Art history Chapter 14
illuminated manuscript
A luxurious handmade book with painted illustrations and decorations.
Scrovegni (Arena) Chapel
-exterior to interior (plain to intricate) -Interior:
arriccio
-first layer of rough plaster applied in fresco making
fresco secco
-fresco painted on dry plaster
dome
A hemispheric vault; theoretically, an arch rotated on its vertical axis.
battlement
A low parapet at the top of a circuit wall in a fortification.
parapet
A low protective wall along the edge of a balcony or roof.
giovanni pisano piece called..
"annunciation, nativity and the adoration of the shepherds"
Simone Martini and Lippo Memmi made what pice?
"annunciation." altarpiece
Pietro Lorenzetti piece called what?
"birth of virgin"
buon fresco
"true fresco"
Giotto, Lamentation
-1305 -fresco - Arena Chapel
Jan van Eyck, Arnolfini Portrait
-1434 -oil on wood
Saint Francis Altarpiece Bonaventura Berlinghieri 1235
-Byzantine -flat, frontal figures -small surrounding images starting to show Renaissance influence: foreground & background, crowd of people -use of stigmata
Orvieto Cathedral, west facade Lorenzo Maitani 1310
-Italian Gothic structure -use of external fresco, rounded & pointed arches are gothic & classical -essentially a "false front"
rose window
-a circular, often stained glass window common in gothic architecture
barrel vault
-a long arch or series of arches over a space
basilica
-a long rectangular church entered from one entrance -inspired by Roman law courts
apse
-a semicircle recess in the wall of a church
corbel
-arch or vault used to support a structure
nave
-central area of a basilica church -long with aisles & columns
Pulpit of the Baptistery, Pisa by: Nicola Pisano 1259-1260
-classic repose with an emphasis on draping medieval = lions, trefoil arches classical = corinthian capitals, relief sculpture, rounded arch
South Doors of the Baptistery, Florence Andrea Pisano 1330-1336
-influence of the French gothic style -28 panels show the life of John the Baptist -small panels are very medieval
Annunciation, Nativity, and Adoration of the Shepherds by: Giovanni Pisano 1297-1301
-looser & more dynamic figures -higher relief gothic: movement & emotion
stigmata
-markings of christ's wounds -often shown on figures to represent their holiness
Peaceful Country from Effects of Good Government in the City and in the Country Ambrogio Lorenzetti 1338-1339
-one of the first landscapes since the classical period -shift from all religious art to some secular art as well -
grisaille
-painting of a sculpture
tempura
-painting technique using pigment & egg yolk
cartoon
-preliminary drawing for a painting
transept
-shorter wing of the basilica that crosses the nave
Florence Cathedral Arnolfo di Cambio & others 1296
-sprawling & horizontal instead of tall & thin -bell tower destroys the symmetry -modularity
Humanism
-style that focuses on humans & the real world -education & expansion of knowledge -does not reject religion but it is only on facet of life
capital
-uppermost section of a column -connects shaft & lintel
Lamentation, Arena Chapel Giotto de Bondone 1305
-use of depth with stacked figures -foreshortening -challenging Byzantine rules of a "central figure" -
chiaroscuro
-use of dramatic light & dark
foreshortening
-use of perspective to show close up objects extending into space
crossing
-where the nave & transept intersect in a church
what year was the bonvantura belinghieri piece made?
1235
what year was the nicola pisano "ann" from?
1259-1260
what year was the giovanni pisano piece made?
1297-1301.
when did giotto make the piece?
1305
when was the simone martini and lippo piece made?
1333
what year was the pietro lorenzetti piece made?
1342
The Republic of Florence was a dominant city-state during the __________.
14th century
machiolated gallery
A gallery in a defensive tower with holes in the floor to allow stones or hot liquids to be dumped on enemies below.
cathedral
A bishop's church.
sinopia
A burnt-orange pigment used in fresco painting to transfer a cartoon to the arriccio before the artist paints the plaster.
rose window
A circular stained-glass window.
trefoil
A cloverlike ornament or symbol with stylized leaves in groups of three.
arch
A curved structural member that spans an opening and is generally composed of wedge-shaped blocks (voussoirs) that transmit the downward pressure laterally.
mystery play
A dramatic enactment of the holy mysteries of the Christian faith performed at church portals and in city squares.
barrel vault
A masonry roof or ceiling constructed on the arch principle. A barrel or tunnel vault, semicylindrical in cross-section, is in effect a deep arch or an uninterrupted series of arches, one behind the other, over an oblong space. A quadrant vault is a half-barrel vault. A groin or cross vault is formed at the point at which two barrel vaults intersect at right angles. In a ribbed vault, there is a framework of ribs or arches under the intersections of the vaulting sections. A sexpartite vault is a vault whose ribs divide the vault into six compartments. A fan vault is a vault characteristic of English Perpendicular Gothic, in which radiating ribs form a fanlike pattern.
vault
A masonry roof or ceiling constructed on the arch principle. A barrel or tunnel vault, semicylindrical in cross-section, is in effect a deep arch or an uninterrupted series of arches, one behind the other, over an oblong space. A quadrant vault is a half-barrel vault. A groin or cross vault is formed at the point at which two barrel vaults intersect at right angles. In a ribbed vault, there is a framework of ribs or arches under the intersections of the vaulting sections. A sexpartite vault is a vault whose ribs divide the vault into six compartments. A fan vault is a vault characteristic of English Perpendicular Gothic, in which radiating ribs form a fanlike pattern.
perspective
A method of presenting an illusion of the three-dimensional world on a two-dimensional surface. In linear perspective, the most common type, all parallel lines or surface edges converge on one, two, or three vanishing points located with reference to the eye level of the viewer (the horizon line of the picture), and associated objects are rendered smaller the farther from the viewer they are intended to seem. Atmospheric, or aerial, perspective creates the illusion of distance by the greater diminution of color intensity, the shift in color toward an almost neutral blue, and the blurring of contours as the intended distance between eye and object increases.
grisaille
A monochrome painting done mainly in neutral grays to simulate sculpture.
Corinthian capital
A more ornate form than Doric or Ionic; it consists of a double row of acanthus leaves from which tendrils and flowers grow, wrapped around a bell-shaped echinus. Although this capital form is often cited as the distinguishing feature of the Corinthian order, there is, strictly speaking, no Corinthian order, but only this style of capital used in the Ionic order.
Naturalism
A nineteenth-century literary movement that was an extension of realism and that claimed to portray life exactly as it was.
altarpiece
A panel, painted or sculpted, situated above and behind an altar.
landscape
A picture showing natural scenery, without narrative content.
icon
A portrait or image; especially in Byzantine churches, a panel with a painting of sacred personages that are objects of veneration. In the visual arts, a painting, a piece of sculpture, or even a building regarded as an object of veneration.
corbel
A projecting wall member used as a support for some element in the superstructure. Also, courses of stone or brick in which each course projects beyond the one beneath it. Two such walls, meeting at the topmost course, create a corbeled arch or corbeled vault.
pulpit
A raised platform in a church on which a priest stands while leading the religious service.
apse
A recess, usually semicircular, in the wall of a building, commonly found at the east end of a church.
tramezzo
A screen placed across the nave of a church to separate the clergy from the lay audience.
arcade
A series of arches supported by piers or columns.
International Style
A style of 14th- and 15th-century painting begun by Simone Martini, who adapted the French Gothic manner to Sienese art fused with influences from the North. This style appealed to the aristocracy because of its brilliant color, lavish costume, intricate ornament, and themes involving splendid processions of knights and ladies. Also a style of 20th-century architecture associated with Le Corbusier, whose elegance of design came to influence the look of modern office buildings and skyscrapers.
tempera
A technique of painting using pigment mixed with egg yolk, glue, or casein; also the medium itself.
triptych
A three-paneled painting or altarpiece.
pier
A vertical, freestanding masonry support.
column
A vertical, weight-carrying architectural member, circular in cross-section and consisting of a base (sometimes omitted), a shaft, and a capital.
mural
A wall painting.
ogee arch
An arch made up of two double-curving lines meeting at a point.
guild
An association of master craftspeople, apprentices, and tradespeople.
Dominicans
An order committed to a life of poverty
monastic order
An organization of monks living according to the same rules, for example, the Benedictine, Franciscan, and Dominican orders.
Nicola Pisano piece called..
Anunciation, Nativity, and adoration of the shepherds
Giotto
Arena Chapel Celebrated as the first Renaissance painter Influenced by Cimabue Father of Western Pictorial Art
The Florence Cathedral was begun by __________.
Arnolfo di Cambio
Byzantine
Art tied to the Eastern Christian Capital. (Constantinople, Byzantine, Istanbul)
Arnolfo Di Cambio FLORENCE CATHEDRAL Begun 1296
Basilica church with marble-encrusted walls carries on the Tuscan Romanesque architectural tradition, linking it to Early Christian Italy more-so than contemporaneous France. Emphasis on horizontal.
the epidemic form of bubonic plague experienced during the Middle Ages when it killed nearly half the people of western Europe
Black Death
He painted the panel from the Saint Francis Altarpiece in 1235 AD
Bonaventura Berlinghieri
Nicola Pisano
Built and designed pulpits Moved to Pisa from Southern Italy Combined Greek and Medieval cultures
The third major stylistic element in late medieval ITalian art was the...
Byzantine tradition
The use of contrasts of dark and light to produce modeling
Chiaroscuro
Historians generally agree that the Black Death originated in __________.
China
In Andrea Pisano's bronze door what does the lower eight depict?
Christian virtues
Ambrogio Lorenzetti PEACEFUL CITY/PEACEFUL COUNTRY 1338-1339
City more natural, but different perspectives of buildings. One of first secular pieces (shift in patronage). Country is first one of first landscapes in western art since antiquity. Atmospheric perspective/birds eye view.
a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state. In 14th century Italy city-states shared in prosperity of the period. Sources of wealth vary from state to state.
City-State
Voluntary lay groups organized by occupation, devotional preference, neighborhood, or charitable activity.
Confraternities
cruciform
Cross shaped.
Giotto Di Bondone LAMENTATION, Arena Chapel 1305
Diagonal slope used to direct viewers eye toward the head of sculptural-esque dead Christ. First time back of characters are shown. Natural approach to background. Only halos are gold. Foreshortening. Main figure not in dead center.
Lamentation qualities
Diagonal slope used to direct viewers eye toward the head of sculptural-esque dead Christ. First time back of characters are shown. Natural approach to background. Only halos are gold. Foreshortening. Main figure not in dead center.
The Lorenzetti brothers were students of __________.
Duccio
Artist best known for his two sided Maestra adorning the high alter of the Siena Cathedral. These are the largest and most well known panel paintings in Europe
Duccio Di Buoninsegna
Vasari
Father Of Art History
What city dominated banking operations?
Florence
__________ were urban centers of bankers and merchants with widespread international contacts.
Florence and Siena
Florence Cathedral
Florence, Italy Giant church with big dome
Which king's nostalgia for the past grandeur of Rome fostered a revival of Roman sculpture and decoration in Sicily and southern Italy in the 13th century?
Frederick II.
Renaissance
French, "rebirth." The term used to describe the history, culture, and art of 14th- through 16th-century western Europe during which artists consciously revived the classical style
-Means "fresh" painting -painted on wet plaster directly onto wall -the most durable medium. would have to tear down the building to get rid of a bon fresco -"bon fresco"- good fresco (done while plaster is wet) -"fresco deco"- dry fresco. done to touch stuff up. Not as permanent. -can't rework it once its dry.
Fresco Painting
saint
From the Latin word sanctus, meaning "made holy by God." Persons who suffered and died for their Christian faith or who merited reverence for their Christian devotion while alive. In the Roman Catholic Church, a worthy deceased Catholic who is canonized by the pope.
In the Lamentation from the Arena Chapel, the integration of formality with emotional composition was achieved by __________.
Giotto
Many scholars describe __________ as the father of Western pictorial art.
Giotto
Who set his goal as emulating the natural world?
Giotto
pinnacle
In Gothic churches, a sharply pointed ornament capping the piers or flying buttresses; also used on church façades.
revetment
In architecture, a wall covering or facing.
architect, designed the bell tower on the Duomo, one of the first artists to break away from the Byzantine styles, used a clear concept of space, also made the Morning of Saint Francis
Giotto Di Bondone
Italian sculpter, c. 1250-1315, created the The pulpit of Pisa Cathedral, and the facade of siena cathedral.
Giovanni Pisano
gold leaf
Gold beaten into tissue-paper-thin sheets that then can be applied to surfaces.
-Used primarily before and during proto-Renaissance, Byzantine style -created other-worldly effect - method: pound gold very thinly with sticky red clay and apply in squares -used as a reflective light source
Gold leaf
The large capitals with two rows of thick overlapping leaves crowning the columns of the pulpit of the baptistery are a...
Gothic variation of the corinthian capital
Minera Greca
Greek Style
An association of merchants, craftspersons, or scholars in Renaissance and pro to-Renaissance Europe. Very influential as patrons of the arts during the proto-Renaissance and Renaissance.
Guilds
terracotta
Hard-baked clay, used for sculpture and as a building material. It may be glazed or painted.
Giotto Di Bondone MADONNA ENTHRONED 1310
He displaced the Byzantine style in Italian painting and revived naturalism of classical art. Figures have substance, dimensionality. Realistic layering of angels. Gothic styled building and hierarchy (med.) and gold background (byz.)
What is a feature familiar in French Gothic works that Duccio did?
He made the folds of the garments on his figures fall and curve loosely
The Great Schism was resolved by __________.
Holy Roman Empire Sigismund
Doge's Palace Begun ca. 1340-1345
Home for electives- oligarchy for 5 centuries. Features constitute a distinctive Venetian variation of northern Gothic architecture.
A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements
Humanism
What did the bubonic plague effect on art?
IT stimulated religious bequests and encouraged the commissioning of devotion images
stigmata
In Christian art, the wounds that Christ received at his crucifixion that miraculously appear on the body of a saint.
chiaroscuro
In drawing or painting, the treatment and use of light and dark, especially the gradations of light that produce the effect of modeling.
intonaco
In fresco painting, the last layer of smooth lime plaster applied to the wall; the painting layer.
confraternity
In late antiquity, an association of Christian families pooling funds to purchase property for burial. In late medieval Europe, an organization founded by laypersons who dedicated themselves to strict religious observances.
mendicants
In medieval Europe, friars belonging to the Franciscan and Dominican orders, who renounced all worldly goods, lived by contributions of laypersons (the word mendicant means "beggar"), and devoted themselves to preaching, teaching, and doing good works.
cartoon
In painting, a full-size preliminary drawing from which a painting is made.
humanism
In the Renaissance, an emphasis on education and on expanding knowledge (especially of classical antiquity), the exploration of individual potential and a desire to excel, and a commitment to civic responsibility and moral duty.
Simone Martini and Lippo Memmi (?) ANNUNCIATION Alterpiece, Siena Cathedral 1333
Instrumental in creation of International Style Gothic. Courtly elegance, gold in background (symb. of heaven) delicacy of lines. Tracery architecture framing + some oriental ism of virgin's eyes. Space-less settings.
annunciation altarpiece qualities
Instrumental in creation of International Style Gothic. Courtly elegance, gold in background (symb. of heaven) delicacy of lines. Tracery architecture framing + some oriental ism of virgin's eyes. Space-less settings.
14th and 15th century painting style fused the French and Sienese. It appealed to the aristocracy because of its brilliant color, lavish costumes and themes of knights and ladies
International Style
maniera greca
Italian, "Greek manner," The Italo-Byzantine painting style of the 13th century.
giornata (pl. giornate)
Italian, "day." The section of plaster that a fresco painter expects to complete in one session.
sacra rappresentazione (pl. sacre conversazioni)
Italian, "holy representation." A more elaborate version of a mystery play performed for a lay audience by a confraternity.
Who perceived art as a trade?
Italians
__________ remained the official language for state documents.
Latin
sarcophagus (pl. sarcophagi)
Latin, "consumer of flesh."A coffin, usually of stone.
oculus
Latin, "eye." The round central opening of a dome. Also, a small round window in a Gothic cathedral.
early Renaissance sculptor, carved pulpit in Baptistery in Pisa, 1st person in Tuscany who signed and dated sculpture
Nicola Pisano
Galleries with holes in their floors to enable defenders to dump stones or hot liquids on attackers below
Machicolated Galleries
Cimabue
Madonna Enthroned Broke away from the Italo-Byzantine style
Duccio
Maesta Altarpiece
Largest and most influential monastic ores were the?
Mendicants
a religious way of life in which one renounces worldly pursuits to devote oneself fully to spiritual work
Monastic Orders
Who sculpted the pulpit of the Pisa Cathedral baptistery?
Nicola Pisano
__________ carved figures that revealed an interest in classical forms.
Nicola Pisano
Nicola: -Classical style, Roman idealized beauty -figures full and round Giovanni: -Gothic style, dynamic and emotional figures
Nicola vs. Giovanni
Bonaventura Berlinghieri SAINT FRANCIS ALTERPIECE 1235
One of the leading painters working in Italio-Byzantine style (maniera greca). The pose and gold background show Byzantine style. Flat formed/double scale=medieval. No 1 pt perspective; recession is intuitive.
St Francis altarpiece
One of the leading painters working in Italio-Byzantine style (maniera greca). The pose and gold background show Byzantine style. Flat formed/double scale=medieval. No 1 pt perspective; recession is intuitive.
Gothic
Originally a derogatory term named after the Goths, used to describe the history, culture, and art of western Europe in the 12th to 14th centuries.
tracery
Ornamental stonework for holding stained glass in place, characteristic of Gothic cathedrals. In plate tracery the glass fills only the "punched holes" in the heavy ornamental stonework. In bar tracery the stained-glass windows fill almost the entire opening, and the stonework is unobtrusive.
Orvieto Cathedral
Orvieto, Italy Front and back of building put onto smaller sides
Simone Martini
Painted the Annunciation Altarpiece
buon fresco
Painting on lime plaster, either dry (dry fresco or fresco secco) or wet (true or buon fresco). In the latter method, the pigments are mixed with water and become chemically bound to the freshly laid lime plaster. Also, a painting executed in either method.
fresco
Painting on lime plaster, either dry (dry fresco or fresco secco) or wet (true or buon fresco). In the latter method, the pigments are mixed with water and become chemically bound to the freshly laid lime plaster. Also, a painting executed in either method.
fresco secco
Painting on lime plaster, either dry (dry fresco or fresco secco) or wet (true or buon fresco). In the latter method, the pigments are mixed with water and become chemically bound to the freshly laid lime plaster. Also, a painting executed in either method.
The depiction of three-dimensional objects in space on a two-dimensional surface
Perspective
"The Birth of the Virgin"; shows 3 rooms depicting different aspects of Mary's birth, Tempera on Woo
Pietro Lorenzetti
Black Death
Plague
Gothic building architecture?
Pointed arches
__________ was considered the rightful capital of the universal church.
Rome
what is the piece Bonaventura Berlinghieri called?
Saint Francis Altarpiece
The Dominicans commissioned the construction of __________ in Florence.
Santa Maria Novella
Palazzo Pubblico
Siena, Italy Really tall tower/watch tower
Who was instrumental in forming the so-called International Style?
Simone Martini
-Egg yolk based paint -grind up pigment...insects, rocks, plants -was opaque, matte, dried very quickly so it was very difficult to get deep luminescent color. -if illusion of depth wanted, tiny vertical lines used. Brush with only one hair!
Tempra Paint
Florence's economy was further enhanced by its control of the __________.
Textile Industry
Which of the following had a significant effect on the art of Italy during the 14th century?
The Black Death
Mass
The Catholic and Orthodox ritual in which believers understand that Christ's redeeming sacrifice on the cross is repeated when the priest consecrates the bread and wine in the Eucharist.
nave
The central area of an ancient Roman basilica or of a church, demarcated from aisles by piers or columns.
florin
The denomination of gold coin of Renaissance Florence that became an international currency for trade.
ogive (adj., ogival)( ō-'jī-vŭl)
The diagonal rib of a Gothic vault; a pointed, or Gothic, arch.
clerestory
The fenestrated part of a building that rises above the roofs of the other parts. The oldest known clerestories are Egyptian. In Roman basilicas and medieval churches, clerestories are the windows that form the nave's uppermost level below the timber ceiling or the vaults.
What does the triumph of Death capture?
The hoods of death and forces viewers to confront their mortality
In Andrea Pisano's bronze door what does the everything besides the lower eight depict?
The life of Saint John the Baptist
predella
The narrow ledge on which an altarpiece rests on an altar.
transept
The part of a church with an axis that crosses the nave at a right angle.
texture
The quality of a surface (rough, smooth, hard, soft, shiny, dull) as revealed by light. In represented texture, a painter depicts an object as having a certain texture even though the paint is the actual texture.
bay
The space between two columns, or one unit in the nave arcade of a church; also the passageway in an arcuated gate.
crossing
The space in a cruciform church formed by the intersection of the nave and the transept.
classical
The style of art during Greco-Roman antiquity. With an uppercase C, specifically the period 480?323 BCE.
naturalism
The style of painted or sculptured representation based on close observation of the natural world that was at the core of the classical tradition.
capital
The uppermost member of a column, serving as a transition from the shaft to the lintel. In classical architecture, the form of the capital varies with the order.
foreshortening
The use of perspective to represent in art the apparent visual contraction of an object that extends back in space at an angle to the perpendicular plane of sight.
punchwork
Tooled decorative work in gold leaf.
façade
Usually, the front of a building; also, the other sides when they are emphasized architecturally.
Giotto Di Bondone ARENA CHAPEL (Capella Scrovegni) 1305-1306
Widely regarded as the first Renaissance painter and a pioneer in naturalistic approach to representation based on observation. Graissaile & Tromp L'oeil used.
The postures and gestures of Giotto's figures in the Arena Chapel convey...
a broad spectrum of grief
pilasters
a flat, rectangular, vertical member projecting from a wall of which it forms a part; usually has a base and a capitol and is often fluted
contrapposto
a human figure standing with most of its weight on one foot so that its shoulders and arms twist off-axis from the hips and legs
altarpiece
a panel, painted or sculpted, situated above and behind an altar
international style
a style of 14-15th century painting began by Simone Martini, who adapted the French Gothic manner to Sienese art fused with influences from northern Europe
mannerism
a style of of later Renaissance art that emphasized "artifice," often involving contrived imagery not derived directly from nature
tempera
a technique of painting using pigment mixed with egg yolk, glue, or casein; also, the medium itself
triptych
a three-paneled painting, ivory plaque, or altarpiece. Also, a small, portable shrine with hinged wings used for private devotion
diptych
a two-panaled painting or altarpiece; also, an ancient Roman, Early Christian, or Byzantine hinged writing tablet, often of ivory and carved on the external sides.
chiaroscuro
a woodcut technique using two blocks of wood instead of one
where is the pietro lorenzetti piece from?
altar of saint savinus, siena cathedral, siena italy
polyptych
an altarpiece composed of more than three sections
Roman architecture?
arches are rounded
where is the giotto di bondone piece at?
arena chapel, Capella scrovegni, Padua, Italy
Ancient Greek and Roman period
classical antiquity
Italian Humanists were concerned chiefly with...
human values and interests as distinct from religion's otherworldly values
In the Renaissance (and some leading up to it) an emphasis on education and expanding knowledge (especially of the classical antiquity), the exploration of individual potential and desire to excel, and a commitment to civic responsibility and duty. -A move toward a more human focused view, more about humanity than god, human as almost godlike and full of potential.
humanism
humanism
in Renaissance, an emphasis on education and on expanding knowledge, the exploration of individual potential and desire to excel. and a commitment to civic responsibility and moral duty
cartoon
in painting, a full-size preliminary drawing from which a painting is made
what is the name of the Giotto di bondone piece called?
lamentation
Peaceful Country represents one of the first appearances of...
landscape in Western art since antiquity
Giotto based his method of pictorial expression on...
observation of the natural world
fresco
painting on plaster, either dry or wet
linear perspective
parallel lines that recede into the distance appear to get closer together or converge; creates depth
where was the work from nicola pisano "ann" from?
pisa italy
where was the piece giovanni pisano did at?
pistoia italy
gesso
plaster mixed with a binding material, used as the base coat for paintings on wood panels
-Occurred in Northern Italy, over the course of two to three centuries, because of several converging factors. -Was comprised of a number of small, but vital, artistic changes which represented a gradual break from Medieval art. -Paved the way for the "Early" Renaissance that took place in 15th century Italy.
proto-Renaissance
Renaissance
rebirth of art, culture, and intellect started in Italy
what type of work was the nicola pisano "ann." piece?
relief panel on the baptistry pulpit
what is the medium giovanni pisano did? and where was it from?
relief panel on the pulpit of Sant'Andrea, Pistoia, Italy
where was the bonvantura berlinghieri piece made?
san francesco, pescia, italy
where is the Simone martini and lippo piece @?
siena cathedral, sienna italy
who was lippo memmi to simone martini?
student and assistant
sfumato
the technique of allowing tones and colors to shade gradually into one another, producing softened outlines or hazy forms
aerial/atmospheric perspective
the technique of representing more distant objects as fainter and more blue; creates illusion of distance by the shift of color