ART 311 FINAL
Shunga (or erotic work) was banned in 1722
-About sexual pleasure -Woman had these prints as part of their marriage dowerys -These were very popular •Shunga, literally "spring pictures", is an erotic artistic tradition that emerged from early modern Japan, featuring graphic images of sexual activity. Produced by the thousands during the Edo period (1600-1868), shunga offered sexuality a shameless visual platform, where sexual pleasure, female sexuality, and homosexuality were not only acknowledged but encouraged.
Cecilia Beaux
-American -Her reputation becomes obscure -Gender played a role in supressing her -She studied at Pennsivelnia Academy, and refuses to study under Ekins -She wanted to beat Sargent •was born and raised in Philadelphia (her father was French) •And began as a commercial artist producing drawings of fossils for a U.S. Geological Survey project and painting portraits on porcelain •Studied in Paris at the Academie Julian •Member of the National Academy of Design and the Societe Nationale des Beaux Art •Awarded a honorary doctorate from University of Pennsylvania and an honorary M.A. from Yale •Traveled between New York and Paris •Never married •She was enormously successful, superbly skilled portrait painter and an instructor at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts •At the height of her long career, Beaux painted the cream of the American elite, including college presidents, businessmen, socialites, eminent medical men and women and political notables, including the wife and the daughter of President Theodore Roosevelt. •It was her goal to surpass Sargent's reputation and she was ambivalent about the artist whom she met several times. •She was a tough contender with extraordinary resolve. She refused to paint the "homelier" children of family and friends.
Aesthetic Movement
-Art for art sake -Just focused on beauty no purpose or story •English Artistic movement of the late nineteenth century, dedicated to the doctrine of "art for art's sake"—that is, as a self-sufficient entity concerned solely with beauty and not with any moral or social purpose. Associated with the movement were the artists Aubrey Beardsley and James McNeill Whistler and writers Walter Pater and Oscar Wilde.
Mary Cassatt
-EXHIBITS WITH THE IMPRESSIONIST, ONLY WOMAN -An ex-patroit -Born in the united states but lived in Europe -Always considered herself American -She studies under Gerome -You don't have to french for your work to be submited in the salon -When franco prussian war breaks out paris becomes dangerous so she leaves and later on returns •American-born Mary Cassatt traveled to France for her artistic training and remained there for most of her life and career. There she was recognized by contemporaries like Edgar Degas for her talent, and she became the only American artist to exhibit with the Impressionists in Paris. Her signature subjects were portraits of women and portrayals of mothers and children caught in everyday moments. In both her style and her insightful evocations of women's inner lives, she was a distinctly modern artist of the late nineteenth century.
Images of courtesans
-Glamorized and idealized the work -This was actually horible work and many died under the conditions -Because a woman was considered less their faces were very indistinct •It's difficult to get a window into the world of Edo-Period Japanese prostitutes without the gauzy romantic filter of the male gaze. The were made by men for men, the patrons of the Yoshiwara pleasure district outside of Edo, which is now known as Tokyo. The artwork glamorized and idealized, but the reality of working in the brothels was harsh.
Nadar
-Most important photgraphy in Europe -Made photgraphy an art
Schools of Modern Art
-There are a lot of characterstics that go into modern art -Subject matter focused on modernnity- life around them -Intresated in effect of outdoor, fleeting light -Not concerned with academic technique of modeling -Wants to give the viewers a sense of the processes of painting -No smoothness or rendering ----Basic Chacteristics in impressionism: --Small thin yet visble brush strokes ---Many of the artist painted en plein air- some even painted an entire piece en plein air --Influence of Japanisma
Thomas Eakins
-Very driven person -Followed through on convictions -But this would have an inflence on his career -He graduates centeral highschool in Philly -Very smart and speaks fluent french, which always hik to do things other artist could not -Studied Pensilvania Academy -Takes anatomy classes at Jeferson medical Colledge --OBSSESED with the human body --He is taken intot he studio of Jean Leon Gerome -Spends 4 yrs in Europe -From middle class fam-he is being finacially supported by fam to study -Also learns under Leon Bonnat a realist painter -He was not an orientalist painter --He would take over the penselvania academy and revolutionize it -He insits as the teacher of the PA acdemy that students draw from the nude -Eakins was dismissed tho while he was teaching and explaning pelvic muscles he tool of his lion cloth and thrown out
Ruskin v. Whistler
-Whistler sues him in a civil suit -He wins butt did recived one penny in damages -He goes bankrupt, had expected to make lots of money off of this •Whistler won, but received derisory damages of just one farthing, a quarter of a penny. While Ruskin's friends paid his legal expenses, Whistler went bankrupt covering his own. Eventually, however, he had his revenge. Years later, when his reputation had grown, he sold the offending picture for £800, about four times what Ruskin said it was not worth.
Salon des Refuses
-an alternative Salon of rejected artworks promoted by Napoleon III; -it is often said to herald the beginning of modern art -Only done once
Mathew B. Brady
-was the earliest photgraphers in American history -Studied under inventor Smauel FB -Wins an international award in Europe -Known as Licoln's photographer -Photgraphed soldiers in the civil war -Photgraphed aftermath of battles -Didint credit his assistance
In the Devil's Den
Alexander Gardner -Worked under Matheww Brady -The body was thrown into this pit for the photo -Shock value -Lack of empathy here -This was not uncommon -War was not romantisized •Like other Civil War photographers, Alexander Gardner sometimes tried to communicate both pathos and patriotism with his photographs, reminding his audience of the tragedy of war without forgetting the superiority of his side's cause. Sometimes, the most effective means of elevating one's cause while demeaning the other was to create a scene -- by posing bodies -- and then draft a dramatic narrative to accompany the picture. The corpse was dragged to this location.
The Butterfly
Berthe Morisot -Manets sister in law -Was a model in many pics -Young moter or nanny with two children
Yosemite
Carleton Watkins -Most well known american landscape photgrapher -Everything is large -Very hard to navigate Yosemite -He was the first serious photgrapher of Yosemite -This helps the gov decided they need to protect certain parts of the landscape •Carleton Watkins is best known for his pioneering images of the American West.
Man with a Cat
Cecilia Beaux -Her brother in law -A very influentiual man
Sita and Sarita
Cecilia Beaux -Manet's olympia refrence
The Painter of Modern Life
Charles Baudelaire wrote this eassay. -If you wanted to be an artist you had to paint the world around you. -Flanuers -Movment
Naked Series: Thomas Eakins
Circle of Thomas Eakins -Peoples bodys look different no mater what same position they are in •In the 1880s, Eakins' interest in realism brought him in contact with the photographer Edward Muybridge. The two collaborated on photographing the movement of animals and humans. Though few painters took it seriously, Eakins believed the new photographic technology was a tool to better represent the physical world.
Impression Sunrise
Claude Monet -This gives Impressionst their name -Studied academically chosses to paint this way -Studied under Charles Gleyre -Influenced by Turner -Reff to the Burning of the House of Lords and Commons 1835
Michel Eugene Chevreul
Color theory text published 1839 "The Laws of Simultaneous Color Contrast" -Complementary color theory
Ballet Rehearsal
Degas -Patron of the ballet -Sex work was part of ballerinas life -Paid very little money, lots of rigorus work
Singer With a Glove
Degas Went everywehre and painted life
Galloping Horse, 1887 from Animal Locomotion,
Eadweard Muybridge _merges photgraphy with scinece -Wanted to see if horse runs with all hoofs in air •Muybridge was commissioned by Leland Stanford, governor of California and present of the Central Pacific Railroad, to understand the mechanics of a race horse he owned in order to improve its training. Galloping Horse belonged to a series of stop action photographs made at Stanford's racetrack. In 1883 he moved to the University of Pennsylvania and broadened his studies to include animals and humans. The next logical step was the reconstitution of motion in sequentially viewed photographs, and he invented the zoopraxiscope in 1879 which was the first step towards motion pictures.
William Fox Talbot
Earliest experimentation with printing on paper was in 1839 Glass plate negative- allowed photgraphers to make multiple images Durrning civil war photogrophers had portable dark rooms
Portrait of Mary Cassatt
Edgar Degas -She was the only female impresionist painter in America -She leans out at the viewer -She is an individual, not in the bkg but in the forground -He influenced her to become a impresionist painter
Day At the Races
Edgar Degas -Rich mans sport -Obssed with it -Very intamate -Sacale is wrong Refrencing Japnaese prints -When rich, they hired a wet nurse to nurse the baby -The family watches as the wet nurse is about to feeds the baby
The Luncheon on the Grass
Edouard Manet -He updates an old master sjubject -Citique is bad -Maybe be a trsit -She is the only one naked -Realism- realistic people but subject matter is removed from reality -Titian-Pastoral Symphony 1508 reffrenced -Marcantonio Raimondi The Judgment of Paris -Was she a prostitute? -In Salon of refusals -Man's gester from sistien caple -Blurred the lines between fact and fiction -Shown in the Salon des Refuses -Bathing areas along the Seine were separated by gender. But there were numerous hidden alcoves on the riverbank and infractions of the rule must have been commonplace. Is this a tryst in the park? This type of prostitute was known as a grisette.
The Bar at the Folies Bergere
Edouard Manet -In momata where artist live in Paris -Had to pay a cover charge to get in the bar -The bar maids were very well known -He moved the reflection and placed us in the position of the man -Strange composition -There is a trapiez artist -Bottles of champign, absith which was really popular att, beer for the english= intenational crowd -The woman is detached -She looks like she doesn't want to be there, looks at you but past you -MELENCHOLY -Bar maid were often prostitutes -The flower on her chest arent actually common -Casualty of modern life -He did a study for the piece -He cahnged his mind along the way -She isnt looking at the viewer -Her reflection is logistically acurate -Warmer pallet -The use of the mirror harkins back to Velasquez Las Meninas
Music in the Tuileries
Edouard Manet -Concert -All the people in Manet's circle -Artist composers and writers •The work is a who's who of painters, writers and musicians in Manet's circle. Manet includes himself so he is both observing the scene and is part of it.
Anonymous Society of Painters, Sculptors, Engravers
Exhibited their works at the former studio of the photgrapher Nadar
The Kabuki actors Bando Zenji
Faces are differentiated and caricature-like and exaggerated
Rainy Day, Paris
Gustave Caillebotte The world of flaneurs Patrron of the impressionist artist
53 Stations of Tokaido RoadMain Road between Edo and Kyoto
Hiroshige -53 stations of Tokaido, known for vertical landscapes -Main Road between Edo and Kyoto --Mannen Bridge, Fukagawa 1857 --- It was believed turttles were a symbol of longevity and good luck ----- Meant to be realeased into the wild to obtain good •It is said went on that trip which took about a month and then drew the places he saw. •He combines majestic landscapes with entertaining views of people. •Viewers felt as if they were actually visiting the places
Thirty-Six Views of Mount Fuji
Hokusai Use of Prussian blue imported from Europe. These were a huge hit. •Fuji is the tallest volcano in Japan •During the Edo period people climbed the mountain •The mountain is viewed as a site of everyday as well as sublime experience •Blue prints of familiar sites were considered exotic because the pigment was imported.
The Great Wave
Hokusai from 36 Views of Mount Fuji -Most famous one -About power of nature -Many western painters had collections of the art •Between 5-10,000 were printed •This is the first print in the series •Boats hauled cargoes of fresh fish and vegetables •Peril of man against nature. Fuji is diminished in power and scale in comparison to that of the wave •Van Gogh, for example, loved this print
Daguerrotype Camera
Jacques Louis Daguerre perfects the Daguerrotype camera -Daguerre creates the first camera -Daguerrotypes were cheap and easy to use -Put portrait artist in a corner -Photgraphy was not fine art -Worked with dangerous chemicals -Daguerrotypes are a one shot process, no duplicates •Daguerreotypes reigned from 1839 to the 1850s. In this first period of picture making millions of daguerreotypes were made of almost any subject on which light would shine. All the major cities and tourist destinations were daguerreotyped, but the new process had its most revolutionary impact in portraiture. •A daguerreotype does not look or feel like a photograph. Its image rests on a highly polished copper plate and its brilliant mirror-like surface provides visual depth. •The problem with this process it that it had a long exposure time.
Arrangement in Grey: Portrait of the Painter
James Abbott McNeill Whistler -He was a dandy and mean spirtied -He used a Chop ( a common signature for paintings in Japan and China) His Chop was a butterfly with a stunger (his mom called him his butterfly) -His father works on the trans cibera railroad -They move to Russia -Father dies and he has finacial problems -Mom sent him to a military academy -He got kicked out -Loves to party -Not religious -American when convient
ukiyo-e
Japanese woodblock printing; translation: "pictures of the floating world" -Most popular during Tokugawa period •Referred to the entertainment districts in major cities such as Edo (Tokyo) •Later, referred to the entire world of urban fashion and pleasure •Ukiyo-e Pictures of the Floating World including paintings, books, and prints •Abandoning oneself to pleasure Including is exaggerated foreshortening, asymmetry of design, areas of flat (unshaded) color, lack of shadows, and imaginative and aggressive cropping of figures, •Main subjects often include courtesans and kabuki actors for the first part of ukiyo-e •Genre scenes •Landscapes •Kabuki and theater subjects •Portraiture •Most Edo period prints dealt with services and entertainments offered for sale
El Jaleo
John Singer Sargent -Flamenco dancing -Commissioned by American woman -Hand print on the wall = reff of when the alteimera cave paintings were founded
Isabella Stewart Gardner
John Singer Sargent -Marries to walthy man -Very well known philanthropist -She becomes great friends wiith her -She was an impossing woman -Her husband did not allow it to be shown during his lifetime' •Over the course of their 38-year friendship, Isabella Stewart Gardner acquired 61 of Sargent's paintings, drawings, watercolors, and sculptural reliefs.
Dr. Samuel Pozzi
John Singer Sargent -No idea he is a doctor -Red = royalty -He is a gynocoligest based on the length of his fingers and the placment of the hand -Famous French gynocologist -Love docotor
Madame X
John Singer Sargent -Not a commission -This is Regienie Gotro ---An American that comes to Paris during the civil war and marries a French man ---Considerd very beauitful -Rumor that she had an affair with Pozzi --Everyone wanted to paint her -This picture he shows at the Salon -Her mother and her see the pic before the salon ----Orginally he painted it with one strap slightly over the shoulder ----This OG was shown in the Salon, and critics were scandalized ----The French were annoyed because she and Sargent were not French- and they were annoyed he was "stealing" medles from others in the Salon ---The work destroyed Sargent's career in France-He moves from Paris to London
Daughters of Edward Darley Boit
John Singer Sargent -Shows at Salon -Edward is a painter, his wife is wealthy -This is the foie of the apartemnt -Not a commission -Not recived well •Edward Boit was an artist and friend of Sargent's. We do not know if he commissioned the painting, but he did end up buying the painting.
Mrs. Carl Meyer and Her Children
John Singer Sargent -Wife of wealthy prominent buisness man -This reignited his carrer -Englidh grand maner portrait painting values
Carolus Duran
John Singer Sargent In 1874 the young Sargent goes to Paris to study full-time in the studio of Carolus Duran. His virtuosity was clear form the beginning.
Venice
John Singer Sargent water colors -He goes to Venice every year and does paintings from the gondalas
, Carnation, Lily, Lily, Rose
John Singer Sargent -2year to do this picture, because he wanted to paint it a twilight specifically
Ophelia
Julia Margaret Cameron -First sucessful woman photgrapher -She was exclusively a portrait photographer
Olympia
Manet -Compainion piece to luncheon on the Grass -Gets admited to Salon in 1865 -Olympia was a high class prostitiute -Allowed to let in because jury doesn't want to be accused of censorship -They knew he would get negative crit for it -Direct quotation from the Venus of urbino -You are her next client -Body as a comodity -Cat is a symbol of lust -Cat is ready to pounce -High level cortsans -Back then cortessans like were considered dangerous -Diffrence between sexuality and beauty -Placed on top shelf making it hard to see -Olympia is a name for prositutes -MONAET DOES NOT SHAOW WITH THE IMPRESSIONIST •Olympia was painted the same year as the Dejeuner. They seemed to be intended as companion pieces that show the social categories of prostitution. She is not a grisette but the grande horizontale, the upper echelon of the profession. •Manet had copied Titian's Venus of Urbino when he was in Italy. •Both Venus and Olympia are names with allusions to Classical antiquity. •This was body as commodity.
La Loge
Mary Cassatt -At the Paris opera -This is her sister -Went to be seen
The Bath
Mary Cassatt -Specializes in these images -Mother and child -Looking at uikoy prints Cassatt specialized in images of women and children partly because other subjects were not available to her. -Reff: Kitagawa Utamoro, Mother and Sleepy Child
La Loge
Mary Cassatt -This is Casset -She is people watching and she is being seen -Got reviewed very positivley in America -Opera was one of the few places woman could enjoy independence
The Blue Armchair
Mary Cassatt -Visbile brush stroke -Subject is domestic -Relaxed child -Belived that Dega worked on this painting with her
Abraham Lincoln
Mathew Brady -He looks intelgent and serious -In actuality he was a rural countr man, often unkempt -Licoln was actually a good joker -This branded him and is propaganda
Bridge in Garden
Monet -Based on Japnese gradens •By the time painter Claude Monet moved to Giverny, 45 miles outside of Paris,his garden would become the subject of his work for the latter part of his life. •Monet had a collection of Japanese prints and referenced them in his paintings.
Gare St. Lazare
Monet -Series of paintings -Images of modernity -He makes six and exhibits them together -Very difficult way to paint -Monet did serial pictures that examined the same subject under different lighting conditions -During the Franco-Prussian War (1970) Monet moves to England where he studies the work of Turner.
Sarah Bernhardt
Nadar -Theater actress -Inquistive dreamy -Suggestive -Sexualized
Luncheon of the Boating Party
Renoir -Lunch at Maison Fournaise -Small hotel where you can take your meals -No evidence that he created pre sketches for this -Caillebotte purchased this piece too
Moulin de la Galette
Renoir -Shown ath the 1877 Impressionist Exhibition -Dance hall in Artist quarters -Different classes enjoying themselves -People he knows are in it -This was purchased by Caillebotte -He painted this outdoors back and forth
The Gross Clinic
Thomas Eakins -Paints one of the most famous medical scientist-DR. SMAUEL GROSS -Eakins feels very close to scince and anatomy -Paints this for the Centenial but rejected for Art section -This is an actual operation -Done in a theater to audienc of theater students -Woman on the side most likey the patients mother -Adiuence is the woman -This is an operation for militus, to prevent the amputation of the leg -Had to forshorten the figure to show it -Man holding colriform over patients face -Portraits 100% accurate -Focus of light on his head, where the intelgence is -This light is sunlight -People were disgusted by this piece -Refring to Rembrants Anatomy Lesson of Dr.Tulp -Diffrence E is alive R is dead -Photgraphs of operations however were common -The jury placed it in the Medical Pavillion instead at the Centenial Exhibision.
Warrior Series
Utamaro Kuniyoshi, Samurai -Samurai was the ruling military class during Tokogawa period
Nocturne in Blue and Silver
Whistler -Painter of London fog -Lived on the water front and painted it -Looks like an abstraction -Nocture is a theater term, and a time of day •WHISTLER REJECTS THE NOTION THAT ART NEEDED TO BE BASED ON DEPICTING NATURE ACCURATELY
Arrangement in Grey and Black No. 1
Whistler -Portrait of his mother -His mother is very prim and proper -After husbands death she wore only mourning cloths -His mother decided to live with him -His mother and him are such opposites - yet she belives in his artistic genius -She would help make his friends and clients happy -This painting came about when a model didn't show up -The curtain was of a japnese print -The photo is one of his prints He was aprint maker -He submits it to royal acedmy -This is a flop -He never submits to them again -Mom was proud of the piece -This is shown in America during the depression -The suddenly it was the embodiment of motherhood by viewers
Nocturne in Black and Gold, The Falling Rocket
Whistler -These are fire works from Cermon Gardens in Paris -These were pleasure grounds- places for fairs -Ruskin-an art cretic says its bad -Lawsuit unfloads
Caprice in Purple and Gold: The Golden Screen
Whistler -influenced by Japanese prints and blue-and-white porcelain.
Looking Out to Sea
Winslow Homer -Dangerous waether -Many would die from it •Homer goes to England between between 1881-2 and moves from New York to Prout's Neck, Maine in 1883. •Watercolors begin to play an increasing role in his work
Life Size Black Bass
Winslow Homer -Homer loved to fish -The fisherman is persumed to be out of the picture -Looking at Japnese Yuki Eoue Prints
Prisoners From the Front
Winslow Homer -Very sad and tramatized -Aftermath of the Siege of Petersburg which was a turning point in the war. -Prisionors that were captured
Veteran in a New Field
Winslow Homer -Home starts as an illustrator for Harper's Weekly -Vetern of civil war indicated by napsack -Wheat represents death, where many battles took place -Syth death cutting lives down -Also amberham Licol's life being taken •Winslow Homer is embedded with the Northern troops as an artist for Harper's Weekly and witnesses many battles. •Winslow Homer is embedded with the Northern troops as an artist for Harper's Weekly and witnesses many battles.
Censorship regulations beginning in 1722
•Banned erotica •Artist/publisher had to put their names on the prints •You could not print anything "improper" or political -------After 1830 there are three new types of prints that became important •Bird and Flower- Hiroshige •Landscapes-Hokusai, 36 view of Mount Fuji •Warrior-Kuniyoshi
John Singer Sargent
•Born in Florence of American parents •Part of the expatriate generation obsessed with things European. Until he was 18 Sargent lived all over Europe. •He spoke four languages, played piano, and acquired a passion for art and architecture. •His mother was an accomplished watercolorist who encouraged her son to paint and draw form a young age. •In a life of constant travel, it was familial relationships that mattered most to Sargent. He and his sister Emily were constant companions. •Sargent's private papers were destroyed
American Civil War and Art
•Civil War is a point of departure for art in America. American art will become much more cosmopolitan. Americans want to be seen in an international context. •Loss of a sense of optimism and nationalism •Reality of the loss of nearly 700,000 Americans. More casualties than the Civil War, World Wars 1 and 2 and Vietnam combined. •Rapid developments in communication and travel after the Civil War •Instead of sketching in the American wilderness, artists now go to Europe •Paris supplants Munich and Dusseldorf in the late 1860s as places for Americans to study abroad
Impressionism
•Interested in the effects of outdoor, fleeting light and painting en plein air (out of doors). •Not concerned with the academic technique of modeling •Wants to give the viewers a sense of the process of painting •Not interested in the smooth, finished surface •New development of portable metallic tubes •Placed flat areas of color next to one another •The term Impressionism nickname was coined by art critics appalled at this style of painting. •To call someone an "Impressionist" in 1874 meant the painter had no skill and lacked the common sense to finish a painting before selling it. •Impressionism created a new way of seeing the world. -Modernity, as they knew it, became their subject matter.
Kabuki
•Kabuki is a classical Japanese dance-drama. -Kabuki theatre is known for the stylization of its drama and for the elaborate make-up worn by some of its performers. --Woman could not perform publically.
Claude Monet
•One of the founders of the Impressionist movement who often painted en plein air. -He lived next to a railroad, which he painted often -Developed a beauitful garden which he used as his subject matter -Lived in Geverney and used it as his subject matter as well -Key figure in impresionist movement
