ART EC-12

Constructivism

Started: 1915 Ended: Late 1930s replace art's traditional concern with composition with a focus on construction. Objects were to be created not in order to express beauty, or the artist's outlook, or to represent the world, but to carry out a fundamental analysis of the materials and forms of art, one which might lead to the design of functional objects. the movement flourished in Russia from about 1914 to 1930; notable for its creation of sculpture that was constructed rather than chiseled or modeled; often machine-like in appearance this method forsakes imitative elements in favor of attempting to evoke an aesthetic response on the part of the viewer by manipulating the formal relationships of space, mass, color, and sound. Pollack, Jose' de Rivera, Reinhardt and Albers were constructive artists.

Blocking-In in painting

The first painting stage after the preliminary sketch or drawing where areas of flat color are put down.

Entablature

The horizontal upper section of a classical building, resting on the columns and consisting of the architrave, frieze, and cornice refers to the superstructure of moldings and bands which lie horizontally above columns, resting on their capitals (decorative part of the column. Entablatures are major elements of classical architecture

Grisaille

The technique of painting a highly-modeled, black and white monochromatic base painting and then glazing it with transparent colors

Frottis

Thin transparent or semi-transparent glazes rubbed into the ground in the intitial phases of an oil painting. From the French term "frotter", meaning "to rub".

Sculpture Design: Mass

This is perhaps the most influential element in the sculpture that, when manipulated, can have a dramatic effect upon interpretation, light reflectivity and symmetry

Social Realism

With one quarter of the labor force out of work, banks bankrupt, and the Midwest Bread Basket turned into a Dust Bowl, artists like Ben Shahn and Reginald Marsh used art to highlight injustice and motivate reform. This was Social Realism... and those depicting urban scenes, with political and social consciousness are called "social realism.

Minor "ism" movements: Vorticism

a brief phase in English art that combined the concerns of Futurism with many stylistic attributes of Cubism; the father of the movement was Wyndham Lewis

Kinetics: Pendulum Effects

a famous example is the ball-bearing model where metal balls are suspended next to one another on thin wire so that one or more of them can be pulled away and dropped against the remaining bunch to produce a kind of perpetual swing

Common Light Sculptures: Neon Tubes

a glass tube filled with an inert gas such as neon which is electrically charged to produce a glowing effect

Common Light Sculptures: Laser Holography

a highly technical method of using laser beams to create 3-D illusions; often employed on a large scale

Metal Sculpturing- Techniques: Soldering

a joint created using low heat and a soldering compound of soft metal; easy to perform although relatively weak in strength

Bas Relief or Low Relief

a kind of sculpture in which shapes are carved so that they are only slightly higher than the flat background

Traditional Artist's Donkey

a large easel with a bench that some artists require useful for detailed work requiring an extended time in front of the canvas

Radial Easel

a large, foldable easel which adjusts to allow work at various angles.

Frisket

a masking fluids composed of rubber latex and pigment, and are used for masking areas of work needing protection when color is applied. Use a mask before you apply a watercolor wash to protect areas that you want to remain white.

Armature

a metal framework on which a sculpture is molded with clay or similar material. Almaloy is an aluminum wire most often used to build armatures, which provide a base on which to create sculptures.

Metal Sculpturing- Techniques: Tempering

a method for altering the hardness and elasticity of a sheet or other piece of metal

Clutch Pencils

a modified apparatus similar to a mechanical pencil with refillable lead in a range of sizes and thicknesses.

Foam Sculpting Plastics: Jean Dubuffet

a painter and sculptor, pioneer in the use of carved polystyrene

Minor "ism" movements: Orphism

a particular stylistic variation of cubism that combined the treatment of light, color and the sensation of movement; part of the repertoire of Robert and Sonia Delaunay, Marcel Duchamp and Frantisek Kupka, among others

Pilaster (Column)

a rectangular column, especially one projecting from a wall.

Graphite- Historical Use of Pencils

-18th century: Jean Auguste D. Ingres and Eugene Delacroix were using pencils for portrait work -19th century: Paul Cezanne- "Boy Surrounded by Rats" and "Dog Studies" -Late 19th early 20th century: Pierre-Auguste Renoir human body -Pablo Picasso "Nessus and Dejanira -Modigliani "Nude Girl"

Lacuna

A _______ is a blank spot. In art, it may occur in a painting when the paint has ceased to adhere to the support. A ______ may also appear on a painted object, such as a small ceramic sculpture that has been handled so often it has lost patches of surface color.

Turnette

A small waterproof wood turntable for working with small ceramic objects and sculpture.

Metal Sculpturing- Techniques: Riveting

a suitable method for permanently joining relatively thin pieces of metal

Acrylic Plastic Sheets: Annealing

a tempering process intended to increase strength; performed by the slow reduction of heat

Common Light Sculptures: Incandescent Light Bulbs

a vacuum drawn glass bulb consisting of tungsten filament which glows when electrically charged

Metal Sculpturing- Techniques: Painting and Finishing

a variety of methods are suitable for finishing metal work. The surface is typically prepared by an abrasive process such as sanding prior to applying paint. Metal can also be finished chemically through acid or phosphate baths, Parkerizing or similar methods.

Sketch Box Easel

a very compact, folding lightweight alternative suitable for a traveling artist or for an artist who does not have a permanent place in which to set up for work

Stone-Carving: Granite

a very hard stone requiring special tools to work successfully, polishes to an exceptionally high finish but is not suitable for detailed work

Mahl Sticks

a wooden cane with a chamois tip which rests on the canvas to steady the arm when painting- also available in aluminum

Types of Shapes: Distortion for Emotional Effect

achieved by, for instance, altering shape of the head, arms or shoulders of a figure to emphasize its emotional disposition or to point to its interest

Sculpture Design: Color

achieved through a variety of effects; can often add a sense of realism or a particular quality, such as age, to a work

Baluster (Balustrade plural)

also called spindle or stair stick-is a moulded shaft, square or of lathe-turned form, a form cut from a rectangular or square plank, one of various forms of spindle in woodwork, made of stone or wood and sometimes of metal,[1] standing on a unifying footing, and supporting the coping of a parapet or the handrail of a staircase.[2]

Geometric Projection: Scientific Projection

also known by the more technical name, "central projection'; the center of the technique is any one eye or point of focus; the object is rendered in multiple positions -- sometimes exemplified through a drop down or "swing away" drawing; a common technique of many Renaissance painters such as Masaccio.

Applied Art

An applied art is any art that applies aesthetic principles to the design or decoration of useful objects. Sculpture is a fine art, meaning that the art serves no purpose other than providing an aesthetic experience.

Spatial Depth: Aerial Perspective of Color

alters the appearance of an object by rendering the effect of intervening atmosphere; an object might become paler or less distinct as distance to it increases

Metal Sculpturing: Brass

an alloy of copper and zinc; polishes to a favorable finish and is corrosion resistant

Sculpture Design: Plane

An element with two dimensions- length and width; plane thickness is typically minimized to provide the most dramatic differentiation between plane and volume

Common Light Sculptures: Florescent Tubes

an argon-filled glass tube with an inner coating of fluorescent powder which glows when electrically charged

Dangerous Pigments

Antimony Black, Chrome Orange, Yellow or Green, Cadmium Red, Cobalt Violet, Antimony White, Strontium Yellow, and Antwerp Blue

Representing Space: Omission of Atmospheric Perspective:

an artist might employ atmospheric perspective to fade the distinctiveness or color of objects that might normally occur in the distance

Venetian School

Artists of the ________ school were fascinated with color, texture, and mood. Venetian artists brought the primacy of color over line, which contrasted with Mannerism, then prevalent in the rest of Italy. The Venetian style is viewed as having had a great influence on the subsequent development of painting. Titian, Veronese, Tintoretto

Four canonical painting modes of the Renaissance: Cangiante

Cangiante is characterized by the painter's changing to a different, lighter, hue when the original hue cannot be made light enough or, on the converse, changing to a darker hue when the original hue cannot be made dark enough. The concept was first introduced by Giotto (1266 -1337) who is credited as introducing this technique... The term comes from the Italian "cangiare" that means, "to change". It is a way of rendering shadows by changing the color.

Foamed Plastics: Coloring

Caution should be exercised when painting polystyrene as some paints contain solvents. Oils and polyester resins (or anything containing acetone or turpentine) should be avoided although one solution is to coat surface with plaster of Paris prior to applying the finish. Safe paints include vinyl and acrylics. Polyurethane is insoluble and can be finished successfully using a large variety of paints.

Rhyton

Created in Ancient Greece, a _____ is a horn-shaped sculpture with either an animal or human-shaped base used as a drinking vessel.

Pyramid Configuration

During the Renaissance, rigid profile portraits and grouping of figures on a horizontal grid gave way to a more three-dimensional__________. Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa is an example of this, where the focal point is her head.

Potato

Filed down to create a smooth surface, a _____ is a small, rounded metal attachment on the surface of a casting after an air bubble has caused a flaw.

Formalism

Formalism focuses on the art work itself, rather than the life of the artist or the historical context of a work. Formalist criticism addresses such topics as line, shape, and color. is the study of art by analyzing and comparing form and style—the way objects are made and their purely visual aspects. In painting formalism emphasizes compositional elements such as color, line, shape, texture, and other perceptual aspects rather than iconography or the historical and social context. is a particular mode of art criticism and theory according to which all visual art has an intrinsic value. This value is determined by the artist's ability to achieve an aesthetic order and balance of certain elemental truths within a painting. These elemental truths are the painting's use of color, line, composition and texture. No matter how much artistic style and taste may change over time, formalism holds that these truths are constant.

Inert pigment

Green earth is not an inert pigment. An inert pigment (a filler or extender) is a white or nearly white pigment that has a low refractive index and therefore, when ground in oil in the manner of the usual artists' color, have little or no opacity or tinctorial effect. EX: China Clay, gypsum, pumice.

Foamed Plastics: Heated Tools

Ideal for polystyrene but should be avoided with polyurethane. Nickel-chrome hot wire works well for cutting large or simple shapes while smaller surfaces can be successfully worked with a hand cutter. Soldering irons or kitchen knives are great tools can can be found in a large variety of shapes and sizes. Heated needle and fine metal tools embedded in cork work well for detailing.

Sculpture Design: Space

In a multi-piece sculpture is an element that can be manipulated to effect interpretation by yielding clues with respect to the relationship between individual pieces

Blind Pressing or Blind Printing

In printmaking, making an embossed print with an uninked plate is known as

Battening

In terms of weaving fabric, the process involving the beater of the loom pressing the newly created weft thread against the already woven fabric using a reed is called When the beater of a loom presses the newly created weft thread against the already woven fabric using a reed it is called_________. As the shuttle moves across the loom laying down the fill yarn, it also passes through openings in another frame called a reed. With each picking operation, the reed presses or battens each filling yarn against the portion of the fabric that has already been formed.

Metal Sculpturing: Iron

Iron is not favorable material due to it's propensity for rust although wrought iron is commonly favored due to its favorable working characteristics

1950's adopters of acrylic paint in U.S.

Jackson Pollock, Mark Rothko, Robert Motherwell and Kenneth Noland

Early adopters of acrylic

Jose' Orozco, Diego Rivera and David Siqueiros

Sculpture Design: Line

Line lends an element of space to a sculpture; vertical lines belie support and strength lending a monumental quality while horizontal lines have a somewhat dramatic effect. Convex lines can create tension while concave lines often indicate either real or implied forces

Colophons

Many Chinese paintings bear texts. Texts that are written on attached pieces of paper or silk are known as

Narrative Relief

One of the principal forms of Roman sculpture consisted of panels of sculpted figures depicting military exploits which decorated triumphal arches. The principal form of Roman sculpture other than statues was ________. Panels of sculpted figures depicting military exploits decorated triumphal arches, under which victorious armies paraded, leading long lines of chained prisoners. The Column of Trajan was the most ambitious of these efforts.

Palettes

Oval or rectangular and made of wood, china or glass, paper versions have become popular due to being disposable

Foamed Plastics: Joining and gluing

PVA, which is a non-solvent glue is often used for polystyrene while rubber contact types prove useful for polyurethane. Drawing a hot wire between surfaces which are pressed together can be used to join polystyrene as well.

1960's adopters of acrylic paint in Britain

Peter Blake, Tom Phillips, Bridget Riley, and Leonard Rosoman

Van Aken Plastalina

Pigmented oil base modeling compound renowned throughout the world for its smooth consistency and brilliant color range. Never hardens, remains pliable and plastic.

Magatama

are curved, comma-shaped beads that appeared in prehistoric Japan from the Final Jōmon period

Stylized Art

art portrays objects in an unrealistic but recognizable way. For example, a person might be portrayed with a head shaped like a cube, or bodies might be portrayed with elongated arms and legs.

Stone-Carving: Marble

available in a variety of colors, typically easy to carve and produces a nice finish

Stone-Carving: Limestone

available in a variety of densities and colors, Caen limestone from France is considered among the best for carving

Metal Sculpturing: Steel

available in a variety of forms, notable for its strength and ability to be cut and welded although it can be difficult to model

Graphite Pencils

available in hard and soft qualities on a 18 point scale which runs from the softest, 8B to the hardest 8H or 1 to 4 depending on the way the manufacturer labels.

Metal Sculpturing- Techniques: Welding

available through a variety of methods, it is a permanent means of joining metal through a high heat melting process; flame welding is preferred over the arc method for modeling due to its lower heat requirement

Wastes: Baby, linseed and lubricating oils

baby oil can be washed down the drain or disposed of in regular trash; linseed oil should be combined with solvents or oil-based paint for disposal; lubricating oils are recyclable and should be disposed of as such

Wood Carving Tools: Shaping

basic shapers include rifflers, files and rasps. Files are finer than rasps while a riffler has a curved edge for built-in space for shavings which prevents the tool from clogging.

Acrylic Plastic Sheets: Joining or Gluing

best performed with solvent-based cement

Types of Shapes: Voluminal Shape

blocking figures to study essential volumes or characterize the mass and weight of an object such as the human body

Acrylic Plastic Sheets: Engraving

burr cutters and flexible shaft tools make excellent engraving equipment

Types of Shapes: Geometric Designs

can be employed to add a sense of vitality to a scene or to integrate an otherwise unimportant background into its overall artistic meaning

Representing Space: Diversified Images

can be employed to reveal what might otherwise be hidden by the limited perspective of a viewer; for instance, to fully reveal everything on a table full of objects

Table Easel

can be used on a high chair or low table; compact and easily storable

Types of Shapes: Linear Shape

can be used to convey action or focus purely on narrative in a more simplistic manner than be literal rendition

Types of Shapes: All-Over Patterns

can be used to fill space or for purely decorative purposes

Representing Space: Multiple Perspective

can be used to represent a different perspective for the viewer of various elements; particularly useful to render a complex architectural scene

Stone-Carving: Alabaster

characteristically smooth and translucent relatively soft and workable, best for smaller pieces which will be weather protected

Dip Pens

cheap and readily available, these can be fitted to a variety of nib gauges, from fine to blunt tips including script, italic, five-line and copperplate.

Pastels

chemically pure pigments gently bound by gum or resin.

Wastes: Paints

considered hazardous waste by the EPA- do not dump down drain; latex and water based paint can be thrown away in trash

Wastes: Solvents

considered hazardous waste; do not dump down drain

Tempera paint

created by mixing pigment distilled with water with the yolk of fresh hen's eggs- the egg pigment mixture dries to form a thin yet hard layer of color. You can add wax, oils, or gum Arabic to alter the effects or qualities of paint

Cloisonné

decorative enamel work in which metal filaments are fused to the surface of an object to outline a design that is filled in with enamel paste. is an ancient technique in which various kinds of decoration are added to the surface of metal. Earlier pieces used jewels and precious metals as decorative pieces. Contemporary pieces typically use enamel. used to describe a form of metal decoration in which enamel or other colored material is applied to the surface of the metal

Cuneiform

denoting or relating to the wedge-shaped characters used in the ancient writing systems of Mesopotamia, Persia, and Ugarit, surviving mainly impressed on clay tablets.

Foam Sculpting Plastics: Polyurethane (Styrofoam)

denser, closed cell variety, not prone to melting and releases toxic fumes when heated

Kinetic Art: Light Play

dependent upon movement of either the light source or the viewer

Lattice

describes gridded openwork made of wood, plastic, or other material is typically found screening windows or gates, and is a gridded openwork structure made out of a wide variety of materials including wood and plastic.

Found Object or Objet trouvé in French

describing art created from undisguised, but often modified, objects or products that are not normally considered art, often because they already have a non-art function.

Common Light Sculptures: Strobe Lights

designed to give bright, pulsating flashes of light

Acrylic Plastic Sheets: Laminating

easily accomplished using a good quality laminating cement

Metal Sculpturing: Aluminum

easily welded although difficult to model due to its inability to hold shape under heat

Types of Shapes: Varied Patterns

employed to convey, for instance, a busy scene or to integrate an otherwise unimportant background into its overall artistic meaning

Kinetic Art: Movable Works

encourages the rearrangement or alteration of a painting or sculpture by the observer who essentially becomes interactive with the work

Scorper

engraving tool with a wide, rounded end used for making thick lines and removing large areas of the block or plate. engraving tool with a wide, rounded end used for making thick lines and removing large areas of the block or plate is known as

Shape Brushes for Oil Painting: Filberts

flat brushes with a rounded shape

Brushes for Pen and Ink

for ink work, typically of the sable variety, these require careful cleaning after use.

Bauhaus School

founded by architect Walter Gropius in Weimer, German in 1919. The school studied how modern materials/science could be used to improve aesthetics and functionality. Marcel Breur, Paul Klee, Gerhard Marcks. Training through art by involving all senses, combining thinking and feeling, and problem solving through direct experience. Many artists at Bauhaus went to U.S. and affected industrial design of cars, tools, household appliances and furniture, city planning, graphic design, textiles. It is marked by an absence of ornamentation and by harmony between the function of an object or a building and its design. The Bauhaus school of design, which began in Germany after the First World War, shunned ornamentation and stressed the relationship between form and function. The movement also championed the idea that mass production was compatible with the individual artistic spirit. Gunta Stölzl, the only woman on the Bauhaus staff, was largely responsible for the vitality of the weaving workshop at the Bauhaus, creating numerous handwoven carpets, curtains, and runners. In accordance with Bauhaus principles, she also designed weavings for machine production.marqu

Tenebrism

from the Italian, tenebroso (murky), also called dramatic illumination, is a style of painting using very pronounced chiaroscuro, where there are violent contrasts of light and dark, and where darkness becomes a dominating feature of the image. The technique was developed to add drama to an image through a spotlight effect,[1] and was popular during the Baroque period of painting.

Foam Sculpting Plastics: Louis Chavignier and Jean Dubuffet

gained popularity for use in large-scale carved molds of cement and concrete sculptures

Acrylic Plastic Sheets: Wet Sanding

garnet or aluminum oxide sandpaper generally work best

Sculpture Design: Movement

generally an implied effect; often a function of reflected light that can be altered through the manipulation of the sculpture's mass. Some sculptors, such as Alexander Calder, employ actual movement in their work through mobiles or similar effects

Geometric Projection: Cabinet Projection

gives a fairly good approximation of how an object will appear when finished and provides measurements in scale. It isn't particular popular method, however, since it usually requires two translations- top and sides into halves and ratio translation in terms of size.

Wastes: Ceramic glaze

glazes should be rinsed in special basins which catch the sediments prior to entering the drain

Wood Carving Tools: Carpentry

half rip saws are the most popular due to the inability to cut with as well as across the grain. Bow saws are useful for curve-cutting while the fret saw is good for flat pieces. Wooden mallets are useful although selection is important as they tend to be heavy.

Wastes: Acids and Bases

hazardous acids and bases are between 2 and 12.5 on the pH scale

Acrylic Plastic Sheets: Heat Forming

heating acrylic sheets to 250 degrees F will cause them to be soft and pliable

Four canonical painting modes of the Renaissance: Chiaroscuro (light-dark)

in art is the use of strong contrasts between light and dark, usually bold contrasts affecting a whole composition.

Four canonical painting modes of the Renaissance: Sfumato

in painting or drawing, the fine shading that produces soft, imperceptible transitions between colours and tones. It is used most often in connection with the work of Leonardo da Vinci and his followers, who made subtle gradations, without lines or borders, from light to dark areas; the technique was used for a highly illusionistic rendering of facial features and for atmospheric effects. is the use of fine shading that produces subtle, imperceptible transitions between tones and colors. _______ softens the appearance of a painting, as if the image is being seen through a veil of smoke. The "Mona Lisa" is the most famous example of the use of this technique.

Blind Hem or Stitch

in sewing is a method of joining two pieces of fabric so that the stitch thread is invisible, or nearly invisible

Monumental in terms of art criticism

in terms of art criticism, the term, _________, refers to any art piece that is both impressive and simple. Large size is often a feature, but not necessarily a requirement of ________ art work.

Minor "ism" movements: Rayonism

inspired by cubism and began in Russia as an experiment in pure abstraction; employed linear "rays" of light that produced facets of color and light on the canvas; a short-lived movement of a few artists over a period of just a few years

Broken Color

involves applying small strokes of different colors next to and over each. This technique was used extensively by the Impressionists. When seen from a normal viewing distance, the strokes seem to merge into a single color, but they create a shimmering effect that suggests changes in light. involves applying small strokes of different colors next to and over each other to create a mosaic-like effect

Profil Perdu

is a French term which is used for a painted view of a head, in which the face is turned away from the spectator so that he sees the outline of the cheek and chin, and the nape of the neck, but not the nose and forehead. The term also pertains to any object that has been turned more than halfway away by the artist.

Cromlech

is a circle of stones arranged for some ceremonial or religious purpose. Stonehenge, the best known example of a cromlech, may have been part of an agricultural ritual.

Nimbus (Halo)

is a circle that appears around the head of an angel, saint or other sacred figure. When the light appears around the whole body, it is known as a glory, mandorla or Vesica Piscis.

Sinopia

is a dark reddish-brown natural earth pigment, whose reddish color comes from hematite, a dehydrated form of iron oxide. It was widely used in classical antiquity and the Middle Ages for painting, and during the Renaissance it was often used for the cartoon or underpainting for a fresco.Fsin

Monoprinting

is a form of printmaking that has images or lines that can only be made once, unlike most printmaking, where there are multiple originals. There are many techniques of monoprinting. Examples of standard printmaking techniques which can be used to make monoprints include lithography, woodcut, and etching.

Cartoon

is a full-scale preparatory drawing. Fresco painters often used cartoons to accurately arrange the parts of a picture to be painted on fresh plaster. Small holes would be made in the lines of the cartoon, and fine powder would be used to create a stenciled outline on the wall.

Parquetry

is a geometric mosaic of wood pieces used for decorative effect

Emakimono

is a horizontal scroll painting that is unrolled by hand- Japanese

Stucco

is a material made of an aggregate, a binder, and water. Stucco is applied wet and hardens to a very dense solid. It is used as decorative coating for walls and ceilings and as a sculptural and artistic material in architecture. Stucco may be used to cover less visually appealing construction materials such as metal, concrete, cinder block, or clay brick and adobe.

Sculptor's clay

is a native earth consisting largely of kaolin combined with silica. (wet clay) comes in dry powder form and is moistened before use

Pelike

is a one-piece ceramic container similar to an amphora.** It has two open handles that are vertical on their lateral aspects and even at the side with the edge of the belly, a narrow neck, a flanged mouth, and a sagging, almost spherical belly.

Wet-on-wet or alla prima (Italian meaning first attempt)

is a painting technique, used mostly in oil painting, in which layers of wet paint are applied to previously administered layers of wet paint.

Lake pigment

is a pigment manufactured by precipitating a dye with an inert binder, or "mordant", usually a metallic salt. Unlike vermilion, ultramarine, and other pigments made from ground minerals, lake pigments are organic. is a pigment made by precipitating or fixing a dye upon an inert pigment or lake base. The process requires a high degree of skill to produce good results. Lakes are made in a great range of hues and strengths.

Brayer

is a roller with which one spreads ink during the printmaking process. It somewhat resembles a paint roller, but is smaller in diameter, shorter in length. Brayers are used in relief printing

Makara

is a sea monster with the features of a crocodile or elephant seal belonging to the sculptural repertory of Indonesian or Indo-Chinese architecture. It is an emblem of water.

Fillet or Slip

is a small piece of molding which fits inside a larger frame or, typically, underneath or in between matting, used for decorative purposes.

Alabastron

is a small type of pottery or glass vessel used in the ancient world for holding oil, especially perfume or massage oils. They originated around the 11th century BC in ancient Egypt as containers carved from alabaster - hence the name - but spread via ancient Greece to other parts of the classical world.

Kerning in Typography

is a spacing adjustment of one or more specific pairs of adjacent characters that, because of the relationship of their respective shapes, would appear to be badly spaced if spaced normally- don't confuse with Letter-spacing the process of adjusting the spaces between letters to give the viewer the impression of more consistent spacing. In typography, a kern is the portion of a character that overlaps the edge of an adjacent character.

Volutes

is a spiral, scroll-like ornament that forms the basis of the Ionic order, found in the capital of the Ionic column.

Surrealism: Frottage

is a surrealist and "automatic" method of creative production developed by Max Ernst. In frottage the artist takes a pastel or pencil or other drawing tool and makes a rubbing over an uneven surface. The drawing can be left as it is or used as the basis for further refinement. While superficially similar to brass rubbing and other forms of rubbing intended to reproduce an existing subject, and in fact sometimes being used as an alternate term for it, frottage differs in being aleatoric and random in nature is the transfer of a design to paper by rubbing. It is often used as an element in collage, sometimes as a pictorial representation of an area.

Fumage

is a surrealist art technique popularized by Wolfgang Paalen in which impressions are made by the smoke of a candle or kerosene lamp on a piece of paper or canvas. Salvador Dalí later utilized the technique in his paintings, calling the technique "sfumato".

Surrealism: Grattage

is a surrealist technique in painting in which (usually wet) paint is scraped off the canvas. It was employed by Max Ernst and Joan Miro

Sgraffito

is a technique either of wall decor, produced by applying layers of plaster tinted in contrasting colours to a moistened surface, or in ceramics, by applying to an unfired ceramic body two successive layers of contrasting slip, and then in either case scratching so as to produce an outline drawing. Ceramics are usually coated with layers of glaze or a substance called slip. In the_______ process, the artist scratches through these layers to create a pattern in a lower layer of another colo

Masking (Airbrushing)

is a technique that serves to protect areas from overspray as well as to serve as an additional method for producing fine lines and intricate patterns

Objet d'art (Art Object or Work of Art)

is a term borrowed from French for miscellaneous, small objects such as ceramic figurines, snuff boxes, or porcelain vases whose function is subordinate to their decorative value. describe works of art that are not paintings, large or medium-sized sculptures, prints or drawings. It therefore covers a wide range of works, usually small and three-dimensional, of high quality and finish in areas of the decorative arts, such as metalwork items, with or without enamel, small carvings, statuettes and plaquettes in any material, including engraved gems, hardstone carvings, ivory carvings including Japanese netsuke and similar items, non-utilitarian porcelain and glass, and a vast range of objects that would also be classed as antiques (or indeed antiquities), such as small clocks, watches, gold boxes, and sometimes textiles, especially tapestries. Books with fine bookbindings might be included.

Imprimatura

is a term used in painting, meaning an initial stain of color painted on a ground. It provides a painter with a transparent, toned ground, which will allow light falling onto the painting to reflect through the paint layers.

Velatura

is a thin layer of opaque paint, spread out so it creates a milky or foggy haze that obscures some of what's beneath it, but not all. It's like a glaze, but created using an opaque or semi-opaque pigment rather than a transparent one.

Watercolor

is a transparent, soft characteristic where portions of the underlying white or lighter color paper is left mostly bare or faintly toned. The ability to work with colors is limited and errors can be difficult to correct. This can make watercolor painting a less-forgiving art form.

Lampworking, Flameworking, or Torchworking

is a type of glasswork where a torch or lamp is primarily used to melt the glass. Once in a molten state, the glass is formed by blowing and shaping with tools and hand movements. It is also known as flameworking or torchworking, as the modern practice no longer uses oil-fueled lamps.

Dobby Loom

is a type of loom on which small, geometric figures can be woven in as a regular pattern. Dobby looms produce patterns which are beyond the range of simple looms, but are somewhat limited compared to a jacquard loom, which has a wider range of pattern capabilities.

Pochade (Pocket in French)

is a type of oil sketch used in painting. As opposed to a croquis, which is line art, a pochade captures the colors and atmosphere of a scene. Typically used by landscape artists, a pochade is a small preparatory oil sketch used by an artist to plan a composition before undertaking the actual work of art.

Distemper

is a water-soluble paint using egg-yolk or glue size as a binder

Intarsia

is a woodworking technique that used varied shapes, sizes, and types of wood fitted together to form a mosaic. ______ uses variations in the natural grain and color of wood to create patterns. Sometimes areas of the pattern are raised to create depth.

Triptych

is a work of art (usually a panel painting) that is divided into three sections, or three carved panels that are hinged together and can be folded shut or displayed open.

Regionalism or American Scene painting

is an American realist modern art movement that was popular from 1920s through the 1950s in the United States. The artistic focus was from artists who shunned city life, and rapidly developing technological advances, to create scenes of rural life. Regionalist style was at its height from 1930 to 1935, and is best known through the so-called "Regionalist Triumvirate" of Grant Wood in Iowa, Thomas Hart Benton in Missouri, and John Steuart Curry in Kansas. During the Great Depression of the 1930s, Regionalist art was widely appreciated for its reassuring images of the American heartland. is a term used to describe the works of American artists active during the 1920s and 1930s who tried to achieve independence from European traditions and to adhere to the principles of naturalism. Thomas Hart Benton was part of a sub-category of American Scene Painting called Regionalism.

Ink wash painting or Literati Painting

is an East Asian type of brush painting that uses black ink—the same as used in East Asian calligraphy, in various concentrations.

Pentimento or bleeding through

is an alteration in a painting, evidenced by traces of previous work, showing that the artist has changed his or her mind as to the composition during the process of painting. As oil paints age, they sink into the ground and become transparent. This allows the layers of paint below the surface to show

Repoussé

is an ancient metal crafting technique. It creates decorative forms on the surface of the metal by pushing outward from one side, usually from the interior of a vessel outward. The most famous ancient examples are the Vaphio Cups found in a Mycenaean bee-hive cave in Vaphio, Laconia, Greece (dated to c. 1500-1400 B.C.).

Trompe l'oeil (deceive the eye)

is an art technique that uses realistic imagery to create the optical illusion that the depicted objects exist in three dimensions.

Terra Cotta

is ceramic clay usually but not always containing iron oxide which imparts a characteristic reddish color to it. Pale, whitish varieties are also in use, as well as those of intermediate colors obtained by mixing clays and by adding small amounts of iron oxide or other coloring ingredients.

Four canonical painting modes of the Renaissance: Unione

is characterized by its sfumato quality, while still maintaining vibrant color... as we see in Raphael's "St. Catherine of Alexandria" and in Alba Madonna, c. 1510, reveal colors are brighter and harmoniously balanced, without violent contrasts. The shadows are soft (see the neck area and the hands) as in Sfumato, but the colors are more defined and prominent.

Ormolu

is finely cast soft bronze that is gilded (coated with gold) to create a matte gold finish. ______ was popularized in the eighteenth century in France.

Perspective- Various Types: Curvilinear Perspective

is made on a curved rather than flat picture plane

Glazing

is one of the traditional techniques that is associated with oil painting. Instead of stirring colors together on the palette, artists who used glazing applied each color separately, in successive glazes of thin, transparent paint. Each glaze modified the color beneath. The Renaissance painter, in particular, used a method of color mixing that involved applying each color separately in successive layers of thin, transparent paint.

Gouache painting or Body Color

is opaque watercolor painting- it lacks the transparency of watercolor due to it's covering power and opacity. It is applied similar to oils, but dries more quickly.

Fretwork

is ornamental openwork or interlaced work in relief, especially when elaborate and minute in its parts and in patterns of contrasting light and dark

Laid Papers

is paper with impressions of parallel lines due to the pulp resting against wires on the screen as the paper is being made

Bisque

is porcelain or plain pottery which has not been glazed. It may also be known as "biscuit." Porcelain or plain pottery which has not been glazed is known as

Glair

is prepared by mixing egg whites with a little water, and then beating them, a varnish for tempera paints. It is important to remember to let the bubbles in the mixture dissipate before applying

Groin Vault (Double-Barrel or Cross Vault)

is produced by the intersection at right angles of two barrel vaults. The word "groin" refers to the edge between the intersecting vaults.

Marquetry

is the art and craft of applying pieces of veneer to a structure to form decorative patterns, designs or pictures.

Plinth

is the base of a column,wall, pedestal, statue, or monument. It rests directly on the ground. The basic function of a _______ is structural rather than decorative

Leather-Hard

is the condition of a clay or clay body when it has been partially dried to the point where all shrinkage has been completed. At this stage the clay object has approximately 15% moisture content. The clay is still visibly damp (normally a darkish grey) but has dried enough to be able to be handled without deformation. The body is able to be gouged or incised without breaking.

Intaglio

is the family of printing and printmaking techniques in which the image is incised into a surface, and the incised line or sunken area holds the ink. It is the opposite of a relief print.

Blanc de Chine (White from China)

is the name for the highly translucent and all-white appearance of Chinese porcelain that was made during the 17th Century Chinese porcelain that is characterized by its translucent and all-white appearance

Counter change

is the placing of light shapes against dark, and vice versa. It creates lively, interesting pictures, because the reversals of light and dark provide intriguing contrasts. It also gives movement and rhythm to a picture, leading the viewer from light to dark and back again.

Lost-Wax Casting (also called "investment casting", "precision casting", or cire perdue in French)

is the process by which a duplicate metal sculpture (often silver, gold, brass or bronze) is cast from an original sculpture.

Lossy Compression

is the process of reducing the storage space that is needed by a specific image. After_________, an image is different than before it was compressed. Those differences however, are not likely to be detectable by the human eye.

Calendering

is the process of smoothing the surface of the paper by pressing it between cylinders or rollers - the calender - at the end of the papermaking process.

Ground

is the surface to which paint is applied, or the material used to create that surface. A painting's ground is usually specially prepared on its support. Traditionally, for oil paint on canvas a ground of oil and white pigment is used; and on wood surfaces either an oil ground or gesso. A surface to which paint is applied, or the material used to create that surface

Hard-edge Painting

is the term applied to abstract paintings composed of simple geometric or organic forms executed in broad, flat colours and delineated by precise, sharp edges. The term was coined by the California art critic Jules Langsner in 1958 and intended by him merely as an alternative to the term "geometric abstraction." painting which is characterized by sharp, clearly defined outlines, and is associated with minimal art

Bar tack

is the term for short sewn stitches worked parallel and very close together. They are often worked across both lines of stitching at the ends of a buttonhole to reinforce them

Muller

is the tool used to grind pigment and oil mixtures. The base of the ____ has a very slight roughness or fine tooth to it. The base is usually slightly convex to encourage the pigment to "squeeze out" between the _____ and the surface you're grinding on.

Sotto in Sù or Illusionistic Ceiling Painting

is the tradition in Renaissance, Baroque and Rococo art in which trompe l'oeil, perspective tools such as foreshortening, and other spatial effects are used to create the illusion of three-dimensional space on an otherwise two-dimensional or mostly flat ceiling surface above the viewer. It is frequently used to visually suggest an open sky, such as with the oculus in Andrea Mantegna's Camera degli Sposi, or a fictive architectural space such as in the illusionistic cupola, one of Andrea Pozzo's frescoes in Sant'Ignazio, Rome. is an Italian phrase meaning "from below upwards" and it is used to describe the foreshortening of figures in a ceiling painting, so that they appear to recede upwards and convey the illusion of additional space above the spectator. One of the earliest successful examples is Andrea Mantegna's Camera degli sposi.

Curl

is the wave in fibers that have no crimp. Crimp is the wave in wool fiber. Generally finer wool will have tighter crimp. Fibers with curl are generally medium grade wools, or non-sheep fibers like mohair.

Linseed Oil

is used as a binder in oil paints. It dries as an inelastic film. Over time, this film cracks.

Compressed Charcoal

made from powdered charcoal- 3 to 4 inches in length- errors are somewhat difficult to correct

Palette Knives

made from thin, flexible steel... used for mixing or applying paint

Fountain Pens

marked by the fact that ink is drawn up through the nib via suction

Achromatic

means literally "without color". It can also refer to: greys, blacks, neutral, opposite of chromatic colors like Prussian Blue.

Planographic Printing

means printing from a flat surface, as opposed to a raised surface (as with relief printing) or incised surface (as with intaglio printing). Lithography and offset lithography are planographic processes that rely on the property that water will not mix with oil.

Acrylic Plastic Sheets: Polishing and Cleaning

mild soap and water are generally sufficient to clean acrylic sheets; non scratch clothes or buffing machines are useful for final polishing

Scumbling

modify (a painting or color) by applying a very thin coat of opaque paint to give a softer or duller effect.

Color: Additive Primaries

most commonly red, green, blue, referred to as additive because when all 3 are combined, white light is created. When any two of the three are combined, a third, or complimentary color is formed.

Spatial Depth: Converging Diagonals

most effective when employed in angular or parallel perspective drawings such as of a road or railroad track

Kinetic Art: Machines

motorized apparatuses equipped with gears, cranks, camshafts and levers that lift, turn, push and pull

Spatial Depth: Overlapping Planes

near figures and objects might be interposed over those intended to be behind or further back

Charcoal or Carbon Pencils

notable for high degrees of blackness produced in lines, available in variable degrees of density and grades

Spatial Depth: Diminishing Detail

objects in the foreground might be rendered with clear or more distinct details. As objects become more distant, their clarity and detail are purposefully diminished.

Spatial Depth: Position in the picture plane

objects intended to be close (foreground) are placed lower while more distant objects are raised towards the top of the picture space and gradation in size- objects farther away are made smaller than those intended to be closer which effectively corresponds to what a viewer expects based upon personal experience

Spatial Depth: Transparency

occurs when all or part of an object is rendered in such a way as to allow underlying objects to be seen

Kinetic Art: Optical Phenomena

occurs when apparent or actual movement of an object or the observer produces a sensation of change and motion

Perspective- Various Types: Plane-linear perspective

occurs when objects closer to the point of sight appear bigger than those which are farther away

Modes of Perception: Super-Realism

occurs when objects of visual origin are rendered in an independent reality sometimes creating unreal relationships or juxtapositions: Dali, Chagall, Rene Magritte and Georgia O'Keeffe often employed this mode.

Kinetic Art: Transformations

occurs when rapid movement seems to dematerialize an object or when movement invokes a recognizable change in a object's appearance

Types of Lines: Calligraphic Lines

occurs when the artist wishes to convey the beauty of lines as the principal element within a work with little to no regard for representation

Patina

originally referred to the green-brown encrustation on bronze. It now includes the natural effects of age or exposure on a surface. An example of this would be old, yellowing varnish on an oil painting.

Minor "ism" movements: Synchromnism

originated in Paris around 1912; developed as an art using pure color, often from opposite ends of the spectrum, to define shapes largely cubist inspiration

Alkyd Paints

paints are made from pigments bound in an oil-modified synthetic resin. They handle in the same way as traditional oil paints, but have the advantage of being much faster-drying

Kinetics: Hanging Mobiles

paper, metal, mirror, plastic or fabric objects suspended from varying lengths of cotton, wire, string or nylon cord which are usually suspended from the ceiling using a wooden or metal strip

Types of Shapes: Conforming Patterns

performed to fit subject matter into a particular space, such as what Greek painters did when painting a kylix (round plate)

Acrylics

pigments bound in synthetic resin or polyvinyl acetate, water soluble emulsions that dry to a matte finish and lend themselves quite well to layering. They are quick drying and gained popularity in the U.S. 1950's. By 1960's acrylics became widely used in Great Britain.

Wastes: Oily Rags

placed in a container with a lid, such as oil rag can;

Perspective- Various Types: Three-Point Oblique Perspective

placement which causes three faces of an object to be oblique to the picture plane and parallel lines converge on two vanishing points on the horizon

Perspective- Various Types: Angular Perspective

placement which causes two faces of an object to be oblique to the picture plane; parallel lines converge on two vanishing points on the horizon

Foam Sculpting Plastics: Louis Chavignier

popularized foamed polyurethane

Stylo Tip Reservoir Pens

preferred by commercial illustrators, marked by a narrow metal tubular point which provides good drawing performance regardless of how the pen is used.

Geometric Projection: Isometric Projection

preferred when exact conceptions of scale and shape are required; the preferred method for tool manufacturing and heavy industry; all measurements are at the same scale and the object is rendered from a general perspective of being looked down upon

Wood Carving Tools: Carving

primary tools include the gouge and chisel. The gouge has a variable cutting edge which is curved in shape. Both tools are available in various sizes and shapes including bent and curved to provide access to inaccessible areas of a piece such as hollow. Veiners and flutes or V-shaped gouges are used for fine work.

Powdered Charcoal

produced by rolled blotting paper in pencil form, very hard and suitable when a variety of tonal effects are desired.

Stick Charcoal

produced from willow or vine- 6 inch lengths- correctable by dusting, and small pencils can be sharpened with sandpaper, while larger pencils can be sharpened with a blade.

Perspective- Various Types: Spherical Perspective

projection on to a spherical picture plane; similar to the effect created by wide-angle lens photograph where lines appear to be curved

Minor "ism" movements: Purism

proposed by Amedee Ozenfant and Le Corbusier as a disciplined simplified form of art and architecture which rejected the decorative tendencies of Cubism

Reservoir Pens

provides smooth flowing ink from a reservoir into which ink is poured, typically found with a variety of nibs.

Representing Space: Single Plane

purposefully eliminating illusions of depth such as when painting a 3-D object or when rendering in a a certain style, such as Oriental portraiture

Representing Space: Disproportionate Size

purposefully rendering figures or other elements out of proportion for artistic effect or emphasis

Stone-Carving: Slate

readily available and polishes to a nice finish although potentially difficult to work due to a tendency to split

Odalisque

refers to a female slave often associated with Middle Eastern harems, who was repeatedly included in works by 19th Century European artists, such as Ingres and Matisse.

Double Exposure

refers to a technique that combines images made at different moments in time.

Rhopography

refers to art that is created out of seemingly trivial items, such as garbage or half-eaten food. It is similar to some of the works that emerged from the Dadaist Period.

Netsuke

refers to small sculptures that are used to secure a handbag to a kimono sash. They were most popular during the 1800's, and were typically animal figures, religious figures, or mythological characters

Leading (Line Spacing) in Typography

refers to the distance between the baselines of successive lines of type

Zeitgeist

refers to the general trend that characterizes artwork and other productions of a particular time period. For example: The ________ of the Romantic Period is sentiment.

Imbrication

refers to the overlapping of materials such as scales, feathers, fiber, or tiles. The term can also refer to painting that includes seemingly overlapping colors or washes.

Levigation

refers to the process of changing a substance into a fine powder or smooth paste. The process was also used in ancient Greece as a manner of removing impurities from clay to increase malleability.

Chasing

refers to the technique in which steel punches are used to decorate or create texture in a metal surface. The designs are produced by hammering from the front rather than by punching from behind.

Studio Easel

relatively non-portable but necessary for work on large canvases as the name implies, good for studio use

Foam Sculpting Plastics: Polystyrene

relatively safe, non-toxic, melts under heat, soluble with certain solvents, highly flammable, use proper ventilation: expanded type, which is packing peanuts, is open cell texture

Stone-Carving: Soapstone

relatively soft and suitable for a beginner but susceptible to moisture

Shape Brushes for Oil Painting: Rounds

round-ended and ideal for thin paint

Barbizon School

school took its name from the village of Barbizon in France, where they met to practice a realistic style of painting that deliberately avoided the drama of Romantic art. Influenced by the British landscape artist John Constable, they painted scenes of rural life. The Barbizon School was a group of artists, including Millet, who moved to Barbizon in France to paint en pleine air (outside in the open air). These painters were part of an art movement towards Realism in art. The Barbizon School was active from about 1830 to 1870.

Shape Brushes for Oil Painting: Bright Shape

short-bristled brushes with square ends

Wastes: Sharp implements

should be placed in a puncture proof container such as a glass jar and placed in a regular trash

Wastes: Empty chemical containers

should be rinsed repeatedly and placed in regular trash

Perspective- Various Types: Cylindrical or Panorama Perspective

shows a picture like a panorama; the picture plane itself may be a cylinder

Surface Preparation: Ground

similar to a 'primer' in non-artistic forms of painting, this is a layer of paint or film which provides the preferred surface for the application of the finish layer of paint; gesso is a common ground used in various kinds of painting.

Colored Pencils

soft due to their constituent parts which include filler, binder, lubricant and coloring; available in many tints, not really erasable for the most part, except maybe with a blade.

Shape Brushes for Oil Painting: Flats

square-ended brushes with longer bristles than brights

Wastes: Photographic chemicals

standard developers and rinses can be washed down the drain; fixers contain high quantities of silver and should be disposed of as hazardous waste; all other chemicals should be considered hazardous waste and disposed accordingly

Minarettes

steel tools that are used by sculptors for the purpose of retouching and attention to small details.

Composition in Painting

summation of all means by which a painter arrives at unifying his or her intended overall effect.

Acrylic Plastic Sheets: Cutting

tables saw lubricated with cutting wax or soap are the usual choice

Forms of Masking

taping, stenciling, latex-based masking fluid and pieces of absorbent cloth or cotton

Egyptian Faience

technique first perfected in Egypt. Involves firing and glazing of terra cotta to produce a permanent material that has a luxurious quality about it. Blue or Green in color

Modern Primitives or Popular Masters

terms used to describe art that is relatively primitive in appearance or that has been executed with obvious cues of naivety

secco

the art of painting on dry plaster

Decoupage

the art or craft of decorating objects with paper cut-outs.

Color: Subtractive Primaries

the colors formed when any two of the additive primaries are combined; these are cyan, magenta, yellow and black are created when white light is passed through all 3 subtractive primaries.

Stone-Carving Primary Phases: Finishing

the final phase where texture is defined; grinders and electric sanders are often employed here

Stone-Carving Primary Phases: Boasting

the first stage where the work is 'roughed out'; hammer, pitcher and point

Cissing

the gathering of a wet film (as of varnish) into drops or streaks leaving parts of the surface bare or imperfectly covered

Surface Preparation: Support

the material to which the paint, ink or other marking method is applied; examples of common supports include canvas, hardboard, and paper

Stone-Carving Primary Phases: Carving

the most artistic stage where the actual work is ultimately created; finer tools such as smaller chisels, gouges, hammers, saws and pneumatic tools are employed

Consistency

the paint should be of a consistency so as to leave a characteristic brush stroke

Drying Rate

the paint should dry within 2 to 20 days- neither too fast nor too quickly

Stability

the paint should not affect adjacent paint, either on the same or different layers

Light Fastness

the paint should not change color or fade under normal light of a paint color or pigment is how permanent it is, or how unaffected by light it is, resistant to fading

Collapsible Easel

the preferred choice for most outdoor artists; typically has legs with adjustable height

Sculpture Design: Scale

the relative size of the work; often a product of the manipulation of other elements such as mass

Representing Space: Uniform Size

the representation of figures or other elements of identical size which may be nearer or farther from the perspective of the viewer so as to preserve for instance, completeness

Stone-Carving Primary Phases: Shaping

the secondary phase that occurs after major areas have been previously defined; claws, chisels, mallets, rasps, files and rifflers are suitable implements here

Sculpture Design: Texture

the surface quality of the work; primarily manipulated to either enhance or diminish light reflectivity and shadowing

Minor "ism" movements: Suprematism

this movement carried many elements of Futurism and Vorticism to an extreme by reducing color to pure black and white and form to basic geometric shapes Malevich pioneered abstract geometric art. He wanted "to free art from the burden of the object." Both he and another Russian artist Vladimir Tatlin believed they could build a technological utopia through their designs. But the Communist party declared that art must be functional, and art must be for the masses. Artists such as Malevich were persecuted and even sent to labor camps to silence them and their art. The movement in art spearheaded by Kasimir Malevich until Stalinist Russia turned against modernist "bourgeois" art, was

Representing Space: As an emotional element

to dramatize, for instance, the inconsequential "smallness" of figures or objects within or near a massive environment (at sea, in a desert, in the sky, etc.)

Traction Fissure in painting

traction is the movement of one layer of paint over another. __________ usually occurs when the principles of painting "fat-over-lean" in oils have not been applied. This leads to cracking of the top layer or layers of paint or varnish

Metal Sculpturing: Copper

unaffected by water although prone to oxidize to a greenish color in air, copper combines well with other metals and is highly malleable due to its inherent softness

Kneaded putty erasers

used for error correction- should be considered unsuitable for large corrections.

Stone-Carving: Sandstone

used for thousands of years; quality is dependent upon quartz content but generally quite porous and a poor performer for finishing

Painting Knives

used to apply paint.. It has a pointed tip, lowered or "cranked" like a trowel, suited for painting on canvas

Types of Lines: Outlines

used to contain form, control shape and evoke a sense of mass; can be used to caricature the organic structure of an animal, for instance.

Types of Lines: Expressive Lines

used to convey intensity, such as with bold, abrupt lines that might be used to caricaturize a warrior or fighting man; alternatively, smooth, restrained, continuous lines can be used to counter intensity

Types of Lines: Contour Lines

used to describe form by flowing around it; not used to simulate nature; straight and angular lines represent rigidity of walls and floors while curved and rhythmic ones enliven figures

Fenestration

used to describe the arrangement of windows within a façade

Badger Hair Blenders

used to remove brush strokes and wet areas- fan brushes are used for the same, but softer effect

Representing Space: Combined Images

useful for rendering a highly comprehensible figure, for instance, by drawing each portion in its most recognizable form

Spatial Depth: Advancing and Receding Color

warmer (redder) colors are used to indicate an approach or relatively close proximity while cool (bluer) colors indicate farther away or recession.

Hudson River School

was a mid-19th century American art movement embodied by a group of landscape painters whose aesthetic vision was influenced by romanticism Thomas Cole was the founder of the Hudson River School of Romantic landscapes. Cole's work expressed the proud belief that America was a primeval paradise, a fresh start for humanity. Other members of this school of painting were Asher B. Durand, John F. Kensett, and Thomas Doughty. The Hudson River School flourished in the mid 19th Century due to the American frontier expanding westward.

Photo Secession Movement

was a movement in the early twentieth century that promoted photography as a fine art. Its members believed that the most important thing about a photo is the way the photographer manipulates the image to achieve his or her vision. This was a controversial position at the time.

American Realism

was a style in art, music and literature that depicted contemporary social realities and the lives and everyday activities of ordinary people. The movement began in literature in the mid-19th century, and became an important tendency in visual art in the early 20th century. Whether a cultural portrayal or a scenic view of downtown New York City, American realist works attempted to define what was real.

Ashcan School

was an artistic movement in the United States during the early twentieth century that is best known for works portraying scenes of daily life in New York, often in the city's poorer neighborhoods.

Surface Preparation: Size

water-based preparations and glues used to isolate solvents and oils in paint from the underlying support; useful when minimal to no soaking is desired

Beveling

which refers to cutting at an angle when creating low reliefs, was used by prehistoric carvers

Kinetic Art: Movement Itself

with self-effacing mechanics and economy of means