a pool, so we know their palaces, daylight with central water feature, the idea is the surface of the water covered with lotus and flowers, floating on the water. Oil lamp, idea is the reflection in the water, and its hanging from the ceiling from above, so in fact over the water of the pool is elaborate dome and carving, beautiful design reflecting in the water, pendants hang down on the sides. Two oil lamps, one is bigger one is smaller, because people look at the side, the smaller one is more distant, the made it bigger to correct the distortion, so if you stand at the end, the two lamps are the same size. sophisticated, take distance from, represent of paradise, pools and flowers, things beautiful.

Muqarnas dome - Alhambra Palace, Granada, Spain

Islamic Art muqarnas - a dome on Squinch, the squinch project out, and add elements in the middle of the central of the wall to form a star, every surface the wall the ceiling is covered with combination of stucco and wood, these odd things look like honey cones, this is called muqarnas , which was invented in Northern Africa. The Arabic army pick this up and bring it back; individual cells projecting out like naturally grow off sides of the wall, even flat surface of the wall covered with stucco that carved into pattern. You don't see a dome, this seems float over the room, so many windows there. In medieval period, this Arabic culture in Spain would be the most advanced in Europe. Granada was the center of learning, it was more economic advanced, the kings are, have more advanced agriculture. In terms of the relationship to Judaism and Christianity, Muslim in Spain regarded Jews and Christian as people of the book, because they are share the bible, the old testament was Jews, and new testament was Christian. So they were absolutely religiously tolerant.

The Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem

Islamic Art Arabians were migratory people, did not have architecture tradition, they made small portable works. They have to create tradition for themselves, and look at other cultures architecture, from Byzantine, Roman. Earliest survived Islam architecture, the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. It is on natural hillside, many religious believe man and god meet and communicate on hilltops. This hill top is sacred to 3 religions, Jews, Christian, Muslim. For the Jews, this is the temple of Solomon was build, its significance goes back to the bible, they believe Adam and Eva were buried here. Abraham was instructed by God to take his son to the mountain and sacrifice him on this site, very important in Jewish tradition. Christian adopt the Jewish tradition. For the Muslin, they called the noble sanctuary. This was built by early Islam ruler. Huge dome was gilded, the Roman hide their domes, Pantheon, quite low. New change of architecture, this dome is really high and it raised up on a drum, making it more visible. The building underneath is octagonal, which was like Byzantine churches, San Vitale, probably a borrowing from Christian churches. Why this is build? Later mention says it was basically built to compete with Christian church, ruler here was afraid that the faithful of eyes would be dazzled by the beauty of Christian church, that really makes sense, religion compete each other. Mahammad who was descend from Abraham, it is enact by the Jewish people. Early 7th century, he begins revelation from God. A single god Allah, Mahammad destroyed idol, believe single God. Upon his death, his followers spread fast. Abd al-Malik built the Dome of the Rock to mark the triumph of Isiam in Jerusalem on a site sacred to Muslim, Christian, and Jews, The shrine takes the form of an octagon with a towering dome.

Great Mosque or Mezquita, Cordoba, Spain

Islamic Art Hypostyle prayer hall 500 columns, endless. They all look like Roman, Corinthian column. They are different colors and different material, in fact these all spolia, spoils taken from earlier building, they have different heights originally, they have to cut them down to the lowest, height is only 9 inches. They add a square pillar on top, yellow stone with red brick beautiful color. As you walk through these columns, like a forest of columns. Your presence is constantly shifting and changing.

Last Judgment by Gislebertus, tympanum Saint-Lazare, Autun

Romanesque Europe France This church design is to accommodate 1000 people, it is not meant for the local city people, this really design for the flocks of pilgrims from moving to France. We have the revival of stone vault, arches, also have the beginning of sculpture during this period, never three dimensional, never free standing, always attached to the church, front doors. A pair of doors, carving on the sides called Jambs, carving on the central post called Trumeau, the arch over the door called Tympanum Why put arch over the door? Basilica towards the apse is a half circle, arch shape tends to be associate with power and authority. Church Saint-Lazare, Saint-Lazare Chris 2 followers, Chris was away, Lazare was sick and buried, Chris took them to cemetery, roll the stone away and he calls Lazare back to life, this an important saint, resurrection, dedicated to this Saint, and his relic is here. They believe he could cure sickness. Most commonly Romanesque, called the last Judgement. This is predicted in the bible that at some point in the future, Chris will return and dead will be called out of their graves, and people will judge, good Christian go to hell for eternity, and bad person will be condemned to hell. Center is a huge figure Chris, appearing in heaven. He is enormous, very odd looking, he has flat elongated body, Everything is so flat.

Saint-Sernin, Toulouse, France

Romanesque Europe France A pilgrims' example Romanesque church, original name Saint- Sernin, he was a local bishop became a saint, and buried under the altar here. Typical Romanesque church, It's a basilica church, shape like a cross, you had the nave, transept, and apse, transept cross the nave there is a huge tower in the middle, main purpose of the tower for the pilgrims to find their way to the church because. Towers is colossal, they never complete the tower, but the idea originally three towers, went through the door let people know know where they head. Why we called Romanesque, term means Roman knock off, I see arches, stone, barrel volts, all go back to Roman, but is not good as Roman building so they call Romanesque.

Last Judgment by Gislebertus, tympanum Saint-Lazare, Autun

Romanesque Europe France Chris left hand, we have the damned, they are the sinners, yanking out of its grave. And up above, this is an actual weighing of soul, related to ancient Egypt, last Judgment of Hunifer. Woman, and on one side beautiful angles on the other side, the other side is demons, weird cloths, their bodies like skeletons with sin stretching. People superstitious they believe in devils, this really design to scare people, it is horrifying in the middle ages. Every time you go the church, remind you don't want to end up the sinners. in the middle ages, death is a constant present in people's life, every time you walk by the church, you are reminded just how horrible happening if you are a bad person, this is really design to intimidate to make people to believe. Major hint how to end up on the same side. This write at Chris feet, the angels here is separating, she is pushing them away, how sad they are. On the side of safe, everyone is clapping and happy. Big hint how to end up there, everybody is naked, except two little figures, they had these bags and sack over their shoulders, it's a scallop shell, that's a symbol of Santiago, Saint James carrying a cross, it's a symbol of holy land, and those two figures were pilgrims, either go to Spain or go the holy land, and idea is that if you're a pilgrim, you made this journey, your sins will be forgiven, you end up on the safe side. Prescription on the lintel is the name of the artiest, Gislebertus, this is really unusual, the name of the artiest. The name of the artiest, carving over the doors, on the inside of the church, where the capitals are, the compound pier, carvings here, think by Gislebertus as well. again the story teaching people about Christianity.

Saint-Sernin, Toulouse, France

Romanesque Europe France Huge arches all done in stone, stone vaults = it's really really heavy and expensive, difficult to build. Why go all these trouble? 1- Churches always catching fire. The main reason to do this is fire resistant. 2- Other advantages. Acoustics, if you a have wooden ceiling, it absorbs about 75% of the sound, it does not carry the sound, but these stone vaults, reverberate through the building, the reverberate of the stone surface carry the monks chanting throughout the church, and add to people holy sense to this space. compound piers - huge piers called compound piers, looks like a collection of the different elements, on the front there's a half column, also have capitals, Roman would never do that, because Roman kept proportions. Piers like a collection support lots of the weight. On the second story, a gallery, gallery put column in the center with 2 small arches, looks lighter the higher you go. Elements derived from Roman architecture. Romanesque church tends to be dark because you cannot have big windows, because you need to support barrel vaults heavy weight.

Capitial wit suicide of Judas

Romanesque Europe France Last Judgment by Gislebertus, tympanum Saint-Lazare, Autun Suicide of Judas, and he hangs himself. We seem capital with Corinthian capital with leafs and plants, basically they made that plant the tree on which is hang himself. A pair of demons with wings, laughing and speed up his death, Judas is screaming, again expressive, design to show the sin he had done.

Saint-Sernin, Toulouse, France

Romanesque Europe France Nave, transept, apse, aisles is double, the aisles goes all the the way around the transept, and aisle actually continue behind the apse, it means you can have a service going on here, you can have visitors who could actually make a whole circle in the church, and never interrupt the services, if brilliant like for traffic flow, allow thousands of visitors to flow around the church. Radiating chapels - Back at the apse, called radiating chapels, ideas is that giving people lots of place to pray and stop to make a donation. All chapels had secondary altar, maybe less important relics, giving visitors to stop and donation.

Last Judgment by Gislebertus, tympanum Saint-Lazare, Autun

Romanesque Europe France Next to him, at his right hand is the favorite sides. Mary, his mother is the queen of Heaven, underneath are the 12 disciples. Key, means Saint peter, key is to the kingdom of heaven, if you look at the 12 disciples, these elongated body, cloth seems swearing around their feet. Why did these figure look so unreal, why this style so flat and elongated? During this time, the church taught people that the world is evil, the material world is sin and temptation, and our body is evil, you should not worry about your body, it's just a husk and will die, so there is a focus on spirituality, and these figures here are not flesh and blood, they don't have the weakness of normal human beings, so they are showing expressive style to show how elegant they are, how above ordinary humanity they are. Same side, people being assisted out of their graves, angles helping them, naked children.

Reliquary statue of Sainte-Foy (Saint Faith), late 10th-early 11th, France

Romanesque Europe France Romanesque, Europe become more prosperous, pilgrimages become more important. Santiago de compo stela in Spain, Santiago means Saint James, Saint James was buried here. Relics, physical remains, Long standing tradition, you have the remains of the Saint, you can go there and pray to that saint, Christian believe the resurrection of the body, this link between heaven and earth. People feel they were sinner, hoping for cure, hundreds of thousands undertake a journey walk along those roads to Santiago, 2 months walking is a long commitment. Pilgrims road, along those roads were monastery where, travelers can stop spend the night, find a meal, but monastery would display the remains of other saints. There are limited A list saints, they began to display the relics more elaborate way, that we called reliquary. Reliquary Statue- Saint - Foy, she was a local girl 12 years old, she was order to worship the pagan gods, and she refuse to do it because she was Christian, so they killed her. She is unknown outside the rural area in France, but the reliquary where they display her become quite famous, all stories of miracles she performed. How does it make? Wood core, outside completed covered in gold, all sorts of gem stones, different colors and sizes. Ancient Roman cameos, cut out stone of different layers, jewelries people donated to her. She is pretty life like, at that time, people did not see much art, she has gold head, big eyes looking at you. She is odd, you feel the presence of Christian saint, she is look at you, she could answer your prayers. Some of the reliquary display miniature in a church, this one is unusually, she is shown the whole figures. Saint Alexander How did they get these relics, it seems important become major source of revenue for monastery, instead producing everything they need, now they can attract pilgrims for donation, and that can affect subside their community and their building, This the time they went through the Catagon looking for remains? There is always new saints who are being created, bishop pull out a knife, the text here prays this bishop. You would put a saint arm, windows, you can see the bones, most you cannot see it. Cultivate of relics, the goal is to attract more pilgrims as much as possible to your monastery and church.

Abbey church of Notre-Dame, Fontenay

Romanesque Europe: France A Cistercian monastery, called Abbey in Fontenay, Saint-Barnard came everything supervised the building of this monastery. It's now a museum, it's been maintained pretty much the original tradition, so first of all, it's the location, this is not on one of the pilgrim's roads, it's actually way out of the countryside, even today you drive from miles to miles. It's absolutely isolated, because the traditional reason behind a monastery is monks are withdrawing from the world, the world is a materialistic filled with sin, they are going to devote their life to God. It's surrounded by hills, if you know it's there, it's very difficult to find. Second, you will notice there is no tower here, the purpose of towers of churches is the visibility, they build towers too but the purpose is to let people know it is a landmark, and everything is very low to the ground. the front of the church, you don't have big tower, no any figural decoration, there is an arch, but it is plain, carving is not allowed, because it's a Cistercian church/ monastery. Basically it's a plain wall, small entrance, not for the public.

Abbey church of Notre-Dame, Fontenay- gound plan

Romanesque Europe: France Church, shape like a cross, has a transept, but in other pilgrim's churches, the aisles go all the way around, here you don't have that, just single aisle. These are the aisles of the chapels that are separated, so you got little chapels, and the apse is square, this is the first time we have square apse. Why? Because it's a reaction to against the round apse, with ambulatory you go around radiating chapels that they have for pilgrim's churches. But this apse is so short that there is only room for the altar, actually the altar against the wall, you cannot even walk behind it. Basically it is not a tourist destination, it's a place to worship.

Cloister of Saint-Pierre, Moissac

Romanesque Europe: France Pilgrims for the main revenue for monastery. Take a portion of the donation to reinvest the business, build bigger churches with taller towers and generate more donation. Ambulatory: means walk around, the aisles allow people to completely make a circle of the church, radiating chapels, typical pilgrim church, revenue support the community of the monks. Court yard next to the church called cloister, means enclosed private space, the heart of the monks' daily life, dormitory, dining room. Conduct business of the monastery. These cloister also become more elaborate in Romanesque. Big garden space, surrounded by columns that support, and shaded rock-ways, connect to the major parts of the monk's life, church and dining room. Elegant very decorated, carvings on the post of the corners, the columns are elegant, alternate between single and double columns, all of the capitals are carved here. Corinthian, most of the columns have animals, birds and different subjects, on the corners, there are figures of apostles. Holy figures, have their names over their head, have halo.

Abbey church of Notre-Dame, Fontenay- interior

Romanesque Europe: France interior: Cistercian church can be low to the ground, you got compound piers, you can see column base, little capital here, but they won't carve anything on it, kind of smooth out the leafs, they won't even carve flowers, just very simple. Aisles are really narrow here, allow monks to move. Altar against the back wall. There is no second story, there is no gallery, because that's only for big crowds of people, so just these arches that create aisles, barrel vaults made out of wood. The only thing that attract your eye is the light, the light has certain religious symbolism, that leads your eye down to look at the altar. In the Cistercian monastery, you cannot have towers, you cannot have any figural decoration, on the altar, you can have one candle stick, and they specify you can make a fire or copper, no gold no relics, no jewelries. You can have one cross at the altar, but had to be made out of wood. So it specified with very humble materials, because according to St Bernard, you don't waste money on art, you spend money on taking care of the poor and children, the monks here are not allowed to wear silk or fancy vestment, they are not allowed to wear multiple colors, they just wear simple outfits. This church is not paves, has a dirt floor. Beautiful and simple church. dormitory where the monks sleep. There are stairs right at the transept, the dormitory has big thick stone walls, has barrel vaults made out of wood. Beds, lots of light, no fire place, the room underneath where they may have a fireplace to radiate the floor, these monks living a very simple life.

Initial R with knight fighting dragons

Romanesque Europe: France manuscripts, beautiful ornate copies of the bible with text with written colorful images, open to some pages placed on the altar. it is not a book of bible, it's a commentary of a book of bible, written by a Pope, Gregory, in a form of a letter to another member of the church, and this is the beginning, so the pages pretty big 12 inches tall, the first line of the text is: Dear most reverent, in Latin "Revertissimo", goes on the the next page, they take the R first capital, turn into a full page illustration, beautifully colored, pretty pattern, border framing it, and R is made of a Knight, and his squires who are bowing 2 dragons. First thing notice is the knight sword, part of the R is a small dragon, the knight is part of the straight line, he is supported by his squire, the squire is a bless figure, he is spearing the big dragon. Green is the shield of the knight, he is not in his armor, he is really elegant, his body is very elongated, pattern of strips. He is so elegant. Dragon is colorful, beautiful. It has nothing to do with book of Joe, it is a theological book really fun to look at, run to read, look at the beautiful colors and design. Fundamental issue: at the beginning of Christianity, they thought art was Pagan, sculpture is pagan, we should obey the second amendment, you don't depict anything in heaven and earth and water, you don't need art in worship. Then Constantine came along, churches got more decorated and ornate, and in a Romanesque, reliquary made out of gold, people worship them. Throughout Christian history, there were time you should not worship images, we saw iconoclasm, the most justification of Christian art is that not everyone can read the bible, so they can read images, they learn about Christianity, you are teaching them, especially with those relics, what exactly you have been taught by see those gold images. There is a particular group of monks, called Cistercian, they were found basically try to reform Christianity, to get back to the original ideal of Christianity. Their spokesperson is somebody, called St-Bernard of Clairvaux, he does not found this order, he is very intelligent and persuasive, he writes a criticism of art, it's very interesting what he has to say, particularly about these relics and reliquary, all of the art through the monastery, here what he says about relics: The eyes, the show the most appearance of a saint, they He says this is an art that's create to generate donations, the more beautiful the relics are, the money spills out, and the church spending art on art, it would be better spend taking care of the poor, she covered her stone with gold and leave her sons bare. This is a very troubling critique of what's going on. Then he takes another further step, even if you can see you need art to educate people, so they know about Christianity, what about the cloister of monastery? The cloister is not a public space, people are not allowed to go there, strictly only to the monks, this is removed from the world, here you have all these carving on the capital, much of it, not even religious, it's carved fancy animals, some of them secular images of knights with their shield. What Saint-Bernard says: 1 - it's not educating anyone about anything, 2- monks all can read, they are literate, it's a requirement of becoming a monk, he says art like this, is a spiritual distraction, people in the world instead of reading the bible, they spending more time admiring art and the demons, and fancy animals, so they are spending time reading the stone instead of the word of God.

Cloister of Saint-Pierre, Moissac - abbot

Romanesque Europe: France one side of the cloister is the abbot, his labeled the abbot of the monastery, the highest church functionary person, and this faces a doorway, building inside the place, where the monks meet every day, called the chapel house. Monks, leaving this images, who is holding curved staff, a sign of authority, he is making a gesture of blessing, he is very flat not realistic, no sense of space standing, wearing church official cloths. Halo around his head, subtle, shows the authority of the church, has the ultimate authority over the monastery. Typically, Romanesque cloister. The carving is very shallowing, an exercise in two dimensional design rather an an attempt at representing a fully modeled figure in space. The feet, point downward, do not rest on the ground and cannot support the abbot's weight. The medieval church cloister expressed the seclusion of the spiritual life. They could read, pray, meditate, and carry on their activities there. The pier reliefs portray the 12 apostles and the monastery's first Cluniac abbot, The Durand's relief is not a portrait in the modern sense of the world but a generic, bilaterally symmetrical image of the abbot holding his staff in his left hand and raising his right hand in a gesture of blessing.

San Miniato al Monte, Florence, Italy - interor

Romanesque Europe: Italy The interior, bright contrast and marble part of the interior, part of it just painted, you actually looking into the open beam which is wood, Bright painted, it's really bright. Compound pier, looks like a bundle column here, regular columns and compound piers. To anchor the 2 sides together, over every compound pier there is actually an arch that expanse the roof, but it's not connected to any other vaulting, it's decorated building, well it helps to anchor the wall together. This is the nave, get to the choir area, it actually spilt level, there stairs up, so the monks are actually physically in a higher level than ordinary people, and then there are also stairs down, underneath the choir area, that's was crypt, that's where Saint Minoato was buried among important people, he is at the heart of the church. There is apse, so you can see the half dome behind the altar at the top, which is been replaced, this shrine renaissance as well, it cut into the view of the interrupt that would be there the originally, It's different from French Romanesque church that we look at.

Cathedral, Baptistery and Campanile in Pisa- Italy - leaning tower

Romanesque Europe: Italy The leaning tower: towers are always hard to build, if they are part of the church, you got support them underneath. Here the problem is that the soil is marshy, soil is not firm, when this was built, it was the highest building in Europe, almost 800 feet high. This was their patriotic form, they want a tower was bigger and taller than anybody else. It's 40 feet in dimeter the bottom, weight like 1600 tons, that incredible weight all on one spot and the soil is not stable, there will be a disaster. That's what happened, there were not sufficient foundation to support the weight of the tower, so if you look at the tower, it leans and not straight, because actually they start to build it as a leaning the opposite direction, they actually just straighten it up. Somehow, it's kind of banana shape, has curve to it, if they straighten this, it would never be straight, it's not build straight, so again, it's kind of the façade of the cathedral wrap around building with columns and arches, and the higher horseshoe shape arches, six floor of those, they are kind of viewing platform of balcony. So not only does it lean, but it also starts to sink into the ground because of the heavy weight. So over time, different people try to correct it, so Mussolini, who was the dedicator of Italy during war world 2, he was famous for revival ancient monument, the problem is that a lot of marble you could not see the bottom, he actually had them dig out to try to remove the earth to see it all marble, it made it lean worse, so he had engineers command, and they dug it out, they thought if they pump concrete underneath it, it would stabilize on the side, which sounds great, and they did that, apparently it made it lean even more. So 1990 it was lean 17 feet, they are afraid it would fall down, so they would not allow people in it, because they thought people would die and it would collapse. And one of the problem is that it's beautiful marble on the outside, if they would waste marble on the whole walls, the wall is 10 feet thick, it turns out its marble on the inside and marble on the outside, basically, there are rubble in between, so wall just not very stable, so they had to close it, and they try different things, they lean just to bring it up a little it. First thing they did was really logical, which was instead of try to correct the tilt side, they put tons of lead pile it up on one side to try to bring it down, actually it was helping and working, and it was bad for tourism, ultimately, they had to spend millions dollars. What did instead, they dig down this high side, really gently, they really slowly remove the earth, they pump it out, they brought it back 2 feet, add more enforcement to try to make the wall to hold better, so they think now it's stable now it's open for tourism. It's interesting building, it's one of the study building ever, because it's being in jeopardy. In fact, it's like a living organism, it's not just static, it's just got all these instruments, monastery, it actually, according to the time of the year, it leans less, so during the rainy season, the soil become marshier and leans little more, as it dries out, actually straight it a little bit, and it actually depend on the sun, if it's a warm day, the building straight up as it warm, it cools it goes back. But idea, based on environment, the tower is constantly changing and moving, which is interesting, a complex is built by a free republic, they want to show their wealth and their taste, the use of marble they connect with Ancient Rome, they want to show their tower to be taller, cathedral to be more ornate, they want to people came to Pisa would be impressed with them.

Abbey church of Notre-Dame, Fontenay - cloister

Romanesque Europe: France the cloister: surround by columns, there is a garden in the center, space connects the monk's routine. Columns are smooth, absolutely no decoration, because you were supposed to focus on the word of God. One thing you do in the cloister, often there is a bookcase here, protected under roof, but you might have sacred books here, so it's a place where monks can read and contemplate outside the church. This Cistercian monastery, absolutely a criticism. With bigger church, accommodate all these pilgrims, with more and more decoration and particularly relics, using relics as a means of generating income, so the monks here are trying to be completely self-sufficient, the Cistercian accept monks not just from the upper class, but from all classes, they they accept people who are craftsman, the quality of the building is very high, they are excellent in plumbing. This building is an iron forge, monks work here doing metal work, where they need hinges and nails. Not only Saint Barnard very consistent with his critique of art, and connect art to the cost to expense. In the year that they wrote that critique, it was actually a year of famine, and his littler monastery were feeding 2000 people a day, so they were able to support themselves and they were trying to taking care of poor. It's a different theory how you allocate your resources, what Christian supposed to do. This dispute over art, whether you use it in worship or you don't use it, certainty continues into the present.

Cathedral, Baptistery and Campanile in Pisa- Italy - baptistery

Romanesque Europe: Italy In the tip of the church up north, you would have a church with a tower, at least one tower, maybe a tower in the front, maybe a tower on the crossing. In Italy, they made the tower separate structure. This is a long tradition, so the tower is separated, as its baptistery. Baptistery is a special building for baptism, when people become Christian and they believe they can be safe. In up in the north, you would have baptism somewhere in the church, maybe a side chapel, maybe a north back at the church, you have a baptism fountain, but you don't get a separate building, and in Italy typically you do, they separated this baptistery out, so the baptistery is right in front of the church, and this is built in such a long period of time, it's Romanesque, up to the second story, every above it is actually gothic, that's is probably not original design to be built, first two stories here. Basically, Corinthian columns with arches, some strips, and second story lacey look, horse shoe raised arches, it is designed to complement the church. What is really used for? It has a big fountain in the center, baptism would be by total immersion, you don't just get sprinkle with water, you have to get your body completely dunked, so it's a big tub with a lot of water in it, this baptistery in Italy also is a place where they keep records where they record birth and death, so it has a public function as well as religious function. Lies around usually the baptistery octagonal usually circular. It goes back to early, remember the Etruscan, there were tumulus where they were buried, there were Roman tombs where around. They borrowed that symbolism, idea is that when you are baptism, symbolic you die, you go into the water you die and you reborn, so the the round form has that symbolism of the tomb but rebirth in it in a positive way.

San Miniato al Monte, Florence, Italy

Romanesque Europe: Italy City states, 2 republics, both them self- government. San Miniato al Monte, Florence, not actually in the city, but on the edge of the city, up on a hill. It's an example of Italian Romanesque, how is Italian Romanesque is different from what we looking at, it's greater variety, has its own style, it's little closer to Roman architecture, so you will see all Roman elements, we will see vaults, naves, timber ceiling, like Old Saint. Peter, so just little closer to the past. This is known was dedicate to a Saint, so Miniato al Meonte remains here, to make the church more holy. He is early Christian Martyr, supposed live in the 3 rd century, and he refused to worship the Pagan gods, so the Romans execute him, by chopping his head, after they did that, his body stood up and he picked up his head and he carry it out to site, so he was a hermit and lived in a cave on the site, so he came here to his cave his body laid down and he died, so basically the idea is he chose this place for his burial, not only they did his grave, but he march up out after he was decapitated, and he chose the site. Someone has gone through all the life of the saints to popular stories, they came up 120 examples say who supposedly were decapitated, then they kept his head in somewhere, even a name for this, add to the prestige to the church, it appeals to people in the middle ages would come up with this story over and over again, but I think it did help add to the prestige to the church. so this is Romanesque church, it has building on either sides, it's kind squeeze in, interesting the front is really gorgeous, its covered in marble, but you look up the upper par there, it does not wrap, it just brick up there, so they really just care about the facade here, and you got three real doors, really doors, everything is covered with marble, so white and faded green color, each door arches looks like Corinthian column, in between the real doors, they add in the marble, kind of looks wood panel, so all looks like two more doors there, creating the illusion of 5 doors, so the arches kind of Roman, if you move up above, a lot of pattern, decoration, upper part, looks like a temple front, pediment at the top and flatten column, circular design just decoration, it's very luxury looking because of the materials, The ground plan and this church does not have a transept, it was insert with other buildings, so it's just nave, with an aisle on either side, it was very mathematically work out, using module space repeating over and over. Column, column, compound piers, mathematically regularity to the whole plan.

Cathedral, Baptistery and Campanile in Pisa- Italy

Romanesque Europe: Italy Pisa was a republic, very prosper merchant republic, lots of ships and trade, they were really proud of their independence, they demonstrated patriotism by trying build the most beautiful lavish church ever. They build a cathedral and a tower called the Campanile or the leaning tower, and the Baptistery is in front of the church, and this is actually the cemetery, part of the whole complex building. We have an inscription they did had a battle with Arabic, actually gains rewards from the war, this the beginning reward with war, it they spend 200 years to complete it, this is a long term projects and expensive, part of it they want to be better than anybody else's church. This church was dedicated to virgin Mary, who they thought to look out for Pisa, kind of their guardian. Front of the church, shape looks like a basilica, so the nave would be the higher roof of the center, the lower would be the aisle, double aisles which is pretty long, it means it's possibly they have a clerestory, when you step up the roof, the whole church outside covered with marble, not just façade here, it's covered all the way around, with color marble all the outside. Interesting strips add colors and beautiful decorations in the arches and diamond forms, columns and arches across the front three big doorways, if you go up the second or third floor, these upper stories you got Corinthian columns, if you look at the arches, they actually raised up, that's a traditional Roman arches, it looks like a Islamic churches we saw, The Great Mosque, these are people are trading with Arabic and fight with Arabic, but they also admire the art of that culture, there is Islamic influence here. So those columns and arches on the up floor, you can see there are doors here near walkway, it mixed these arches, light lace wall to front of the cathedral, it's very elegant and fancy looking decorative, basically, this pattern the big, raised arches wrap round whole church, up above there are columns, again you got the arches, diamond shape, up above, columns, decorative from whatever angle you look at it. At the crossing, here's the transept, the apse of the church, kind of repeat the pattern in the front, at the crossing, instead of a tower, we have a dome, odd looking dome, like oval shape, got all these lacey raised arches around, dome shape is Islamic influence probably, here you can see the decoration of the back, transept, chapel. Here is the ground plan, the main church, the nave, the choir of the apse, but on the transept, you have second apses, I think this is such a big church, you don't need to use the whole church for services, each arm of the church it's like its own little church, altar from small group of worships, you use just whole services in just one branch, the armor of the church, oval dome in the center.

Hildegard reveals her visions - Germany

Romanesque Europe: Italy We talk about kings and worrier, it's male dominated society, and church was complete a male hierarchy, we want to talk about an interesting unusual woman. Her name is Hildegard, from the city of Bingen in Germany. Here is a portrait of her, an image of her. Her father was a minor knight, unfortunately, he has a huge family, she was the tenth child, a lot of mouth to feed, and the bible says, you should tie a tenth everything to god, so when Hildegard was 7 -8 years old, they took her a monastery, they tied her to the god, so they give her to the church. So she was raised to become a nun, she was raised in a monastery, where a community of male monks, but living kind of separated, there was a small group of nuns, and the nuns would get to elected their own leader- an abbey who really don't have much power. Hildegard, ultimately, she really prospered in this nun's community. Unlike most of woman, she was taught to how to read and write, and in a monastery, of course there was a library, she has all sorts of books available to her, resources to her, and she apparently devour everything at hands on her. so eventually the abbot dies, and Hildegard was voted by other nuns to be their abbot to handle community, in a couple of years, 5 years later, she claims to receive a vision of god, basically a prophetic calling to begin writing down things that god was telling her, she start writing these down, but later she says she always had this visions, she had experiences throughout her life, she simply had not told anybody about them. So she claims she was experiencing Jesus, she was really clear she was very conscious when she had those visions, she is not sleep she was not dreaming, and you will notice in the image her eyes are wide open, and describes the experience she said she called them the area of fires. What we see is her in a monastery, little architecture frame, she is inside, and coming out of ceiling it looks fire flames coming, and wrapping around her head, there are tons of special directly to her open eyes, she is emphasizing she is awake and conscious and awake and she knows what she is experiencing here. So she is the abbey of the group, there is a monk who becomes her secretary, this is him in his round robe as a monk, he would help her record these visions she would see, maybe kind of monastery safety, they are in a separated room, but he is peeping in, I think the idea he was a witness, it not just saying she is having these visions, but and something else, whose conscious was happening. He is being actually writing down what she tells him. She also has a stack of round tablet on her lap, prophets sometimes have round tablet like this, in art we depict Moses getting the ten commandant, there are stone tablet rounded top, the idea is to link her to the idea of bible, the old testament, the implement she is writing one guess it's covered with wax, make marks in the wax. So we think she would tell what she saw, she might have sketched what she has seen, that's what it seems to be here, she is recording the vision as it appears to her. So according to her, god is filling her with these prophets, she is completely passive, she claims she is only a feather in the breath of god, she is an empty vessel depict god's words, she starts to record these vision, she sent some of them to Saint Bernard, he thinks god is feeding to her, he passes the writings onto the Pope, and and Pope read it out to a group, they believe her as well, god is speaking through this little nun. And Pope writes her back, says you should continue in your work, continue write this down. As soon as she gets it from the Pope, she has a vision, where god tells her, she should stop living in under the supervision of the abbot the male monks, she and her nuns should move out and build their own monastery that she would be in charge of. So she told the abbot, abbot says no way, she is sick and she is dying, because god's words have been against. And finally, the abbot says fine, you and your nuns leave. So she found ruins of early monastery, and rebuilt it, where she is in charge of. So she is able to quite amazing things, first she become an independent abbot, she writes, she is the only woman in the middle ages who is allowed by the church to write theology, she is writing down, what she said god is saying to her, so she writes theological writings. She writes a book on medicine, she writes a book on natural history, as far as she knew she was the first woman who ever write books, she knew there was no president, she is the only composer of music, only composer where they still have the music and stuff, she composes music for her nus to perform, she went on 2 public speaking tours across Europe, most of them in the monastery, she was talking to the church, but on some occasion, she spoke in the public. This is the woman, dressing in public, teaching about Christianity, so she's the only who get to do all of this, how did she manage it? It's because she is not only a woman, she is a prophet, she convinced every one god is speaking through her, and so you have to listen to her, that's interesting because she is having visons of course she sees, that nobody else can see her visions, she somehow is able to convince people, yes I am the vision through god, I am just empty vessel, so she should be listen to, so in the writing these of books she writes, she writes 2 of them, they are illustrated, I think the illustration are really important, because they help show people what she claim she sees, they help conveys these visions from god, we learn the the portraits of Matthew in the beginning of the gospels, this is the same thing, at the beginning of her book, an illustration of her portrait, she is showing you an area of fire coming from heaven, and my secretary is a witness. Maybe She supervised her nuns actually created the images, because they are just so unique, they are not based on any other tradition of art, so here is one her visions, so in her writing, when Hildegard wrote about gods, Latin all the nuns had genders, but when she talks about god, she try to avoid the male pronoun, she would prefer god as it, she would made god genderless.

Bayeux Tapestry- Battle of Hastings, detail of the Bayeux Tapestry.

Romanesque Europe: The Normans At Hastings, Norman meet the Anglo-Saxon. Anglo- Saxon got there first, they rode on horses, they did not fight from horseback, the Norman fight from horseback. Anglo-Saxon took the high ground of the hill top, and the Norman are attacking, the armors and shield are the same, the helmet is the same. Look at the border, starts to fill up with the dead, people are pierced by arrow, more dead down at the bottom. The battle is intense, a couple of things indicate the end: Harold is the leader, this is where he is killed, he was shoot in the eye with an arrow, chain mail cannot protect the face. Anglo- Saxon flee. We don't know how originally this was ended, it might end at the beginning with William crowned, maybe his coronation, but somehow it is an appropriate ending. We think this was made by Bayeux, Cathedral Bayeux with hang up, who had the idea of making this long artistic narrative of the war, including all the events in the battle, how they build things, how they transport. It is like the column of the Trajan, in a weird way, this is complete different way. Column Trajan always visible, always famous, throughout the middle ages, how would Normans know about the Column of Trajan, the bishop of Bayeux, who is William's half-brother, he is the high member of the church, he kept a house in Rome, he took numerous trips there, because he is consulting a church business. Not only he is moving, but his whole household with him, so presumably someone in that household was impressed with this monument, they try to imitated in a way, so the big different is of course is the fence, the column has drums that weight 20 tons, stack up in the air, its carved, labor is involved in this is colossal. There is a lot of labor here, with the material linen, the bronze and needles expensive but very little, it shows the difference of resources during the middle ages, they cannot build something on this scale, but why they want imitated it, it is like very ruler in the middle ages, know a little about Ancient Rome, they all want to be seen the success of Rome empire, revival Roman empire. We have a biography of William, that written by his court, always go back to ancient Rome to compare the ancient Roman emperors, but he is better than them, he exceeds them. Difference between the Trajan, Trajan never fights, William fights here, and he fought also in reality, because he captured England with 7000 people total, that's enough for him to conquer England, everybody would think Roma soldiers also build things, part of their training, here are the shipbuilders are just craftsman. Is this objective, are they telling the truth, are there possible alternative version, winner get to know tell the history they want to, this story told here, William is the rightful king of England. Harold betrays his oath. What William does here is simply to reclaim what right for his throne. Question is: is that actually what happened? We don't know, but we actually have a bit of Anglo-Saxon chronical, telling history from the other side, one of the them says, that Edward chose his heir Harold, we have another sources says the day that Edward dies, there was a meeting of Anglo-Saxons, they chose him as the heir, as next leader, so we have two version of the story that directly contradictory this way that Norman are presented, we don't know who is telling the truth. People argue about this, works of propaganda presenting history choosing what to leave in and out, and this is interesting unique art.

Bayeux Tapestry

Romanesque Europe: The Normans Bayeux Tapestry comes from Norman art, who are the Normans? The Norman mean north man, originally Vikings, came from Scandinavian. When the Carolingian fall apart, they grew in region called Normandy. They are Vikings, barbarians, they converted to Christianity, their highest ruler is a Duke, who is supposed to be the king in France. Dukes running North. Duke in Normandy is named Robert the devil, dies suddenly, didn't have a legitimate son, he had an illegitimate son, who is only 8 years old that time, his name is William, so William becomes the duke of Normandy, and he was known Willian the bastard. He builds nave ships, and he cross over into England, and England was ruled by Anglo-Saxon, king of England called Hasting, at the battle Hasting, William wins, he conquers all the England, at that time, he is known Willian the conquer. He is the king of England and the duke of Normandy. Bayeux Tapestry, Bayeux is in Norman, and this a unique full document, it's in fact not a tapestry, its embroidery. What's the difference, a tapestry would be a piece of cloth had a design in it, but the design is actually woven into the cloth, the design is created on the loom, this is made of linen, only 20 inches high, and has holes in it, very old. 8 piece of linen stitch together, together this is 200 feet long. So the design here is embroidered, they would use browns and needles and woven and threads, color is kind of earthy color, olive green, old yellow, the dyes all in plants, so it's not gonna have really bright red or purple or anything, dye with plants is kind of limited palate, even the black looks like dark blue, couple shape of green, kind of terracotta, the use of color is arbitrary, people have green hair, different shoes color, hoops of horse is blue and green, so the color is limited. This is the very beginning, the border along the edges, most of the border is just animals and fancy little things, but in the center, we have a story of Willian's conquest of England. There is a text, William king Edward, at this time most people probably work literate. There is even an argument over whether the conquer can read or not, we are not certain. Essentially, this like a comic book, you don't really need to read to figure out what's happening here, because the figures are very expressive, and it's told in a way so people can understand what's going on here. Question: what do you do with this piece of cloth that's over 230 people on it, the end is actually ripped, we are missing the last of it, it's probably a meter or two, because it gets to the end of the battle of Hastings, we don't what was the end, probably it shows making William crowned sitting on a throne. We think there were rings attached on the top, you would hang it along the walls, has a huge room to be able to display this. One suggestion it would be displayed in a castle, or big banqueting hall. More likely, I think this was made for a cathedral. It was made for the cathedral in Bayeux, as far we can trace it back, it's been owned by the church there, and in fact, the bishop of Bayeux was the half-brother of William the conquer, and he build a new church and maybe made to hang in the church as part of dedication to the church.

Bayeux Tapestry- Funeral procession to Westminster Abbey.

Romanesque Europe: The Normans Then Harold returns to England and tells king Edward he fulfills his duty and William is gonna be the next heir. Here is the old king, this one is interesting, we don't know who design this, but someone must come up with a master plan, you send out to these embroiders, they got the order mixed up, they must have got the scenes confused, because you actually have to jump out and read backwards. So here's the old king, surrounded by his family members on a death bed, here he is died. He's wrapped in a shroud, and then you go backwards, there he is all shrouded carrying on shoulders of members of the court, and being taken to the burial, in this church, this is interesting, because it's Westminster Abbey in London, He is the one who build the original Westminster Abbey, and it had been dedicated just a week before he dies. So there is a hand of god king of pointing this wonderful new church, there is guy still putting decoration on the roof, still kind of finishing it up. So the king is dead, and he is buried in Westminster Abbey, that day he dies, immediately Harold declares himself the king of England, he goes back on his oath, and the kings' wish. This is January 6, and couple of things happened interesting: Harold got his crown, in the palace, he is taking over. But there are couple things interesting: in the borders here, these people are point at the sky, a shooting star, it's Hamlet's comet, it's huge, does not just shooting in the sky, it's visible for weeks, every night there is a huge star trail behind it, it comes every 86 years, in the middle ages, they did not know that, they don't understand the astronomy, people are really upset by this, they are superstitious, here's wired star with a trail that's visible cross the sky, people thought it's omen, something is wrong in the universe, it's a sign from god, so that's why everybody is excited pointing at it, says these men wonder at the stars. So Harold has just grab the throne, it seems like a bad omen about his reign, he was underneath feet here, just embroider an outline, kind of like ghost ships, things are gonna happen in the future. Wired little trees, often act as a divider, moving from one scene to the next, so there about 75 different scenes here, in other cases, these people turn one way, these people turn the other way, from one scene to another. so the messenger goes to William, his palace in Normandy, tells him he is being betrayed, he orders ships, and they shows us how these medieval craftsman build ships. they are starting cutting trees, creating a plank of board, tool to smooth out, and ship builders, tools crafts. then ships are completed, taking to the water. they are loading things up, they have to stock the ships, most important is armor, helmet spears, this the chain mail, made out of iron, you don't want to get wet or rust, they carrying above the water loading to the ships. Carrying armors to the boats, they are taking out casks of wine, that's the preparation for the ships. We see cross the English Channel. Whoever design this, pretty clever, normally you have a border at the bottom, here you see them cross, the border on the top has disappeared. So you get sense of kind of open sky, everyone is sailing along. If you look at the ships, these are Viking ships, dragons that has monster on the ships, some people would be lookout calling from ship to ship, this one has a cross on it, that's William's ship. You got shield all stack up, and they are taking their horses, horse seem looking out having nice sailing. so when they reach England, they don't have any food with them, this is the way army operated, at least through 19 century, they just stole the food they need, they absolutely just seized from local farmers, here you see they are wrapping up animals, before they go to battle, they want to be well fed and strong and hardy, so they are actually show the cook of feast, so much details. Shows them cooking and eating, this is where the last third you have the battle scene. Looks like a naked man and woman at the border, they look really happy, we have no idea what they are doing up there, what do that mean? One suggestion is that it could be a little joke on the part that people who made this, it could be part of the plan, main idea is that you hang in up there, people get bored, maybe try to catch people's attention to wake up during watching it.

Bayeux Tapestry

Romanesque Europe: The Normans They are telling a story, starts 2 years before the battle, happened in 1064, you can tell King Edward, he's got a crown on his head, he is holding scepter, he is in a fancy palace architecture, he looks really old, gray beard. So in fact, Edward didn't have a son, he did not have an heir, and he is getting old, so the question is that who is gonna succeed him when he dies. According to the tapestry, he has summoned to the court, two man, one of them is Harold, who is the king's brother in law, he is married to King's sister, Edward is the highest ranking in Anglo-Saxon noble men. According to his, he tells him he should go to Normandy to see his distant cousin, William. So Harold is a Duke, it says where Harold the duke and soldiers going on horseback. They would reach the cove, and before they reach the English Channel, they had a good meal. Looks like in a restaurant or a tavern, on the second story, there are arches and maybe staple your horses underneath and stairs. So they are eating and drinking. One of them is drinking out of an animal horn shape cup, you can see people are coming in board, ships are about to leave, going boarding the ships, they have to get rid of water, so they are actually taking off their ties to keep dry, they are taking animals with them, they are taking hunting dogs, hunting falcon, they are carrying them to load on the boats. They go off course, they don't know exactly they are going, they get lost, but they end up at the court of William the conquer, Harold fight for him. A couple of scenes here, And Harold actually fight for him. William is placing his helmet on his head, it says William give Harold arms. This is in fact the ceremony of knighting, William the conquer is knighting Harold as his fighter, that means in the feudal hierarchy, Harold is promising to fight for him. He is beneath him. Interesting what they are wearing: they would be wearing chain mail, it made of tiny loops of irons, they all woven together, so it's flexible, this is an early form of armor, you can see it actually stop at elbows, does not cover their hands or lower legs, their sward is tight around the back, and the helmet like metal cone, nose guard. Here they are travelling to a new castle, this is also important one: this is where Harold takes an oath to William, William is on a platform seated on a throne, he is the lord. Harold is taking holy oath to support William as the next king of England. Edward sent him to tell William to be the next king. How would you take an oath in the middle ages, you take oath on relics, these are reliquary, cross on the end, little candle from place to place, we don't whose relics in these boxes, he is touching the box saying he supports William

Choir of Gloucester Cathedral

The choir, the church itself actually Romanesque, so it's old fashion, we will be looking at the remoding of the choir. Outside, lower horizontal element, transept, choir. If you look at the wall, you see pointed arches, big round arches, that's actually the Romanesque wall, this is a choir, built in the Romanesque, big gallery, nave arched, but they remodeled to make it more gothic, add bit clerestory over the top, but they add stone work which is not point arch, all of these apply to make it more fashionable, make it more updated. They altered the wall, add big windows, gothic, look at the vaulting, the English like ribs, lots of ribs, instead of just having a Skelton, where the ribs are actually support the ceiling, the English just add ribs for decoration, so sometimes people called it net vaulting, the ribs fan out, put little carving gilded, beautiful decoration, none of these are structural, just decoration over the surface of the vault, fill the choir with huge window, the English has a style, we call it perpendicular style, because not the vertical element, you can see the horizontal element as well, it's different taste. example of perpendicular style, you can all the ribs, they want more light, so stained class just clear windows, they want flood the interior, how beautiful this is inside.

Jamb statues: Annunciation and Visitation - Reims Cathedral, France

This is the central door; we will look at Jamb statues. They are on the door jambs, and when we look at Charters, we saw early door jambs, so the early figures are attached to columns next to the doors, they are columnar, face are natural, but their body just hang up there. Theodora is much more three dimensional, real person turns, head face the door way, examples of Jambs from Reims, they are more developed and interesting way. Left two similar, right two similar, but left two and right two quite different, they made by different artiest, they are not signed we don't know who are the artiest are. They still columns here, still attached, you can see there is a capital behind each head, and there is little projecting stand, but now not only did they look almost independent from the church, and they turn and they are talking to each other, instead of rows of Kings and Royals telling stories now. They are teaching people about Christianly, their hands are gone, but they turning and talk. So this is actually events in the new testament, so the first two pair closer to door, called the annunciation, and this is the angel Gabriel, has come to the virgin Mary, said you are a virgin but you are pregnant, you would give birth to the son of god, it was miraculous occurrence. This angel has actually removed from somewhere else, first angel was damaged, so they moved to a completed set, it does not matter too much. Angels actually turn to Mary, she got little twisting her shoulder, the drapery cover their bodies, pretty solid here you can kind of see her breast, like a body under the clothing, face sweet, a grin on her face, happy news, the angels had dimple smile on her face and curly hair, that's the first pair. Second pair, not only does the angle tells Mary she is pregnant, but Mary has a cousin Elizabeth, who is also pregnant, the angel tells her that. And this also kinds of miracle, because Elizabeth is really old, she is way pass child bearing years, and she never given birth to children, and now she two are pregnant, her child is gonna John the Baptist, and in the bible, as soon as the angle talks to Mary, amazing news, she goes to see her cousin, this is called the visitation. So Mary is on the left, Elizabeth is on the right, not only this touching moment of two pregnant ladies getting together, In the bible, Mary speaks and John is in the womb, he leaves in Elizabeth's womb, and Elizabeth says blesses by womb, she calls Mary the mother of my lord, so it's like she is the first person in the bible who recognize the miraculous nature of this baby. We have two women really wrapped out and in those bulky drapery cut into the stone, they have such solidity here, they are on their feet standing firmly, and they turn towards each other, something interesting here, the clothes are bulky, but look their bodies the way they are standing, see her knees, if this artist understand contrapposto, the hippo would be higher, you would not see the knee, if she were balancing herself, then knee through the drapery, you cannot really tell where the, it almost implies the hip is higher, so does this artiest understand contrapposto, we don't know. Again, knee is like she is balancing herself, in a natural resting state with her hip up, so the poses almost like someone understand the classic art. The drapery like Roman status figures, look at the faces, Mary's face, look at the hair, Mary's hair has classic waves, the way gods and goddess figures, she has a calm and expression and on her face, it's ideal face that we might see in classic or late Greek sculpture, we look at Elizabeth here, a real personality here, this is an old woman, she got smile on her face, she kind of grin look, she looks comfortable, arties imagine this inhuman term, just the realism over her face like Roman portraiture, what people really look like. So whoever carve these two statues, we just certain they had looked at ancient statues. Roman town, there would have been some Roman remains art here, we don't know where the sculpture had been, what they had seen, but just those two figures they look like they inspired by the past. They are so different whey you look at them side by side, right side style is not the dominant style, left side style kind of fashion the dominate late gothic style, but whoever this artiest, they are just way ahead everybody else, or why behind everybody else.

Gloucester Cathedral

closer to the coast, gothic style invented in France, it takes a while to get to England, and the earliest gothic church in England is Salisbury Cathedral, it actually start the gothic part was a French architecter, they got French workman, but once the English see this new style, they embrace it, they changed it, they have their own local taste, and the major difference is they don't care about building tall halls, the French was so competitive, every church has to be taller and taller, the English church low, squat cling the the earth. The walls always be more solid, usually. So if you look at the outside, has no flying buttress, in most English church, they were not necessary, because they just lower solid built. The choir, the church itself actually Romanesque, so it's old fashion, we will be looking at the remoding of the choir. Outside, lower horizontal element, transept, choir. If you look at the wall, you see pointed arches, big round arches, that's actually the Romanesque wall, this is a choir, built in the Romanesque, big gallery, nave arched, but they remodeled to make it more gothic, add bit clerestory over the top, but they add stone work which is not point arch, all of these apply to make it more fashionable, make it more updated. They altered the wall, add big windows, gothic, look at the vaulting, the English like ribs, lots of ribs, instead of just having a Skelton, where the ribs are actually support the ceiling, the English just add ribs for decoration, so sometimes people called it net vaulting, the ribs fan out, put little carving gilded, beautiful decoration, none of these are structural, just decoration over the surface of the vault, fill the choir with huge window, the English has a style, we call it perpendicular style, because not the vertical element, you can see the horizontal element as well, it's different taste.

Fan vaulting- Gloucester Cathedral

next to the church, this was a monastery, the cloister, garden space, we see cloister wehere they open, this England, it's so rainy and cold here. Ribs go up, turn into a design, fan out, like a cone here, called fan vaulting, it's a English variation on French vaulting, covered inch.