Art History 6C Images
a. Exhibition designed to show works that Hitler approved of, depicting statuesque blond nudes along with idealized soldiers and landscapes b. "Nazi" art was impersonal and stereotypical- people were stripped of all individuality c. All Nazi architecture, art, painting- one gains feeling that faces, shapes, and colors serve as propagandistic purpose- they are all the same stylized statements of Nazi virtues: power, strength, solidity, Nordic beauty
Great German Art Exhibition
a. A mural sized oil painting on canvas by Pablo Picasso completed June 1937 b. Shows the suffering of people, animals, and buildings wrenched by violence and chaos c. Very Anti-war, completed following the bombing of Guernica
Guernica
a. Formalist art critic who coined the term Action Painting in 1952 b. Famous critic of the abstract expressionist movement in America c. Describes the physical interaction between painter and canvas
Harold Rosenberg
•Didactic painting •too similar in style to the Nazi propaganda, same form •realism vs. abstraction •abstraction reaches fewer people, distances from mass culture •realism is easier to understand, but could be mistaken as German/Soviet propaganda.
Horacio Ferrer, Madrid (Black Airplanes), 1937
•Dadaism •Sound poem "Karawane" performed, consisting of essentially gibberish •performed at Cabaret Voltaire •criticized the rationality of WWI •exotic costume is meant to distance him from audience, making his performance more foreign
Hugo Ball, Karawane, Cabaret Voltaire, 1915
a. Artist known for unique style of drip painting- action painter and abstract expressionist b. Created one of the most radical abstract styles in the history of modern art, detaching line from color c. Makes art into an area as the painter becomes one with the painting- more physical interaction between painting and painter
Jackson Pollock
•Abstract Expressionism •Action Painting-art is a performance •the subject matter *is* the interaction between the artist and the canvas •no hierarchical arrangement •canvas is the arena •bold, American nationalism, freedom of power, or individualistic expression
Jackson Pollock, Number 1A, 1948, 1948
•Neo-Dada •No clear subject matter, painting is about color •Words don't match the color they are written in-color switching •stenciled letters, less personal •Painting creates a dialogue, linguistic vs. visual •Commenting on Abstract Expressionism-it is a tyranny
Jasper Johns, False Start , 1962
•Breaking from Abstract Expressionism, because he is painting a recognizable object, Neo-Dadaism, anticipates pop-art •depersonalized •gay •encaustic •Johns claims that he dreamt himself painting an American flag, so he did. •painted flag, or a painting *of* a flag •some viewers will read national pride or freedom in the image, while others only see imperialism or oppression
Jasper Johns, Flag, 1954
•Neo-Dadaism, Cold War Era •Combines sculpture and painting, casts of a models face •Eyes are hidden-as not to make eye contact with the viewer (shooter) as they aim for the target •depersonalizing •Unsettling • Implies the targeting of the anonymous masses by using unknown casts of faces-criticizing the cold war
Jasper Johns, Target with Four Faces, 1955
•Duchamp's alter ego •Dada, avant-garde , against norms •Collaborated with Man Ray in a series of photographs •Mocking how famous models pose •unconventional
Marcel Duchamp as Rrose Selavy, 1921
•Ready made •making fun of wanted posters •used his alter-ego Rrose Selavy •challenges traditional conceptions of art
Marcel Duchamp, $2000 Reward, 1923
•Readymade art •his sister threw it out when she was cleaning his studio •motion, an experiment "movement of flames" •did not think it would get such recognition
Marcel Duchamp, Bicycle Wheel, copy of 1913 original
•Readymade, mass produced objects-urinal •urinal turned on its side and signed like an art piece •Duchamp rejected the assumption that art must be linked to the craft of the hand •questions originality and authenticity
Marcel Duchamp, Fountain, 1917
•Readymade, mass-produced objects: postcard •Cheap reproduction of Mona Lisa •Draws a mustache on her "She has a hot ass/she is horny" •Mustache-gender ambiguity
Marcel Duchamp, L.H.O.O.Q., 1919
•Exhibited at the Armory Show in NY •Very controversial, a "joke" •Movement, hard to make out the image-people were not used to it, and didn't like it.
Marcel Duchamp, Nude Descending a Staircase, no. 2, 1913
•erotic encounter between robotic-like bride and her suitors below •sexuality of machines •separation between bride and bachelors symbolizes agonizing desire/masturbation •bride will potentially orgasm and fall into chocolate churner, aphrodisiac •continuous movement throughout piece •no simple interpretation
Marcel Duchamp, The Large Glass or The Bride Stripped Bare by her Bachelors, Even, 1915-1923
•layered color to enrich the hues in the painting and to lend it a quality that the artist described as that of "inner light."
Mark Rothko, Brown, Blue, and Brown on Blue, 1953
•PTSD of WWII •Photo montage
Martha Rosler, House Beautiful, from Bringing the War Home, 1967-72
a. The set of ideals and values that develop from a common exposure to the same media, news sources, music, and art b. Broadcast to people, not from day to day interaction c. Leads to tastes in art that are favored by a social group
Mass Culture
a. Practice of making absurd accusations of treason with no evidence b. Made popular when Senator Joseph McCarthy said everyone in US is communist and started arresting people left and right and blacklisting them
McCarthyism (Red Scare)
a. Museum in NYC- important in developing and collecting modernist art b. Identified as the most influential museum of modern art in the world c. Founded/run by rich, influential people in politics (Rockefellers)
Museum of Modern Art (1929)
a. An offshoot of fascism that incorporates scientific racism and anti-Semitism b. Opposed to both capitalism and communism c. Sought national unity and traditionalism
National Socialism (Nazi Party)
a. Also known as pop art b. Featured combines, collages, incorporated a lot of abstraction with a lot of popular culture like magazines, comic books, etc. c. Famous people are jasper johns, Rauschenberg, Andy Warhol
Neo-Dada
a. Treating person as an object, taken away their subjectivity
Objectification
a. The first large exhibition of modern art in America b. Introduced Americans who were accustomed to realistic art to the experimental styles of the European Avant garde, including Fauvism, Cubism, and Futurism c. The show served as catalyst for American artists, who became more independent and created their own "artistic language"
The Army Show (1913)
a. State of political and military tension after WWII between powers in the Western Bloc (U.S. and NATO allies) and the powers in the Eastern bloc (Soviet Union and its allies in the Warsaw Pact) b. Lasted from approximately 1947-1991 Associated with abstract expressionism
The Cold War
•followed people around •against societal norms
Vito Acconci, Following Piece, 1969
•objectifies the viewer
Vito Acconci, Seedbed, 1972
a. This government was established in Germany after WWI b. Democratic Republic but due to hyperinflation and Great Depression Hitler took over it and turned it into Nazi Party c. German government promoted ideals of democracy and equality, but lacked the funds to realize these goals due to war reparations and hyperinflation
Weimar Republic
•Abstract Expressionism •Reworked all of his paintings: emotional encounter between him and the painting
Willem de Kooning, Excavation, 1950
•violent painting •opposes the stereotypical submissive cold war housewife
Willem de Kooning, Woman I, 1950-51
a. War marked by trench warfare, poison gas, and artillery b. Produced dead/disfigured veterans which led to development of prosthetics and it devastated Europe's economy SO MUCH DEBT c. "total war"- all aspect of society geared towards war cause- propaganda fantasized war to encourage men to join army
World War I
a. Global war that lasted from 1939-1945 between the Allies and the Axis b. Most widespread war in history- "total war" where major participants threw entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind war effort c. It resulted in an estimated 50 million to 85 million fatalities- deadliest conflict in human history
World War II
Zip: a line that divides the canvas in a painting, also "brings the painting together"
Zip
•machinery art, inspired by industrialism •Dada •segways into futurism
Francis Picabia, Amourous Parade, 1917
•sexualizes machines •dadaism
Francis Picabia, Portrait of a Young American Girl in a State of Nudity, 1915
•Black artist, says that Museums do not represent black history well enough •black adversities are not recognized enough
Fred Wilson, Mining the Museum: Metalwork 1793-1880
•Italian Futurism, stems from cubism •performance art, poetry •progressive, technology, innovative
Futurist serate, Turin, Italy, 1910
•Futurism, cubism inspired •Dance-performing art, movement •multimedia;sequins added to painting
Gino Severini, Blue Dancer, 1912
•futurism •addresses the franticness of WWI
Gino Severini, Hospital Train, 1915
a. A surrealist technique in painting in which usually wet paint is scraped off the canvas. b. Employed by ax Ernst and Joan Miro
Grattage
a. Inspired by artists from Zurich- German movement was not as anti-art as its Zurich counterpart b. Held first international Dada fair and developed the technique of photomontage c. Very political, anti-war, critiqued German government
Dada (Berlin)
a. Movement raises questions "What is art?" through its choice and presentation of various media b. Against art being about art c. Began during WWI in neutral Switzerland to express horror at the way art and language was used to glorify death and violence
Dada (Zurich)
a. Exhibition took place during the Third Reich and likened avant-garde (dada, etc.) works to disease before selling them off or burning them b. Organized by Adolf Ziegler and Nazi Party in Munich from July 30-November 1937 c. Many works were displayed without frames and partially covered by derogatory slogans
Degenerate Art Exhibition
•Exhibition of rejected dada art •Made fun of dada; thought it was "ridiculous" •"Degenerate" art was banned
Degenerate Art Exhibition, Berlin, 1937
a. A post World War II art movement in American painting, developed in New York in 1940's b. First American movement to achieve international influence c. Most of the artists associated with Abstract Expressionism were influenced by era's leftist politics and came to value art grounded in personal experience
Abstract Expressionism
a. technique also known as gestural abstraction used by abstract expressionist. b. Emphasizes the physical aspect of painting and treats the canvas as an area to act c. The term was coined by Harold Rosenburg d. Emphasizes the process of making art through various techniques like dripping, dabbing, smearing, and flinging paint
Action Painting
•criticizes mass produced art •makes it seem less special •anyone can make art
Andy Warhol, Do It Yourself, 1962
•desensitization through repetition •we treat celebrities as gods
Andy Warhol, Marilyn Diptych, 1962
•Pop-Art •Patriotic •Civil Rights
Andy Warhol, Race Riot, 1963
•Pop-Art •Glorified the criminals •People protested •Covered it up because one of the criminals was pardoned
Andy Warhol, Thirteen Most Wanted, 1964 (1964 World's Fair, New York)
•Pop-Art •assembly line technique •against hand painting because too time consuming •becoming less personal
Andy Warhol, Two Hundred Campbell's Soup Cans, 1962
•Vietnam War •they killed women, children, and babies
Art Workers Coalition, And Babies? And Babies. 1970
a. Criticized art for the masses and championed art that was exclusive b. He was against public accessibility and promoted abstract expressionist movement c. Believed art should be abstract and non objective- was among the first published critics to praise the work of Jackson Pollock
Clement Greenberg
a. The two bombings which killed at least 129,000 people b. Remained the only use of nuclear weapons for warfare in history c. Ended World War II
Atomic Bomb (Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Japan)
a. Surrealists embraced automatic drawing as way to incorporate randomness and subconscious into their drawings Allowed people to tap more easily into intuition, emotions and physical experiences of drawing and painting
Automatic Drawing
a. An action performed unconsciously or involuntarily, in art it is making art without a conscious intention
Automatism
a. Refers to artists whose work opposes the mainstream cultural/social/political values and often criticizes them b. Promotion of radical social reforms c. Innovative and experimental art that challenges stablished ideas of what art should be
Avante-garde
a. A style of abstract painting related to Abstract Expressionism that began in New York in the 1940's b. Characterized primarily be large fields of flat, solid color spread across or stained into the canvas creating areas of broken surface and flat picture plane c. Inspired by European modernism and closely related to Abstract Expressionism
Color Field Painting
a. naturally occurring patterns or shapes reminiscent of nature and living organisms. b. Art style that began in 20th century that involves artistic design on natural occurring patterns or shapes Joan Miro is a famous artist who uses biomorphs in his works
Biomorphic Forms
a. Nightclub in Zurich, Switzerland founded by Hugo Ball and Emmy Hennings b. Began the Dada movement and featured performances including sound poetry, music, and dance
Cabaret Voltaire
•nightclub in Zurich opened by Hugo Ball •Switzerland was neutral during WWI, refugee artists fled there •Dadaism, performance art
Cabaret Voltaire
a. a collection of words or images is assembled by collaborating artists b. invented by Surrealists-they enjoyed that it did not produce logical images/phrases, and involved chance c. Surrealist method of drawing uses collaboration to produce a composite image
Cadavre Exquis (exquisite corpse)
•Futurism, cubism inspired •Ephemeral bc of newspapers •visual poem-sounds, shadows create depth
Carlo Carra, Patriotic Celebration (Free Word Painting), 1914
•Pulled the scroll out of her vagina •aggressive, naked above the viewer, overwhelming •female form was idealized •pandora's box
Carolee Schneemann, Interior Scroll, 1974
•Performance Art •Rubbed meat on their body •Very sensual
Carolee Shneemann, Meat Joy, 1964
•Abstract Expressionism and popular culture collide
Cecil Beaton, Model in front of Jackson Pollock painting, for Vogue, March 1951
•Surrealism •Odd, nightmarish •Incorporation of words
Earnst, Two Children Are Threatened by a Nightingale 1924
•Futurist, new begginnings, breaking away from past •blurred lines and rapid brush strokes create movement, speed and sound •modern technology •disillusionment of modern life
Giacomo Balla, Abstraction, Speed, Noise, 1913
a. A wax based paint (beeswax, resin, pigment which is kept molten on heated palette b. Usually added to wood with color
Encaustic
•Futurism •large brass music, bizarre sounds •encompassed painting, sculpture, poetry, theatre, music, architecture
F.T. Marinetti and Luigi Russolo with Russolo's intonamurori, c. 1912
a. Movement started in Europe in 1920's after World War I with its nucleus in Paris b. Roots were found in Dada, but was less violent and more artistically based c. First work of poets and writers
Surrealism
•Surrealism •Dream Painting •Landscape represents his home
Salvador Dali, The Persistence of Memory, 1931
a. Surrealist technique developed by Salvador Dalí b. Method makes links between two things that are not usually linked c. An example of the work is a double image where ambiguous images can be interpreted in different ways
Paranoid-critical method
a. Same thing as neo dada b. Features pop culture and abstraction c. Uses combines, collages
Pop Art
a. Mass produced, ordinary object (one that we are visually indifferent to) that is transformed into art through choice of the artist b. Commonly associated with Marcel Duchamp- fountain/toilet piece c. By choosing object(s) and repositioning or joining, titling, and signing it, the object became art
Readymade
•interactive •leads to performance art
Robert Rauschenberg, Black Market, 1961
•Neo-Dada/Pop Art •Critiques Abstract Expressionism •erasing represents containment, reversal expressionism
Robert Rauschenberg, Erased De Kooning, 1953
•Pop-Art 1 •reproduces painting, showing that if he can replicate it, then it is not spontaneous •can be re-created
Robert Rauschenberg, Factum I, 1957
•Neo-Dada/Pop Art •Combine •homosexuality, tire being penetrated by goat •Pushes against traditional art by combining paint and sculpture •Criticizes Abstract Expressionism
Robert Rauschenberg, Monogram, 1950-59
a. Mesh transferred ink to bottom layer which recreates the same image over and over by slight variances because of how mesh is b. Famous by Andy Warhol and Marilyn Picture
Silkscreen
a. A civil war fought from 1936 to 1939 between the Republicans who were loyal to the democratic Spanish Republic and the Nationalists- rebel group led by General Francisco Franco b. The Nationalists won, and Franco ruled Spain for the next 36 years from 1939 until 1975
Spanish Civil War
a. Refers to subject's agency b. Be recognized as a subject
Subjectivity
•flat
Roy Lichtenstein, Little Big Painting, 1965
•precise
Roy Lichtenstein, Masterpiece, 1962
•Pop-Art •Benday dots •two different people, look exactly the same •what identifies people?
Roy Lichtenstein, Portrait of Ivan Karp 1961, Roy Lichtenstein, Portrait of Allan Kaprow, 1961
a. Pseudonym of Marcel Duchamp b. What he called himself when dressed up as a women and sometimes he signed his work with this name c. The name is a pun because it sounds like "Eros, c'est la vie" which means "Eros, that's life" - Greek God of love
Rrose Sevaly
a. Result of drought and a poor economy in the 1930's b. 1929 Stock market crash marked its beginning c. Artists paid homage to it through photographs
The Great Depression (stock market crash, Oct. 1929)
a. The systematic, state sponsored persecution and murder of around six million Jews b. Nazi Regime held power through ideologies of Fascism and was led by Hitler c. Jews were the scapegoats for all the economic and social problems throughout Europe
The Holocaust
a. Domestic Programs enacted 1933-38 by Franklin D. Roosevelt b. Made in an effort to end/alleviate the Great Depression c. Included employment of artists to make murals, etc.
The New Deal
a. A dictatorship that lasted 1933-1945 ruled by Hitler and the Nazi Party b. Began with end of Weimar Republic, ended with end of WWII c. The third German Empire which emphasized Fascist ideologies
The Third Reich
a. A concept of psychologist Sigmund Freud- interest of Surrealists b. Tried to express this through automatism and attempted to get rid of conscious thought and the constraints of societal norms in their art related to this concept c. Introduced the animalistic nature of humans, suppressed thoughts- sexual, violence
The Unconscious
