art hist test 3
Timothy O'Sullivan. A Harvest of Death, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania July 1863, from Alexander Gardner's Gardner's Photographic Sketchbook of the War. 1866
- 1939 was when photography was first made accessible to public. - supporting scientific inquiry. - naturally photography will be used as a means to capture portraits and other moments. - because of the way it is captured and helps spread news. - photojournalism. - one of the most prominent photographers in the west. - documenting the civil war. - war artists who were commissioned to paint the scenes they encountered. now, we see them for what they really are. - real people and real death. - battle of gettysburg. - not 100% true is because they would manipulate things slightly by moving bodies around. and image frozen in time.
Claude Lorrain. A Pastoral Landscape. ca. 1648
- a countryside is the foundation of his work - one of the first artists to do oil paintings of the outdoors. - to keep people from buying and selling forgeries of his work, he would make drawings of his paintings and keep them as records. - the catalogue raisonné!! - the provenance, we known all the ownership of the works and who owned it and when, and how much they paid for it. - he also provided notes on the back of these records, so we can learn so much more about these landscapes - lorrain's works are known as **pastorals, name of a literary genre - means to be a visual narrative depicting things from ancient texts, have very hazy atmosphere - get wealthy paintings to see just how important these landscapes could be when it comes to depicting history.
James Abbot McNeill Whistler. Nocturne in Black and Gold: The Falling Rocket. ca. 1875
- aesthetic movement - makes things increasingly abstract - a nocturne, depicting a nighttime scene using artificial light. - "is this really art" annoying critique kinda starts here. - picture of fireworks from a popular spot in london. based of this memory of this vision. - avant garde - american
Rosalba Carriera. Charles Sackville, Second Duke of Dorset. ca. 1730
- another artist who made artworks in a different medium - defied the odds because she became a member of THREE royal academies. - she used pastels !! - when these are used, they come alone with water and are applied in a really smooth manner. - this is unique because pastels hadn't been used to big scale or official portraiture. - they would manipulate these paints to get the desired effect they wanted. - they could apply color that made it more vivid and lifelike. - silk looks soft and realistic.
Étienne-Louis Boullée. Project for a Tomb to Isaac Newton. 1784
- architectural plan - every single building and structure he designed were never built because the designs were so impractical. - cenotaph - in honor of isaac newton. - 500 ft tall, hollow sphere - situated between three concentric circles. how we track order of planets. small holes in the ceiling so it would look like the night sky when the light shines through it.
Jean-Antoine Watteau. Seated Young Woman. ca. 1716
- associated with rubenists, he helped to establish new styles and techniques to drawing despite this. - he adds color to drawings. trois crayon. - red or black chalk and highlighted by white chalk. - red coloring is being used to define her body. - legs, hands, breasts, nape of neck, all accentuated by red. - black used to define clothing and hair. - this is a study -
George Stubbs. Lion Attacking a Horse. 1770
- attachment to the wonders of nature and its grandeur. - while enlightenment has a connection to logical sources--info based on verifiable info we have access to--yet also had a tendency to ignore things and focus on things that were 'exotic' or unable to explain. - looking into fear and the illogical mind. - 20 paintings that depict a lion attacking a horse. - nature was his only true inspiration. - started dissecting horses to see what their anatomy was like. - stubbs is the first painter to display horses in a way that was scientifically precise. - based on an event he witnessed an event in real life that took place in morocco - intentionally creating an unwanted emotional response from a viewer. - viewer is meant to identify with the horse. - white horse symbolic of purity and goodness. - greek and roman statues are 'pure white' - legs mouth and main are displayed in a way that shows fear in a moment. - lion represents evil as it came out of the dark to prey on the horse. - storm clouds filling sky to symbolize the fate of the horse.
Inigo Jones. West front of the Banqueting House, Whitehall Palace, London. 1619-22
- baroque in england = architecture - 1666 there's the great fire of london that destroyed a lot of things, this is where baroque architecture comes into play because that's what was put in after the fire. - style developed out of **country house tradition, meaning large private mansions. - work influenced by italian architect palatio - he is responsible for bringing this style he is learning from italian architects to here. - pastiche was the former style. imitating another work. - banqueting hall is designed to follow rules of palatio, but don't directly copy any of his projects. - still kinda pastiche - initially intended for court ceremonies and masque performances. - stopped holding these because it was damaging the cieling that had peter paul rubens painting on it. the candles smoke. - the truvian basilica: double cube with an apse for the king's throne. - uses an order that is classical in approach to completing the building: proportionate in three parts. - pilisters use ionic and composite orders. supposed to demonstrate elegance - triangular and segmented pediments repeating. rhythmic effect. - below roofline there is sculpted garland and a balustrade (railing at top) to add decorative effect. - originally this had colored stones that distinguished each story and was later resurfaced.
Mary Cassatt. In the Loge. 1878
- cassatt has a very similar approach to impressionism as morisot. - works look into social concerns at the time. - cassatt is an american artist who was trained in philadelphia and then moved to paris to pursue more training. - depicts woman in loge at a theatre or opera house. - would also paint women in home reading, or having visits. especially with children. - commentary on the limitations of women and those she experienced. - she wasn't allowed to go out in public without a male escort. - man in the background leaning over to watch her and observe her. and ideal of surveillance. - a woman on display, being observed by the man in the background. - feeling like they don't have a sense of freedom.
Jean-Antoine Houdon. Voltaire Seated. 1781
- classicism - studied realistic roman bust rather than idealised greek ones. - made portraits of famous figures in enlightenment. - he has classicised voltaire by portraying him in roman toga and headband and antique chair, giving emphasis to sagginess on neck and wrinkles on face. - voltaire famous writer
Nicolas Poussin. The Death of Germanicus. 1627-28
- classicism is regaining popularity. - big contributor to revival of classicism - french royal academy, is THE art school. - he would study the work of ancient sculptures, rafael, etc. - history painting - history painting because of the reference in general, specific example of heroic death bed scene. - roman general is leading campaigns against germanic tribes. - depicts him on his death bed. - declaring they will get revenge, family in mourning on the right. - style known as grand manner ** which consists of a concentration of a subject/topic, a concept, structure, or style. - subject/topic should be "great", but the painter is not supposed to pay attention to fine details. more the subject and topic as a whole. - focus on this idea and this idea alone. - structure: supposed to be researched extensively. naturalized. - Style: show personal style and that of commonly used techniques.
Jean-Antoine Watteau. A Pilgrimage to Cythera. 1717
- considered to be an artist who helped the argument in favor of color to win in the end. - broke a lot of established academic rules - his artworks tended to have little historical or mythological foundation to them - when he was attempting to join french academy they had to create a new category to place him in. - has connection to mythology, the island of love, Cythera - the type of painting it is: an outdoor entertainment painting.
Pierre-Paul Puget. Milo of Crotona. 1671-82
- considered to be the "high baroque" - sculpture in the height of the baroque era - demonstrates characteristic action and movement paired with emotion to produce theatrical image - inspired by bernin - trapped in tree stump by his hand, being attacked by a lion - 6th century in greece, milo was a famous wrestler and multiple time winner of the olympic games. - attempting to tear apart tree trunk then his hand got stuck and he was torn apart by wolves. - later on they start depicting a lion instead of wolves. - themes of loss strength that come with age, and that victors will eventually succumb to the ways of life.
Georges de La Tour. Joseph the Carpenter. ca. 1642
- court painter for kinda louis the 8th - baroque style in france is influenced by caravaggio - tenebrism !!!!! - highly detailed use of naturalism !! baroque - how he would use the candle light as a source of light is unique to him. - reliance on gesture, faces in profile, so the emotion we tend to see is masked a bit since we cant see their whole face, so gesture plays a huge part in this. - representation of jesus as a young boy, rather than baby or full grown man. this is joseph and jesus. - very personal moment between son and child. - candle heightened sense of devotional work.
Marie-Louise-Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun. Self-Portrait with Daughter. 1789
- didn't get into royal academies or have a family member to teach - self-taught. - marries man who is a painter and a prominent art dealer - it was illegal to make portraits without license from academy--she does anyways. rebel - becomes favorite portrait artist of marie antoinette. - she is then given admission to royal academy. - could easily adapt to popular styles of the time. - almost considered a rococo painter. - later on she incorporates more classical details. - lebrun portrays herself and daughter in togas w headband in her hair. - importance of nurturing children. - nurturing and loving pose.
Louis Le Vau, Claude Perrault, and Charles Le Brun. East front of the Louvre, Paris. 1667-70
- essenes of baroque, architecture is seen as a way to emphasize the importance of the royal court. French aristocracy !! - architectural extravagance - french getting away from portraiture being what distinguished their image and into architecture. - Classical structures and the essense of imperial roman architecture are the most significant in establishing the power a monarch had. - lourve had roman temple front - double or paired columns were initially controversial since that wasn't 100% accurate to roman tradition. - signature of french style of baroque architecture. (double column) - winning out against italy in terms of classical baroque depictions - depicts louis the 4th as the emperors of rome. - le brun ** (architect) saw this as a revival of powerful roman essence, but actually a reinvention with an even high essence of beauty. - originally it was bernini who the king asked to submit designs, but he rejected all three bernini did. **
François Boucher. Portrait of Madame de Pompadour. 1756
- following death of watteau, boucher is considered next in line to gain significance in the art world - really imaginative compositions, pastoral landscapes, scenes of bourgeois life - court painter for madam pompadour. - louis the 15th's mistress and also political advisor - huge patron for the arts. - boucher made a number of portraits of her. - this is a life size painting - demonstrating through pompadour, femme-sevant, being represented as an educated and cultured and accomplished woman who is also elegant beautiful and sophisticated woman. - duchess, lady in waiting - not really a royal but has some level of rank in society. - she has the highest title without officially being part of the royal family. - SUPER ornate room. - associating herself with venus, goddess of love. shows cupid next to the clock, the roses on her dress and by her feet, and the pearl bracelet she is wearing. - see similar motif's in the Birth of Venus by Botticelli
Jacques-Louis David. The Death of Marat. 1793
- french revolution - david is a prominent figure in supportg of cause
Ando Hiroshige. Plum Estate, Kameido, from the series One Hundred Famous Views of Edo. 1857
- french were really into this culture and anything japanese related. - europeans were really into it. - japonisme- american and british and french people who were discussing influence of japanese culture. - in comparison to the art we have seen so far, japanese art forms were very flat with sharp contours and compressed spaces. - background feels as if it is pulled forward. - unique to the european eye. -
Joseph Wright. The Old Man and Death. ca. 1773
- genre paintings and landscape. ideas that relate to industrial revolution. - delve into ideas of romanticism. - he is referencing the work of a greek writer, greek fable. - he asks death to come and take him away after collapsing from fatigue. - "be careful what you wish for" - he is so frightened by it happening he goes back to work. - age, strength and motivation. - intense light seems to blind the old man. - decay
Jean-Baptiste Greuze. The Village Bride 1761
- genre paintings. - foremost genre painter of this time - submitted to paris salon - became very highly regarded even though genre paintings were considered unimportant since they depicted the lower class. - they really loved the village bride. protestant wedding. giving new son in law his dowry. - love. dedication, and respect. - lower class people are closer to nature ?
Benjamin West. The Death of General Wolfe. 1770
- history painting - emphasis on historicism. they are going to do everything possible to be as accurate as possible. - the way contemporary events are going to be portrayed in the future; creating art now for later on. - greater historical significance. - straight forward interpretation of this scene. - West is considered to be the one who popularized the contemporary history painting. - realistic event taking place during french and indian war. - general wolfe is a national hero because he helped the french win this battle. - king george the 3rd and other prominent artists didn't agree with this choice of portraying events in a realistic manner. - the public loved this authenticity when they were put on display. - this is still considered to be a traditional lamentation scene. - jesus being taken off cross, a martyr. - wolfe taking the place of christ.
Jacques-Louis David. The Oath of the Horatii. 1784
- history painting becomes super significant. - wanted to transfer from rococo to moralizing history paintings. - grand machine paintings ** - painting that is so massive they needed special equipment to install it. - THE image of neo classical painting - 7th century roman story. - dispute about border between rome and neighboring city. - choosing necessary sacrifice, putting politics before family. - theme of moral good
Claude Monet. Impression, Sunrise. 1872
- impressionism !!!! he develops and introduces this style - used to highlight a very specific moment in time. - they are going to start turning painting back to more rural areas and suburbs. - usually worked outside to record things as they were at that moment. - focused on colors more than figure. - rococo influence. - the small study of an area in to a larger work. - they are trying to capture something very specific and fleeting. - loose brushwork since they are trying to capture it as quickly as possible. - rabid, bold brush strokes. capturing how light is reflecting off what they are painting. - they would add more oil to their paints to make them thicker and more 'chalky' - they are going to focus on color, for monet this had to do with the concept that complimentary colors had just been established with modern color wheel. - positivism. these colors were scientifically based to see what complimented each other. - **simultaneous contrast. - impression sunrise = impressionism !!!!! - chose the title impression instead of the name of the place he was observing, because it really couldn't pass for a view of this place. is was an impression.
Nicolas Poussin. Landscape with St. John on Patmos. 1640
- known for **ideal landscape - ideal landscape is a scene that doesn't represent specific location, more of a generalized and beautiful place. - first time ideal landscape was used to describe a painting. - he uses a landscape and architectural ruins. but he is revisioning it with classical themes.
Edgar Degas. The Orchestra of the Paris Opéra. 1868-69
- making way into a time where more artists start becoming more well known kinda like renaissance artists. - a lot more big names that remain prominent in modern age. - he was more reserved. he was always well dressed but not nosy like manet. - wanted to be a history painter, he was really inspired by ang. - was inspired by manet to see how the viewer could take place of the fleure. - this began as a portrait of the bassoonist, but later he extends the portrait to include other musicians and a hint of the dancers on stage. - a genre scene, of the orchestra pit, which was an unusual subject matter. - hidden part of society we don't give much thought to. - we want to hear them. but not see. - spacing and perspective, a way that is not typically seen as proper use of elements and principles. - not giving correct proportion to canvas. - this has to do with inspo at the time, his work was inspired by the japanese prints making their way into modern world.
Jean-Francois Millet. The Sower. 1850
- millet's life had a humble upbringing like courbet. - he was accustomed to the rural lifestyle - super super highly educated despite this. - when he chose to pursue this career he started making portraits. he followed a spanish 17th century style. also similar to rembrandt. very dark and bleak. - will start getting more acquainted with landscape painters. - starts producing a lot of these images that focus on peasant life; and this would be what he does for all of his life. - very poor and oppressed farm worker wearing tattered clothing. knowns nothing other than this constant exhausting neverending work on the farm. - millet is portraying a dark shadow-y figure. - feels a bit ominous to the upper class since it represents that uprising and the drive of the lower class to fight back.
Gustave Eiffel. Eiffel Tower, Paris. 1887-89
- more structure moving away from older construction and design standards. - eiffel tower. - he appropriated a pilon - very industrialized look was absolutely hated by parisian citizens. - thought it ruined landscape - next set of modern architecture will be inspired by this.
Angelica Kauffmann. Cornelia Presenting Her Children as her Treasures. ca. 1785 **
- neo-classical themes huge in britain. in art and literature. - a lot of overlap between visual and literary arts - very important artist for the development of neo-classical art in britain - studied in rome before she went to london - rare for women to be accepted into art academy - she was friends with the first president of the royal academy in london; she helped found the academy - one of only 2 women admitted to the royal academy - she was still denied access to particular methods of painting - couldn't study nude male figures, denied access to this - she was able to make these studies anyways, they allowed her. - she was a history painter - the only female artist of the time to become a history painter. - beneficial for women to have greater social and economic political freedom. - taking influence from greek and roman literature. peak of perfection and beauty. - focusing on morality and higher virtues is important to her art. - all this comes together in this artwork. - giving precedence to family care and duty over materialistic things. - she is countering traditional stereotype that male artists typically portray. - cornelia is proactive and in control rather than being passive. - image is portraying roman story where cornelia is being shown some jewelry by another woman, however, rather than showing off her own jems she shows off her children, who are most important to her. - this is significant because her two children are gaius and tiberius, these two figures become very important political figures in rome. - cornelia goes on to be an advisor to them. she is known as most powerful women in the roman republic at that time. - parents should nurture and raise them at home rather than sending them off to be raised by wet nurses or nannies.
Berthe Morisot. Summer's Day (The Lake in the Bois de Boulogne). ca. 1879
- one of the key figures in the impressionist movement. - she studied on her own and with other artists who were supportive of her. - she was excluded by a lot of these meeting places of artists. - led her to become a prominent figure in the avant garde artist circles. - landscapes and figural works depicting leisurely activity. - paints a lot of women and children. - always paints women independently and very rarely with men.
Simon Vouet. The Toilet of Venus. ca. 1640
- one of--if not the most--important painter of the 17th century. - leader of french caravaggisti - completely changes his style when he comes back to france, removing the aspects of caravaggio from his work, uses more color, detail, and emotion - french royalty love his work, and his use of color - huge contributor to the style of the time! - may have been painted as a gift for one of the king's mistresses. - this type of imagery was popular for this time. - uniquely french because of this really sensuous depiction of the women. - foreshadowing rococo - similar to allegory of venus by bronzino. (mannerism) - colors are similar despite being so far apart in time, meaning that both were very unique - discussing morals in both--jealousy, affairs, etc. made for mistress. erotic!
William Hogarth. The Orgy, scene III of The Rake's Progress. ca. 1734
- originally an engraver and then painter - modern moral subjects similar to representation on stage. - key point of rococo art is morals and what is hidden behind everything. - to teach by bad example and desire to return to simpler times. - series known as "the rake's progress" - rake is an immoral pleasure seeker... hoe - thomas rakewell, has just received his inheritance and is spending all his money. - setting is placed in famous brother in london called the rose tavern. - holding candle next to a map. supposed to foreshadow how the rake is going to crash and burn. - progressively irresponsible behavior that will end poorly - name is ironic. - negative.
Julia Margaret Cameron. Sister Spirits. ca. 1865
- plenty of artists who learn how to manipulate photographs. - in london there are artists making **composite images - old paintings, attempting to make photographs looks like them. - models posed in costumes in staged settings. - they would cut and paste them together - **pictorialism. - didn't stay popular for too long. - british pictorialist. - used blurring to make photographs more painterly. - staged scene with costumed models. - using things from the bible or poetry or plays.
Joshua Reynolds. Lady Sarah Bunbury Sacrificing to the Graces. 1765
- portraiture was the most prominent form of painting in london. - as natural and realistic as possible. - reynolds is going to elevate portraiture to the same level as history paintings. - his figures are going to be in classical poses that would be found in a history painting. - includes a reference to the three graces. - her dress isn't contemporary, but in the style of ancient greek or roman robes. - includes symbolism. graces are supposed to represent friendship: giving, receiving, in constant change. - portrait was intended to also make a statement about platonic bonds between female companions.
Dante Gabriel Rossetti. Proserpine. 1874
- pre raphaelite, secret group formed - they thought that most work that was being made at academy was too decadent and strayed too far from the truth. - this group disbanded very quickly. - he starts producing work that has more visionary and medieval style of influence - thinks more of his own psychology rather than social morality. - attempts to make commentary on sexuality since it was super repressed at this time. - a stronger focus on emotion and personal desire rather than realism. - figure is based off of a real life model who was named jane burden. who was the wife of one of the other members of the pre raphaelites. but rossetti was in love with her. - rossetti was really attracted to jane because of her long thick hair, long neck, delicate hands. - to talk about how he saw her trapped in this loveless marriage. him demonstrating his longing for her.
Jacques Callot. Hangman's Tree, from The Great Miseries of War. ca. 1629-32
- prints that were engraved - extreme tonal contrast - intricate details - disseminating information quickly through print method - later worked for medici family - comes back to france to depict contemporary and historical events - dutch troops surrendered to the spanish, this is depicted here - 18 etchings - misery destruction and poverty. - crimes and punishment. - art as a form of documentation.
John Henry Fuseli. The Nightmare. 1781
- really focused on trying to get into the subconscious mind (precursor to surrealist art) - swiss born artist - theology, philosophy, and mythology, and classical literature are super interesting to him - the idea of the "anti-hero" really fascinated him. - a new and important figure because they establish a personal moral code. - often going to depict epic subjects - unconventional and personal - no explanation of meaning for why he created this painting. - sex and eroticism is the focus here. - the coloring of fabric is red, and the posing of the woman. drapery is shaped over the horse. - fabric over horse is meant to represent female anatomy - figure sitting on the woman's chest is an incubus, meaning it is an evil spirits that has sex with women while they are asleep. - reference to these figures in mythology. - incubus could be representation of the woman's psyche, or visual representation of artist's repressed desires. - full merge into romanticism.
Auguste Renoir. Luncheon of the Boating Party. 1881
- renoir met monet in a french studio. - more interested in painting figure. - genre painting. - his best known work - identify our figures more clearly, we see them as individuals. - can put a face to them. - showing us a momentary quality of realism. - still an impression because it is not perfect. - slightly idealised. - impressionism doesn't last long since critics are so harsh against them. - avant garde emerging, notion that certain artists and ideas are new and radical for their time. - mainly just other avant garde artists who would create this disconnect between artist and audience.
Gustave Courbet. Burial at Ornans. 1849-50
- rise of realism coming into play, especially in france - realism is a politically influenced style - give representation to working class - corbet is a figure of 'new money,' family was poor then found wealth. this effects how to depicts people in his works. - was persuaded by a friend to 'return to his roots' and paint what he saw in his hometown - he does return and paints this work titled "the burial," and is selected to be placed into a salon the following year. - this painting is GIGANTIC - genre painting - nothing about this is idealized - identifiable depiction of who these people really were - since this is his home town he is getting these people to pose for him so he can study them. - dark bleek surrounding that is very accurate to the actual environment. - takes place at a cemetary - new representation of figures because they are **all equal to each other. - going against standards of the academy by using the common people as his inspiration. - coffin being carried on the left by paul bearers. - priest and his assistants. - patricians - on the right hand side we see a group of women - directly at center there is an open grave - we don't know who this funeral is for. - commentary on social constructions and how society demonstrates theses constructions depending on gender, class associations, etc. - by doing this courbet is challenging the idea of a traditional history painting. - elevating the events of everyday life alongside those of grandeur. - most parisians haaated it for this reason. - when they go to see works at salons they see idealism, but now they are being forced to see a realistic rendition of what life of the lower class was like. potentially reminded them of humble roots. - societal standards cause us to hide who we really are. this makes people look at that critically.
Architecture: Versailles
- royal palace is one of the most extravagant to ever be constructed. - put the palace so far from the city to limit rebellion and people storming it - palace was continuously expanding to accommodate growing royal family.
Rosa Bonheur. Plowing in the Nivernais: The Dressing of Vines. 1849
- she was raised in a house that did see women as being worthy of equal opportunities to men. - a feminist household. - one of the first true feminist artist. - doesn't conform to painting steriotypical genre paintings or portraiture. - animal painter - allowed her to show this added layer of technical skill - focus on perfect renderings of anatomy. - farm animals are her focus. - giving attention to every single detail of her body. - was commissioned to paint something that focused on regional french agriculture. and also positivism **, focusing on hard facts and science. - thought that inspiration for this work was a female author's book who was under a male alias to get her work sold. - this rise in industry makes an increase divide in upper and lower class. - this novel wrote that we should return to nature and the original world free of this industrial construct. - did many studies on land. animals, and clothing. - those who saw this work at salons were very receptive to it. - they like this painting so much because its brightly colored, distinct, and precise. - 'perfect technical skill'
Thomas Eakins. Max Schmitt in a Single Scull (The Champion Single Sculls). 1871
- single skull is this type of boat - also american from philly - prominent realist painter in the US - winner of championship race - schmitt was a big sports hero figure. - eakins is bringing extreme attention to detail. - the tail end of when realism and impressionism are making their way out.
Honoré Daumier. The Third-Class Carriage. ca. 1863-65
- started as a caricature artist. - was really passionate about social issues. working for the greater good for the people. - was getting things printed in socialist papers. - really wanted to be known and understood as a fine artist. - sought to have his stuff put in salons but it was always passed over and not given attention. - so much of his training as a caricature artist comes through. made them feel unfinished and sketchy - supposed to represent the 'lonely crowd' -- the name given to the poor lower class people who would be jam packed into these third class carriages. - all crammed together. - focus on family in foreground. supposed to be the lowest class. - rural workers who came to paris to seek working opportunities. - highlights this but does so in a way that still shows dignity.
Jean-Honoré Fragonard. The Swing. 1767
- student of bouchers. - his style of art was a way to represent fantasy in reality. - more than one version of this. - could be characterized as the image and defining work of the rococo period. - fantasy, flirtation, and promiscuity. - 'painterly brush stroke' and use of color. - another artist was approached by a man who wanted a painting of his mistress on a swing that is being pushed by a bishop, then he wanted himself in the corner, positioned so that he could look up her dress. - initial artist declines making this, then tells him to go talk to fragonard. - illusion of good morals behind the bishop pushing the swing. - a bourdois painting. - voyeurism painting. - usually in a more intimate setting but this is shown outdoors. supposed to be seen as a secret event. - another cupid sculpture in a "hush" pose. this is something fragonard did often to reiterate the overall themes of the work.
Édouard Manet. The Luncheon on the Grass (Le Déjeuner sur l'Herbe). 1863
- taking influence from courbet - continues process of making works that reject academic values. - reflect social conditions of modern world. - he paints different scenes of the upper class that focus almost entirely on the seedy behind the scenes stuff. - most common to see female nudes as a way to depict characters from mythology; not here. focus on beauty and perfection of normal women. - manet was Flâneur - he would intentionally paint things that adhered to normal social standard. - expose all the things they did behind the scenes in secret; mingling with prostitutes. - it is commentary on disapproval of bourgeois values and academic taste. - thought art should depict modern world. - two couples that are picnicing in a park, but it creates a huge scandal since there is a naked woman sitting in the park; she MUST have been a prostitute. - they think its tasteless since he is putting someone's personal life out in the open. - manet wanted people to distance themselves from saying you could only portray nudes as mythological figures. - they don't like subject matter, they also don't like the style of his artwork. - couldn't supposedly demonstrate traditional elements and principles the way they were supposed to.
Jean-Étienne Liotard. Still-Life: Tea Set. ca. 1781-83
- travel and exploration of different cultures brings these new styles in. - chinoiserie - chinese porcelain and pottery became super super popular in european culture. - tea was the biggest import and export in china. especially with europe. - teapots and teacups are starting to be produced in 18th century. - art acting as documentation; we can see multiple levels of chinoiserie. - when we zoom in we can see the decoration is chinese figures. material actually being imported.
Jules Hardouin-Mansart, Louis Le Vau, and Charles Le Brun. Galerie des Glaces (Hall of Mirrors), Palace of Versailles. Begun 1678
- use of full length mirrors was unique - via monetary investment from the royal family - full length mirrors were initially made in venice, but technique brought here - big mirrors reflect candle light at night, and gardens during the day - based on personal taste rather than characteristic of technical skill or classical reference - putting distinct personal taste into it - their fascination with extreme and luxery
Canaletto. The Bucintoro at the Molo. ca. 1732
- venetian artist who was really popular in britain, especially young adult men who were travelling through europe. - portraying venetian scenery - a view painting. - the mid 18th century, transitioned from countryside to more urban paintings. - commissioned by an english entrepreneur who lived there. - eventually meant to be made into etchings so they could more easily be reproduced to sell. - the duke of venice returning on his extravagant boat, known as the marriage of the sea (festival) was taking place.
Édouard Manet. Olympia. 1863
- was accepted into a salon not too long after last work, even though it still depicts the things happening behind the scenes and is 'indecent' - she is a courtesan. a prostitute with wealthy clientele. - direct inspiration from venus of urbino. - the idea is that olympia was the modern day gentleman's idea of a goddess. - very apparent to anyone who say this what he was trying to do. - olympia was a common name powerful courtesan's would use. - making fun of nudes that were depicted seriously and glamorously. - wealthier men would have mistresses or prostitutes. - manet shoes reality. this awkward and stiff pose where she stares right at you. - he is taking away the essence where the woman is there for the man's pleasure; she is not ashamed of who she is, he gives her power in this way.
Sir Christopher Wren. Façade of St. Paul's cathedral, London. 1675-1710
- was notorious for his ability to conceal support beams in building - wanted it to be a greek cross initially, but the church officials preferred a traditional basilica which was a latin cross - Wren was commissioned to rebuild this church after the great london fire. - meant bernini when he went abroad to france. hence the double pillars.
Jean-Siméon Chardin. The Brioche (The Dessert). 1763
- was once treasurer of french royal academy - really important in salon culture - getting people to display and see them in strategic ways - dutch and flemish still life reference. - hard work, frugality, and devotion to family. - had a tendency to make copies of his work for people because they got so popular, eventually they began making prints. - the fact that his still life paintings were what got him admission into the FRA - still live's considered the lowest rank of paining. but his were just super good - upon his arrival he raises the standard and perception of still lives. - this demonstrates a variety of textures. meant to be viewed at eye level. - the difference with his and the dutch still lives, and why his are higher, is because he is showing texture by blurring edges. painterly style of brush stroke - clear image without perfection.
Hyacinthe Rigaud. Portrait of Louis XIV. 1701
- when we think of france and french royalty, we think of super detailed and ornate clothing and jewelry. - portraiture is huuuuge for recognizing and representing royal figures. - the image they way disseminated to show status in society. - power and authority through the use of symbols defining royalty. - fleur des les - high heels ! - louis the 14th in his coronation clothes. - Rigaud creates an illusion to make Louis taller than he is ..... - helps change that status. - was louis the 14th who created these high heels to make himself seem taller. - figure from with ballet dance originates - he was a performer who would take part in these performances.
Thomas Gainsborough. Portrait of Mrs. Richard Brinsley Sheridan. 1785
-started and landscape artist who turned to literature - trained with a rococo artist - life size and full length - elegant poses - softer brush work than we see with neo classical history painting that is really sharp - famous singer of this time. - integrated her into the landscape. - making her hair appear windswept, follow pattern of the tree. - her body has been situated into this pose in a way that will make her clothing fit into nature and surroundings. - whimsical relation to nature. - enlightenment into nature.
Nocturne
A painting that depicts a nighttime scene, often emphasizing the effects of artificial light
Positivism
A philosophical system that holds that every rationally justifiable assertion can be scientifically verified or is capable of logical or mathematical proof
Pictorialism
A photographic technique that uses cutting and pasting, or photomanipulation to make photographs look like paintings
Japonisme
A style of painting and drawing in 19th century French and American art that reflected the influence of the Japanese works, particularly prints that were then reaching the West
Composite Image
An Image formed by combining different images or different views of the subject
Flâneur
An impeccably dressed man with perfect manners who kept up with current events through newspapers and gossip
Avant-Garde
Meaning "advance force" in French, the artists of this style in 19th and 20th century Europe led the way in innovation in both subject matter and technique, rebelling against the established conventions of the art world.
Simultaneous Contrast
The theory that complementary colors, when placed next to one another, increase the intensity of each other (red becoming more red; green becoming more green; etc.)
catalogue raisonné
a complete list of an artist's works of art, with a comprehensive chronology and a discussion of the artist's style.
pastiche
an artistic work in a style that imitates that of another work, artist, or period.
Provenance
the place of origin of a work of art and related information.
Cenotaph
•A memorial monument to honor a person or persons whose remains lie elsewhere
Neo-Classicism
•An 18th century style that emphasizes Classical themes, sometimes with strong moral overtones, executed in a way that places a strong emphasis on line, with figures and objects running parallel to the picture plane. Paintings and drawing are typically executed with sharp clarity, by way of tight handling of pain and clearly defined line and light
Salon
◦Large, elegant drawing or reception room in a private home used for social and intellectual gatherings
◦Chinoiseries
◦Objects, usually in the decorative arts (screens, furniture, lacquerware) made in a Chinese or pseudo-Chinese style, most popular in the 18th century
Rococo
◦The ornate, elegant style most associated with the early-18th-century in France, and which later spread throughout Europe. Generally, the style uses pastel colors and the decorative arts to emphasize the notion of fantasy. Derived from the French word "rocaille," meaning pebble, and "barocco" (baroque)
trois crayons
◦The use of three colors, usually red, black, and white, in a drawing; a technique popular in the 17th and 18th centuries
