Art history

Where were the minoans located?

Crete

Orientalizing paintings

These influences can be seen through the used of lots of plant and animal motifs, as well as the use of mythical creatures. They also started doing metalwork and ivory carvings which they learned from the east. Lines became more curvy instead of rigid compared to the geometric period and figures more naturalistic. The vase pictured is from 650 BC.

pyxis with horse

cosmetic box from geometric period as seen on designs.

fresco secco

dry fresco--> painted on dried plaster

What objects were often used to understand geometric painting?

-Painted pottery was a good means of dating because it reflected lots of changing aesthetics (especially in the shapes of Greek vases)

Palace at Knossos, Minoan architecture

1700-1400 BC MINOAN palace remains are substantial. This is the great palace of Knossos. Lies on fertile land not far from sea. Built against slope of low hill as seen in lower right. Open courtyard in middle for public use. Maybe palace was an amalgamation of different building connected by multi level roof. Entrances and exits were off center so the lack of a cohesive unity makes sense because the complex was not preplanned but kinda pieced together here and there.

Sophilos

1st quarter of 6th century and was the first Attic vase painter to be known to have signed his work. he'd write things like "sophilos painted this/me". This was the time around when many artists began to sign their work.

proto attic loutrophoros

early 7th century Athens was more resistant to oriental changes than other cities like corith because they were main exporters of vases and such so they wanted to stick more to what they knew. Athenians were quite conservative in general and ethnocentric which shows in their artistic practices. These vases were used on the graves of unmarried women. There are still geometric features like pattern and lack of empty space but the forms are more naturalistic though and are shown in profile. They still occupy the central/widest band of the vase, however. There is also incision work on the people. There is incision work and outlining method that was used to render facial features and made use of black paint. There was also the silhouette method. Proto-attic vases were also larger than Corinthian vases. This continues the tradition of monumentality present in earlier Greek art. These were also often grave markers. Around 2.5 ft tall.

Chronology and historical sketch of archaic period

early: 620-580 BC middle/ripe: 580-525 BC Late: 525-480 BC -period of prosperity -aristrocracies were out and a merchant and industrial class grew -new, non-hereditary autocrats called tyrants ruled (not negative word) -Persians tried to control Ionian city-states until they revolted. Then they tried to invade Greece but Athens and some other cities fought back and won in the battle of Marathon (490 BC) and Salamis (480 BC).

Dreros Apollo

end of 8th century BC Apollo along with Leto and Artemis (sisters) Sisters wore a polos hat which was associated with female divinities. Not bronze cast but made with bronze sheets hammered and pinned on wooden frame. Wood desintegrated but bronze sheet remains. Sphyreleton technique probably came form East Holes for ears and eyes suggest that those parts were made separately and then attached later. Orientalizing features are the rounded body but angular features in face come from geometric figures. Female figures are clothed but Apollo is nude. Nude females were usually prostitutes though. Females are in a rigid position. Male in more free form position.

proto geometric

experimentation in pottery shape and decoration was very geometric. There were lots of concentric circles and squiggles. There is a mechanical precision to the paintings on jars and vases at this time. Over time in the proto-geometric, there seemed to be a trend towards covering vases with more black. Art on pottery reflected architecture at this time with lots of horizontal and vertical lines as well as friezes on vases.

horror vacui/kenophobia

fear of empty space, very obvious in geometric period, still seen later though.

internal evidence v. external evidence

internal: Identifiable characteristics that are fashionable only at a certain time. Aids in understanding chronology in art. external: the documentary evidence obtained directly from independent external sources

When was the period of unrest in the Aegean and what was it like?

it was from 1150-800 BC and was marked by migrations of 3 major groups of Greek-speaking people: -Dorians from central mainland Greece to the Peloponnese -Aeolians from Thessaly to Thrace, shores of the Black Sea and Nothern Asia Minor -Ionians from Euboea and Attica to Cyclades and West Asia Minor Though there were differences in dialect and social customs, the Greeks more or less shared a common language and literature, similar religious beliefs and festivals, they are all grouped as Greeks and also, despite their similarities, there was a lot of hostility between them.

Panathenaic Amphora

large ceramic vessels, that contained the olive oil given as prizes in the Panathenaic Games, 566 BC

terracotta plaque Athens

late 6th century BC -megakles kalos=megakles the beautiful

construction

lots of sleds, wagons, ox, pulleys, holes in rocks to lift them, clamps to hold them together

Where were the Myceneans located?

mainland Greece (their art was mostly referred to as aegean art)

cauldron rings

often used for decoration on cauldron and mainly set up in religious sanctuaries as well as in offerings.

metope

panel between the triglyphs in a Doric frieze, often sculpted in relief. Three women are overlapping which shows better understanding of 3D space again which developed during the oriental period. Perseus' helmet and foot goes outside of the box which was weird because drawings used to be segmented and contained from most other pieces. Usually anything destroyed in a religion setting was buried in the area because even though destroyed, it still "belongs" to the gods. White is used here but it wasn't commonly used for everyday objects only fancy, artsy objects because it tended to flake off. Large nose and eye was due to a limited understanding of the human profile that remained from the geometric period. These paintings were found in temples.

different lady clothes

peplos chiton himation

aksos

perfume/oil container Natural curvelinear forms are emphasized while the patterns in the front are just for décor. Not natural part of bird, it's a remnant of the "fear of emptiness" from the geometric period.

Bilingual Amphora

red figure on one side and black figure on the other. 510 BC by andokides painter.

Continuous narrative

the representation of the same principal figure or figures repeatedly in some sort of continuous setting. An example would be a red figure kylix by the Kodros painter (490-480) showing theseus several times. Didn't last long beyond classical period because it's a bit confusing and illogical.

black figure v. red figure

figures painted on slip v. background painted on slip

Sosias Painter

red figure painter who first rendered human eye in profile. Show Achilles dressing the wound of a friend. His narrative structure was told as a pyramid.

Orientalizing period

(700-600 BC) Greek time period when they were picking up ideas from other places like asia minor, egypt, italy, etc. Lots of influences can be seen in paintings and this was also the time when large scale structures and durable temples because a thing, mainly due to a switch in materials (wood+mud to stone and marble). Athens dominated Greek art for a while but during the oriental period Corinth took over because they were more innovative in terms of art and especially painting.

athenian treasury

-Built c. 490-480 BC -Built with funds from spoils of the Battle of Marathon -Metopes: labors of Heracles and Theseus -Meant to show tradition -doric columns next to it was a trophy of marathon to flaunt their military prowess located in delphi

Bull-leaping fresco

-Minoan (from the palace on Knossos) -1500 BC -aka toreador fresco -knossos was where the legend of minotaur came to be -white figures were women and red figures were male -bull was an important animal at that time (even in egypt and mesopotamia Displays the characteristics of minoan fresco painting: -interest in naturalism -liveliness of color

Historical sketch of early Greece

-The first greek speaking people (proto-greeks) enter Greece around 2000 BC (end of the early bronze age) -The Mycenean empire lasted from 1400-1200 BC. Myceneans were also referred to as acheans (acc to Homer) -The art of this early period is called "Aegean" becauase of the strong influence of the art of the non-Greek speaking minoans -"Greek" art begins about 1000 BC following the collapse of Mycenaean civilization

thessalian warrior statue

-grey stone -hourglass shield -Human figure is not really representative of an individual but rather just the "essence" of a man. Neck is elongated and the calves are big and genitals are enlarged to emphasize fertility. Facial features look like they were stuck onto a flat surface. He is naked except for a belt and a helmet. These shields are seen on the vase. The belt is a sign of nobility and the elite. The hole in the hand suggest that he was holding a spear at one point. Function is unknown. Maybe it's just decorative or maybe it's symbolic.

Minoan art

-lots of art had to with the sea -minoan octopus on jar was sprawled out whereas on chalice its very orderly and simplified/stylized

Oriental sculpture

-more mythical creatures represented, clearly from eastern influence (sirens/griffins are examples) -human and animal figures acquire more volume and emphasis on curvilinear forms -

Flotilla fresco

-seaside landscape -1450 BC -from Cycladic island of Thera -quite detailed

Archaic vase painting

-some of the leading vase painting centers of the Archaic Period: Corinth, Athens, Laconia, Chalchis, Boeotia, Aegan Islands -Corinth and Athens most important centers in first half of 6th century -Athens the chief center in 2nd half of the 6th century afterward

Describe mycenian paintings

-wall frescos -more abstract approach to painting -influenced from minoan art too -human figures were very abstract and reduced/stylized -art tends to reflect the state of society. When society wasn't doing well, art wasn't very stylized or elaborate.

Pista/Sikyon votive plaques

-wooden votive plaques -2nd half 6th century

Treasure of Atreus

1250 BC, MYCENAE Mycenians made beehive tombs which date to 1250 (late mycenian period). Treasury of Atreus is the best-preserved beehive tomb. The dromos was the passage ways. Built into hill. And in the conical area (built in a corbel way like that other arch). 45 ft tall. Largest known structure without internal support until later Roman period.

tyrins palace

1400-1200 Polygonal shapes of stones may have been important to make walls stable if there were earthquakes or anything. MYCENEAN Corbell arches are made of walls where layers of stone protrude with each layer until they join together and support one another. This is where the lion gate resides. There were walkways and stuff on top to attack offensive forces trying to get in. City was usually planned as a whole with come extensions added her and there. The ramps are on the side because it makes it harder for invaders to get in cuz they cant really shield themselves and they're more exposed to the solders on the top of the gate and they cant really use a battering ram.

Seated goddess with lion at the temple of Prinias

650 BC. Freize panels may have been on lower wall too Two woman sitting frame the doorway. Gracing stags Soffit was under lintel and large female relief figures which were Daedalic. Women had polos suggesting divinity. Association with animals may indicate that the mistress of animals was worshipped at that temple. The women were 2 ft high. These statues were daedalic, which puts an emphasis on the front even though the way they were viewed in the temple was in profile. The look very rigid from the side.

Remnants of geometric period in orientalizing period

650-600 BC You can see more flowers and animals which is oriental influence but there is still a lot of patterns and filler decorations which is a remnant of geometric period

Full geometric amphora/krater

750 BC. Some drawings started being included. You can see deer on the neck and people on the main frieze. The entire vase is covered in drawings (fear of empty space). Used to mark a grave. The frieze depicts a prothesis (laying out of corpse on a bier (funerary couch)). Shroud covers a body, an ekphora is used to carry away the body. The swastika was a sign of the sun god and a compass and to show motion. The charioteers were for funerary games (only affordable by rich people). The human and animal figures are very elongated. Human torsos are very triangular. The horses are layered to show depth. The charioteers have weird body shaped because of their shields. There are only two wheels but it looks like 4 because of how they're drawn. The artist didn't totally understand perspective. However, they are organized and consistent, so the person who made this was an artist.

spearman olympia

750 BC. This figure was attached to something probably for decoration, little sense of bone structure, also had a hole for maybe a spear and shield. In profile the but, knees and calves are well articulated and the hair is raised like a skullcap. Lips bulge out and the ears are quite large. Kinda abstract with exaggerated features which was common at the time (geometric period).

Mantiklos Apollo

7th century (early). Elongated form Has been broken at knees and stands at 8 inches tall Inscription on thighs indicated that the figure was dedicated to Apollo Votive offering to Apollo Hole in left hand was likely for spear or if it's Apollo it was probably a bow (since that was associated with Apollo) We don't know if the figure is supposed to be Apollo or the man who made it (Mantiklos). Geometric features are the triangular torso and elongated head. Orientalizing trends are the curvier nature of the legs as well as some muscular definition.

Temple of Hera at Samos

800 BC -hekatompedon (100 ft long temple) 100 ft long temple with cult image at opp. End of entrance and a bunch of posts in the middle. 100 seemed to have been a god-like number because it's so big? Over time temples became wider and less hallway-like. Had peaked roof with posts down middle and in front of entrance. Roof was likely wood. Cult image blocked from view due to columns in the middle which was fixed later. made of wood

geometric stone horse statue

8th century shows the abstract nature of animals in the geometric period. Made of bronze, very highly regarded, simple and harmonious curves of a horse, geometric period, static position is due to strong tectonic nature (focuses on horizontals and verticals). Similar to the horses shown on the geometric amphora/krater.

Thermon sanctuary

9th-7th century BC (geom) At thermon there was initially a complex of houses that date to early geometric period and the structure was a megaron, a porch, a main chamber and an oval thing. It looks like a temple was built on top tho. Also objects were kinda sacrificial and stuff so ya kno, probs used for a temple. There seems to be a sacred area (sanctuary areas) and a profane area which was not a sacred area. Also there were writings on wall suggesting that the temple was used to worship Apollo.

Calyx Krater

A bell-shaped vessel with handles near the base that resembles a flower calyx. Shows Herakles wrestling with the giant antaois. Some of the objects were foreshortened to give appearance that they were receding into the distance. There is a chiastic effect (visual creation of an X shape in the image). By euphronios, a great attic painter who helped develop the figure technique. He would often draw eyes on profile humans as frontal, a common mistake which would be corrected over time.

Describe the Geometric period

Aka the dark ages -called the geometric period because of the characteristic geometric patters which are represented in the art of this period -this was the period of unrest following the collapse of mycenaean civilization -1150-800 BC

When did the geometric period really blossom?

Around 900BC. There was less solid black and more bands and designs. There were lots of swastika like and teeth like drawings. As the period continues, black, empty areas become more filled up (fear of empty space)

Aryballoys

Aryballoys were vases no bigger than 4 inches and were easy to transport and so they became quite prevalent in different areas. Muscles and joints of bodily forms were used more often due to the use of black figure technique (similar to silhouette technique but is diff because of the use of incised lines to add detail).

Amphora by Berlin Painter with Herakles

Athena in a full panopoly on one side and herakles holding a wine cup on the opposite side.

Exekias

Athenian artist considered to be the finest of the Attic black figure painters and potters. He used a lot of main friezes on a black background. Important around mid 500 BC. Also signed work. He also made shallow bowls with eyes to "turn away evil" called a kylix. Ajax and Achilles are playing a game.

warrior and centaur

Battle compositions were popular as seen on top and may represent man's struggle to achieve excellence (arate?) the lower figure is bronze. Conical helmet shows that theyre warriors. Both figures seem to be embracing due to static appearance but they are actually in battle. It seems that part of the arm of the human was lost but it seems to have been a weapon that was thrust into the centaur. The human might be Zeus and the centaur may have been the titan Kronos or it could be Hercules into Nessos who tried to steal his wife. We dunno for sure what it might be tho. Optimal view is profile. Optimal views is the angle at which the viewer of the artwork is able to understand the artwork the most. Also an attachment.

Why were temples important in Greek society?

Because the more elaborate they were the more wealth and piety the city could show off to visitors from other cities.

plan of greek temple at the end of geometric period (700 BC)

Better planning in future with different ways to support roof. Outside columns were just for décor (peripteral plan= collonnade of columns on the perimeter of the temple)

Siphnian Treasury

Built by wealthy (gold mines) isle of Siphnos at Delphi before 525, making it crucial fixed point in Delphi's chronology. Small marble ionic temple with caryatids (korai for columns) two different sculptors of friezes one set (simpler) shows battle of Achilles and Memnon, and gods weighing their souls the North (most important) shows gigantomachy, with different levels, foreshortening, etc. illustrate continuing stress between nobility (epic ideals) and commonality. frieze shows advances in perspective with things being carved inwards and outwards at an angle. ionic frieze. chiara oscuro= playing with light and dark.

What is the overall accepted chronology for early Greek art?

Early Bronze age: 3000-2000 Middle Bronze Age: 1600-1000 (sub mycenaean: 1150-1000) Geometric: 1000-700, proto-geometric: 1000-900, full/mature geometric: 900-700

Oriental architecture

For temples, a new feature was the addition of pillars on the porches and around the temple (ex. 2nd temple of Hera at Samos in 650 BC) as well as the elimination of posts down the middle of the temple blocking the view of the cult figure.

Where were many geometric vases found?

Found in cemetaries. Some were of monumental proportions (5-6 ft). They held the ashes of the dead. Smaller vessels were gits for the dead. The holes on the bottom of the vessels were so that the rainwater would drain out.

Minoan art during the Aegean period

In 1600-1500 BC, minoan sculptures were small but more realistic. A rhyton is bull-shaped and could be placed head-down and was a vessel to hold liquids. The Hole in the mouth was likely plugged with cork. What is shown is the snake goddess.

black figure painting

In early Greek pottery, the silhouetting of dark figures against a light background of natural, reddish clay, with linear details incised through the silhouettes.

red-figure technique

In later Greek pottery, the silhouetting of red figures against a black background, with painted linear details; the reverse of the black-figure technique. The background is painted in slip which turns black in firing, while the figure are left in the natural color of the clay. details are then added by incising and brushwork. popular 540-400.

Orientalizing arcitechture

Limestone was most popular in architecture and sculpting Softer than marble but marble was more expensive. Temple at Prinias on Crete was a good example of a limestone temple.

Minoan architecture

Minoan architecture come originally from the Aegean. Minoans were the first to develop a sophisticated form of architecture. No temples though, just started with houses and some monumental tombs. Houses were usually two stories. Some house plaques can still be found but otherwise it's just the base foundation that shows the layout.

Geometric sculptures

Sculpture from geometric period was under 1 ft with most objects being under 6 inches. They were mostly made in fired clay but also sometimes metal, wood, and ivory (this one is ivory) and bone. Literary evidence suggests the existence of wooden figures. This is a cult image which is usually contained in a temple and are often figures of gods/goddesses and is meant to sort of house the spirits of the divine so this had to be consecrated. Women were not shown nude, only in Egypt they were but those were usually slaves.

Daedalic Sculpture

The Archaic Greek style of stiff, frontal sculpture resembling early Egyptian pharaonic figures that the Greeks attributed to Daedalus after he fled Crete. Wig-like hair (often triangular), triangular face. Daedalic style came from near east (maybe Egypt) but was introduced by means of mold-made Daedalic figurines from overseas. Iconic example is the lady of auxerre (630-640 BC).

What caused the fall of Mycenean civilization?

The cause is obscure, but the following factors may have been at play. -Dorian invasion: legendary inhabitants of Doris in central mainland Greece invaded Peloponnese and occupy the great Mycenaean cities like Mycenae, Tyrins, and Pylos. Evidence: Thucydides account (from 5th century BC) says that Dorians took over Peloponnese circa 1103 BC, 80 years after the fall of Troy. -recent thinking attributes the fall of the Mycenaean civilization partly to decay from within and invading "sea-peoples" who may have been disposed Myceneans -However, Dorians and other Greek speaking people also seem to occupy the Peloponnese between 1100-1000 BC, which marks the end of the Bronze Age and the beginning of the Iron Age

lion gate citadel

The only monumental large Mycenean sculpture dates to 1250 BC and is on the gate of a citadel. The lions come from minoan influence. They were influenced by Minoans as you can see from the columns. The forms are restored in the lower left but show we know that's what the columns looked like from frescos. Heads are gone because they were carved separately but weren't properly held in place (only held by grooves) so they got separated.

Megaron

Tyrins, 1400-1200 MYCENEAN Megaron was the main public area and most "appealing" part of city cuz it was made fancy and such. Megaron was also the throne room. Throne room is pretty. The hearth would be in the middle with an opening in the roof up above. In throne rooms people sometimes came and sang so it wasn't just for political use so maybe megarons were more like multi-purpose rooms. The structure had two columns in front of the porch, a vestibule, and then the main chamber with the hearth and a throne. The throne itself wasn't right across the entrance and we dunno why.

Trojan column at USC

Was actually made with help of iron, came form 600 BC, and was probs from Alexandria north from Troy.

buon fresco

aka true fresco--> painting on moist plaster

Temple of Artemis at Corfu

c. 600-580 B.C.E. Made completely out of limestone (does not survive). Sculpture shows Medusa, Pegasus and a small man. Had a porch, a naos, and an adyton (for gifts? diff from opisthodamos which is open). Double inner colonnade (two rows of columns), peripteral columns as well.

Amphora by Berlin Painter with Hermes

contemporary and rival of the kleopharades painter. this one shows a satyr drinking from a wine cup on one side of an amphora and Hermes accompanies bu him and a fawn on the other side. 490 BC.

doric v ionic order

doric: thick columns with drums stacked and fluting, no capital 3 steps metope frieze (segmented) and pediment triglyphs come together at corner intercolumnniation: triglyphs right above column poloponnese area, mainland ionic: thinner columns, more decorative, have a capital, 4+ steps, ionic frieze (continuous), no pediment, except sometimes, ex; temple at athena nike, special columns for corners,

Francois vase

570 BCE, approx. 2'2" high, Kleitas--> painter of the vase, may have been a student of sophilos ergotimos--> potter of the vase was a volute krater- a krater with handles in the shape of volutes themes included episodes from the legends of achilles and his father Peleus

4th herarion at samos

540 BC New temple: Made in limestone but column capitals were in wood Ground plan of third heraoin compared to 2nd suggested that is was much larger. Alter was on axis with temples. They used to be offset b/c usually the alter was build before the temple so they didn't always plan them out together. Alter on axis became the norm. Roikos and some other dude possibly made the ionic order. Their temple at samos was 344 ft by 172 ft in a 2:1 ratio. There's an actual colonnade (8 by 10) any temple with a double colonnade is called a dipteral temple. Now were getting into the period where written records are becoming more common about these things Ancient referred this temple as the labrynth of samos because of the number of columns Began tradition in ionia of massive temples which was not common in Greece Temple construction was delayed and not finished until 700 years later. 4th was also dipteral with with extra row of columns on the front and back. This was done to flaunt the wealth of Samos.

Artemision at ephesos

550 BC Temple for Artemis Entirely made of marble Gigantic, little bigger than samos temple Aim of ephisians was to surpass the prowess of the samosians Even regarded as one of the 7 wonders of the ancient world It floods a lot so hard to excavate The got outside architects to help with planning out the huge temple (we know this because of written records) Greek historian heroditus said the cresus king of Lydia offered some weird columns to the temple with relief figures on the bottom Inscription says (king kresus dedicated this) Artemis is one of the few temples with a secured dated Stood in tact until 360 BC a maniac burned it down to have his name remember in history (heroscretus) Dipteral Additional row of culumns onf from but not back Had a deep columna porch 127 columns total but only the 36 front columns had bases carved with figured reliefs Hole in roof in the middle has a hypetheral to make the naos as sort of a courtyard Cult image of artemis was probably protected but a canopy like structure We only know the structure of the statue from coins and other copies of the statue Statue faced west and it was visible from front Wall surrounding the hole in the roof so that people wouldn't fall in Unusual to face west was maybe due to local religious custom in asia minor cuz there were also other temples facing the west there.

third herarion at Samos

570-560 BC 2 rows of columns on the perimeter (dipteral plan) and deep pronaos (porch) with 2 rows of columns on axis.

Temple of Hera at olympia

580 BC. The first temple was from the Orientalizing period but it was knocked doewn probs b/c of flood and then was built over with another temple during the archaic period. Rare to find fully preserved columns This is the oldest complete stone foundaitons for a temple There were some wooden features that were gradually replaced with stone from the archaic all the way to the roman period Not all columns were of same size and some were decorated differently at their crowns suggesting replacement at other times Standard type of temple: Pronaos Naos Protastaomas (for treasury) Naos and opisthodamos had two columns in antis

Nettos amphora

620 BC nettos was a centaur slain by herakles on neck black figure with incisions main frieze has gorgons

Temple of Apollo at Thermon

630 BC This temple provides a very good plan of what most temples would look like. It would also show the external form of many Greek temples to come. Propotionas would be improved, however. Still poled in middle which was a bit recessive. Recessed area in back is called a opisthodomos and is a common feature of later temples. Entablature is above the columns but below the roof. It didn't survive though so it was likely wood but the frieze did. Recessed area was to put the precious objects and they could close it off. Painted terracotta panels on roof. Roof tiles tell us how the roof looked even though the wood was gone. Roof was decorated with terracotta antefixes mostly of animals and open mouths as rain spouts. Greek temples were free-standing structures. They were not connected to other buildings. Eastern influence shown through the animal representation in the terracota antefixes above the metopes.

Lady of auxerre

640-630 BC -Daedalic style in middle of 7th century Daedalic comes from the Athenian sculptor Deadalus who sculpted amazing things for King Minos. The Lady of Auxerre was supposedly impregnated by a bull and birthed the minotaur.

2nd temple of Hera at Samos

650 BC A feature added in the Orientalizing period were pillars on the outside of the temple 2nd temple has 4 wooden posts added to the porch of the temple and eliminated post down the middle of the temple. Rebuilding the temple included new posts, new roof, and a new colonnade The walls were no longer made of sun dried bricks but limestone upon the foundation of the earlier temple so you can see in the foundation a change in the stone used. You can see a shift from mud brick to limestone. Flood ruined stuff on temple so anything below red line was lost but we can see top of men and spears so it was likely a frieze of warriors (approx. 1 ft tall). If so, then this temple was the first example of the ionic frieze, which would become more popular later (these friezes are continuous). Outside in front of the temple was the altar. The altars were separate probably because they marked the start of the religious ritual. Congregations were often outside. Temple surrounded by stone wall and a gateway (propylon) to the sacred area. There was a also a stoa/portico in the area which was made with wooden posts supporting a wooden roof. There were two dividing walls. We aren't totally sure what stoas were for, perhaps for protecting offerings from being rained on?

Warrior Frieze at the Temple at Prinias

650 BC Lime stone frieze (3ft tall) Repetitive motif from a warrior riding a horse Still Daedalic even though its in profile because the face is triangular and the hair is wig-like While horse and bodies are in profile, the head is frontal. This is weird b/c in Greece and Egypt the head was usually in profile. The bodies of the horses are very oriental as seen in their roundness. Their tails are really long and the horses are super big. Maybe because the temple was for the mistress of animals so they emphasizes the animals.

nikandre kore

650 BC Tight fitted peplos. Votive figure devoted to Artemis Inscription on side tells up that it was dedicated by a woman Dunno if the figure was Artemis or the woman who made it. Perhaps the figure was a servant? Wig hair do, triangular face, frontal emphasis (as you can see the figure looks super flat from side), this is internal evidence

Describe pottery making in the geometric period

Mostly men were pottery makers but some women were there too. They used a pottery wheel and shaped the material with their hands. Didn't happen in Greece until 2000 BC but happened in other areas much sooner. Leather was used to smooth out the vases. Pottery was shaped from the bottom up and they used glue to attach different parts. They would store them in damp areas to harden so that they wouldn't get too dry and crack. Natural color was orange-y but black was achieved by adding stuff during the firing process. There three phases of firing were oxidation, reduction, and reoxidation. Oxidation phase allows air in so that the painted on clay slip turns red, during the reduction phase air is not allowed in and the lack of oxidation cuases the paint vessel to become black, and in the reoxidation phase air is allowed back in and then the vase becomes red again but the clay slip stays black which is how the decorations stay black because the clay slip melts during the reduction phase and doesn't allow the area underneath to become red again (or at least show). This was how the iconic geometric amphora was made.

Mycenean architecture

Mycenians like the Minoans also had a fancy form of architecture. They use massive city walls tho which this Minoans didn't do for the sake of better defense. They also liked being on top of hills (acropolis). Examples are myceneae and Tiryns both on the Peloponnese. Some walls were up to 20 feet thick. They were not held together with mortar or anything. These walls were called by later greeks "cyclopean walls" because they thought that the walls were likely built by cyclops.

early geometric greek temples

Naos: a living space for a god/goddess (so basically it was a temple). Temples were very independent structures and were not attached to other buildings around them. The rise of temples and cult figure shows the tendency to anthropomorphize gods/goddesses instead of thinking of them as formless spirits. Megarons and temples are kinda related because some temples were found to built upon the ruins of a megaton. Our knowledge of the structures of megarons and temples comes mainly from the foundational structures. However we also find mini models of these temples that help us understand their structure. These were from the geometric age as we can see from the designs on the roof. Some roof windows were square and others were curved (apse)

Temple of Apollo at Corinth

New temple for Apollo was build over an old temple Temple of Aphrodite had legitimate prostitutes who worked there Interesting features of Corinth temple: No column drums, just one singular column carved out of one block of stone Set of a 4 step platform instead of 3 step platform that was usual for doric (ionic was 3+) THIS IS THE TEMPLE with the concave crepidome and columns a little closer at the top to compensate for the optical illusions to smush temples together. Naos was divided into two cambers.

describe the process of making pottery using black figure painting

Ochre wash used to intestify natural color of the clay (could vary from yellow to red). Corinthian art was usually more yellow and Athenian art was more reddish. White was added using another clay slip at the end of the process. The incised lined happened after the first clay slip was added. Sometimes these lines were traced over even after firing the clay. The black figure technique may have arisen from a need for Corinthian artists to draw on aryballoys.

Where have many bronze figurines from the geometric age been found?

Olympia on the peloponnese (the land mass that looks like a hand)

Eleusis Amphora

Orientalizing 650 BC Here's another athenian amphora Super big; 4 ½ feet tall Eleusis is a religion figure Odysseus is white to distinguish him b/c he was more important b/c he was the hero. This wasn't usual for the time because later on the women were often shown in white and men in black (b/c men were usually outside doing work in the sun getting tan while women were not. We see silhouetting, outline painting, and some incision work in the band and frame of central pic. on the shoulder of the vessel there are lions and boars. Persues in the scene has just slewn medusa. Extent and bent leg is a mofit which is supposed to represent a running motion. This drawing is bad and the representation of the gorgons are very abstract, later on the understanding of human form in much more realistic. The structure of the gorgons looks similar to the decorative cauldron. We don't know if the artist was directly influenced by the cauldron but it's the only plausible reason for why the gorgons look so weird.

Treasuries

Other type of monumental type of architecture in archaic Greece were treasuries General lack surrounding columns, only have columns in front. Shallow porch Recalls old plans of megarons in Mycenean civilization Usually set up at major religious sanctuaries in cities and popular panhellenic sites like Olympia and delphi to flaunt their wealth. In olympia, the treasuries look over the processional way towards a stadium in olympia. Delphi has a theatre and a stadium.

Temple of Aphaia, Aegina

Period: Archaic Form: Doric, stone columns Function: Temple to honor Athena ca 500-470 BC Aegina, Greece major colors would have been red, white, and blue build in limestone but the pedaments were marble and other features were bronze two different pedaments representing trojan war, perhaps built at diff time or by diff artists: west pedament has more static figures and less convincingly natural poses as opposed to the east pedament and it also has more figures relfecting the old horror vacui. Also, the west has symetry pointing outwards and the east doesn't but has interaction between figures across the frieze monolithic columns (no drums) bronze gates to protect votive gits in the back room coated with thin layer of stucco mostly made of limestone two story colonnade wood roof passage was from opisthodomos to naos but it was off center so it was probs added at a later date. 12 by 6 columns was the idea for a temple

Corinthian vase painting

Proto-corinthian style was from 725-625 black figure corinthian style was 625-600 corinthian amphora and column krater was 625-600 there wre two styles of corinthian black figure pottery beginning in the late 7th century: animal style (animals predominate in ain frieze) and human style (humans predominate in main frieze). new techniques in corinthian pottery 575 BC using bright-reddish orange slip for a background, perhaps in an imitation of Attic clay. The height of attic black figure was in 550-525.

Mycenean sculpture (aegean period 1600-1100 BC ish)

Really good at art and more naturalistic in their sculptures and there were very much influenced by the minoans. You'll find a lot of thinly layered golden objects in mycenean grave. Little has survived of Mycenean stone sculptures. Made in limestone at first, only later were sculptures made out of marble. Marks on face may have been make-up or tattooing.

chigi olpe

wine jug 650-640 BC Larger of the artsy vases, rather unusual since usually only artsy vases were tiny Top frieze is a battle, the mid frieze is a judgment of Paris (from the legend of Troy where three goddesses came to bride Troy with stuff), procession, and lion hunt. The bottom frieze shows hounds chasing rabbits. The drawings of humans are so much more detailed and realistic and there is polychromy (more colors). Use of one color is monochromy which was used a lot on geometric vessels but the chigi olpe has white, black, yellow, and red. Figures also overlap with each other suggesting a better understanding of 3D space. However, the soldiers are still all on equal footing though which shows that they still didn't totally get perspective since the soldiers further from the front should be smaller in size. The humans are also more represented in profile as see in the flute player and the right person on the horse. However, the person on the left horse has a body from a frontal view and the head from a profile view.