Art History - Chapter 8 - Late Antiquity, Byzantium and The Middle Ages: The Byzantine Empire, ART HISTORY: CHAPTER 9: BYZANTINE, Art History-Byzantium Empire, Survey of Art I - Day 19 - Quiz 3 Study Guide (Days 15-18), Pompeii and Herculaneum, class...

Byzantine Empire: What happened in 1095?

First crusade; Focus on Greek culture such as science and philosophy; Greek replaced the latin language

icon

From the Greek for "image" An icon is a small portable painting depicting Christ, the Virgin Mary, and/or Saints. It is an aid to devotion

Byzantine Empire: What happened in 1453?

Full of Constantinople; modern day Turkey

In the Middle Byzantine period, St. Mark's was remodeled after which of the following?

Holy Apostles, Constantinople

The Fall of the Roman Empire:

Huns, Visigoths invaded Italy and sacked Rome in 410; Fusion of Roman and Greek made the Medieval civilization; Eastern and Western drifted apart which divided religion and culture; Justinian became emperor but when he died Byzantine suffered and were attacked by barbarians and Muslims

Prefiguration

In Early Christian art, the depiction of Old Testament persons and events as prophetic forerunners of Christ and New Testament events. Forsadowing.

Qibla

In Islam, the direction that should be faced towards when praying. The Qibla points towards Mecca. This wall in a mosque always faces Mecca. that qibla is (islam) the direction in which muslims face while praying, now the kaaba in mecca while mihrab is (islam) a design in a muslim prayer mat with the same function.

iconoclasm

In general, the destruction of images used in religious worship. A period in Byzantine history during the 8th century that was in opposition to icons. The iconoclasts were the "breakers of images" and the iconophiles were those who loved icons

Ottoman art 10th century

In the mid-10th century, a new line of emperors, the ottonians, consolidated the eastern part of Charlemagne's former empire and sought to preserve and enrich the culture and tradition of the Carolingian period. ■ Like other early medieval artists, ottonian artists excelled in producing small-scale artworks, espe- cially ivory plaques with narrative reliefs, often influenced by Byzantine art. But ottonian sculptors also revived the art of large-scale sculpture in such works as the Gero Crucifix and the colossal bronze doors of Saint Michael's at Hildesheim. ottonian painters combined motifs and landscape elements from Late antique art with the golden backgrounds of Byzantine art. ■ ottonian architects built basilican churches incorporating the towering spires and imposing westworks of their Carolingian models, but introduced the alternate-support system and galleries into the nave elevation.

Naiku

Inner shrine at Ise Jingu, dedicated to Amaterasu Omikama (heaven0iIlluminating great Kami) who is the traditional ancestral deity of the imperial house. The path to the Naiku is carefully scripted, marked by a series of torii (see plan above left). You cross the Uji bridge over the Isuzu River (top left of plan; photo above); at each end of the bridge is a torii marking the presence of a sacred shrine; from there, the pilgrim goes to the right along a street covered with gravel and flanked by gardens; at the end, another torii; after that, there is a large stone basin with water for purification rituals; and then, you turn east and go up the slope. Here you reach another torii (left), where you enter the forest.

Corpus juris civilis

Literally "Code of Civil Law." The codification of Roman law under Emperor Justinian

Mandorla

Literally means "almond" An almond-shaped aureole of light, often encompassing Christ or other holy figures

16-1 Chinese, Qin Dynasty, Army of the Tomb of the Emperor, ca. 210 BCE

Located at the burial mound of the first Emperor of Qin, Shi Huangdi in Lintong The tomb contains life sized terra-cotta figures all in different positions along with some bronze horses. They served as the emperor's body guards in the after life. Represents power, wealth and the organization it took to build such an army They created the same molds but would build the figures in different positions

sutton hoo

Located north of London in Suffolk, Sutton Hoo is the site of two 6th and 7th century English burial site and an unidentified 7th century East Anglican King. Among the finds, is a ship burial full of ancient artifacts, most notably a superb gold and enamel purse cover with designs and a ceremonial helmet set with a sword, shield, and lyre.

What is a stole? What is a pallium

Long, narrow strip of material work over the shoulder during the mass; narrow band of white wool that was worn by the opes and archbishop. symbol of learning in Roman then Byzantine styles

All the early med eurpope summeries

Merovingians, Anglo-Saxons, and Vikings 5th to 10th Centuries ■ after the fall of rome in 410, the Merovingians, anglo-Saxons, Franks, Goths, vikings, and other non-roman peoples competed for power in the former northwestern provinces of the roman Empire. ■ other than the ornamentation of ships used for burials, the surviving artworks of this period are almost exclusively small-scale status symbols, especially items of personal adornment such as bracelets, pins, purses, and belt buckles, often featuring cloisonné decoration. a mixture of abstract and zoomorphic motifs appears on these portable treasures. Especially characteristic are intertwined animal and interlace patterns. Merovingian fibulae, mid-sixth century Hiberno-Saxon Monasteries 6th to 10th Centuries ■ art historians call the Christian art of the early medieval British Isles Hiberno-Saxon or Insular. The most important extant artworks are the illuminated manuscripts produced in the monastic scriptoria of Ireland and Northumbria—for example, the Lindisfarne Gospels and the Book of Kells. ■ These Insular books feature folios devoted neither to text nor to illustration but to pure embellishment. "Carpet pages" consist of decorative panels of abstract and zoomorphic motifs. Some books also have full pages depicting the four evangelists or their symbols. Text pages often present the initial letters of important passages enlarged and transformed into elaborate decorative patterns. Lindisfarne Gospels, ca. 698-721 Carolingian Empire 768-877 ■ Charlemagne, king of the Franks since 768, expanded the territories he inherited from his father, and in 800, pope Leo III crowned him emperor of rome (r. 800-814). Charlemagne and his successors initiated a conscious revival of the art and culture of Early Christian rome in their capital at aachen. ■ Carolingian sculptors revived the imperial roman tradition of portraying rulers on horseback holding the orb of world power as well as the Early Christian tradition of depicting Christ as a statuesque youth. ■ The books that Carolingian artists produced sometimes featured magnificent jeweled covers (Lindau Charlemagne or Charles the Bald, Gospels). Carolingian manuscripts merged the illusionism of classical painting with the northern European linear tradition, replacing the calm and solid figures of those models with figures that leap from the page with frenzied energy, as in the Ebbo Gospels and the Utrecht Psalter. ■ Carolingian architects looked to ravenna and Early Christian rome for models but transformed their sources, introducing, for example, the twin-tower western facade for basilicas at Corvey and elsewhere and employing strict modular plans for entire monasteries as well as individual churches, as seen in the plan of the Saint Gall monastery in Switzerland. ninth century abbey church, Corvey, 873-885 Ottonian Empire 919-1024 ■ In the mid-10th century, a new line of emperors, the ottonians, consolidated the eastern part of Charlemagne's former empire and sought to preserve and enrich the culture and tradition of the Carolingian period. ■ Like other early medieval artists, ottonian artists excelled in producing small-scale artworks, espe- cially ivory plaques with narrative reliefs, often influenced by Byzantine art. But ottonian sculptors also revived the art of large-scale sculpture in such works as the Gero Crucifix and the colossal bronze doors of Saint Michael's at Hildesheim. ottonian painters combined motifs and landscape elements from Late antique art with the golden backgrounds of Byzantine art. ■ ottonian architects built basilican churches incorporating the towering spires and imposing westworks of their Carolingian models, but introduced the alternate-support system and galleries into the nave elevation.

Constantinople

Modern day Istanbul, Turkey. Constantine's new seat of the empire founded in 324. The ancient site of Byzantium, called "New Rome"

Virgin and Child

Monastery of St. Catherine, Mount Sinai, Egypt 6th century Icon of Virgin Mary is one of the few works preserved at the monastery. It is small, flat, and a portable painted image depicting Christ, the Virgin Mary, and/or saints. An objet that is meant to be worshipped. Was also used for communications between worshipper and divinity. It is particularly rare because during the period of Iconoclasm in the 8th century the destruction of icons was promoted. Medium is encaustic on wood

Monastery of St. Catherine.

Mount Sinai 548-565 Justinian's architects were rebuilding a very important monastery at Mount Sinai in Egypt. The tiny monastery, Saint Catherine, was rebuilt and enclosed in defensive walls between 548-565. Mount Sinai is the biblical location of two important events from the Old Testament. It is where Moses received the ten commandments and is the place where Moses heard the voice of God in a burning bush.

Basil I (r. 867-886), head of the new dynasty, thought of himself as the restorer of the ________ .

Roman Empire

What other 2 themes were during 1000 CE - 1500 CE?

Romanesque and Gothic

West doors, Santa Sabina

Rome, ca. 432

Justinian's builders began a new walled monastery at Mount Sinai in Egypt now called ________ .

Saint Catherine's

Venice had long possessed the relics of ________ .

Saint Mark

Crucifixion

Santa Sabina, Rome, ca. 432

What is this period 330 CE - 1453 CE?

THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE; Eastern Europe

Byzantine Empire: What happened in 476 CE?

The Fall of the Roman Empire; The Dark Ages

16-12 Chinese, Period of Disunity, Shakyamuni Buddha, 338

The earliest dated Chinese Buddha Gilded bronze statuette, the material was chosen because buddha was described as golden and radiating light It is said that the buddha either shows no mudras or misrepresentation of the meditation mudras

paten

a large bowl used for holding the Eucharist bread

The Eastern Christian Empire (Byzantium) remained a cultural and political entity for ________ .

a millennium

7-1 [7-56] & 7-56 [7-57] Roman, High Empire, Column Base of Antoninus Pius, ca. 161 CE

apotheosis

How was the Byzantine Empire costumes?

art was a source of information on costumes; dress was based on status; sericulture (silk); byzantine and roman similarities; mosaics; religious motifs

Pagoda

based on Indian stupa, enshrining a holy relic and symbolizing the presence of a Buddhist sanctuary.

Men: Who wore the tunics?

both common people and the imperial; there was class distinctions

Mahayana Buddhism

higher vehicle = monastic Buddhism, Buddhism began receiving increasing royal patronage, more settled and monastic, requiring the establishments of institutions where Buddhist monks could settle and study. This eventually spread to Central Asia, China, Korea, and Japan

City of Varanasi on the Ganges River

important site for genesis of Hinduism, mixing ancient Vedic practices (fire) and Buddhism, in Hinduism this city is the place where male and female principles embodied Shiva and Shakti(as Ganges) are conjoined in conjugal harmony, ghats

Orant

in Early Christian art, a figure with both arms raised in the ancient gesture of prayer

Men: What kind of tunics did the commoners wear?

just a plain tunic

The reign of ________ marks the golden age of the Byzantine Empire.

justinian

def. hose

leggings; leg coverings for short tunics

def. dalmatic

long sleeved tunic; usually decorated with clavi or segmentae; plain one is usually and under-tunic

Hinayana Buddhism

lower vehicle = mendicant Buddhism , before became heavily patronized by dynasties/royalty, defined by itinerant, in poverty, surviving by begging

kondo

main hall/image hall. Enshrined inside the kondo is the main devotional image of the monastery

Cuirass

name for a Roman breastplate. often included in male portraiture to symbolize a military career.

Bzantine Dress: What did the women wear?

dalmatics of 2 kinds, palla, paludamentum, jewelry, shoes made of silk embroideries; veils, turbans

7-1 [7-56] & 7-56 [7-57] Roman, High Empire, Column Base of Antoninus Pius, ca. 161 CE

decursio

torii

detached portal before shinto shrine

Toga

draped garment worn by citizen Roman men

Women: What is a palla?

draped shawl that wrapped around the body and covered the upper part of the skirt, the bodice or one of the shoudlers

The ________ was the head of the Byzantine state who made laws and head of the Eastern Church.

emperor

cloisonne

enamelware in which colored areas are separated by thin metal strips

Byzantine Empire: Religion?

focus on religion

shintoism

form of animism in which every of nature is revered

Cloth: Linen and Wool were the main textiles. ________ or women's workshop where women and serfs made fabrics at home.

gynaceaum

def. pallium/lorum

heavily jeweled scarf with folded bands that became an insignia of the emperor

def. segmentae tunic

square or round decorative medallions that were placed in different areas of the tunic

def. clavi tunic

stripes running down on the tunic

3 main forms of early Buddhist architecture

stupa: memorial to Buddha shaped like the mound of earth containing his ashes, vihara: retreat for monks and nuns, caitya: an apsidial prayer hall

sacred necklace of magatama

symbol of succession from the Sun Goddess; emblem of the Japanese Emperor.

Jataka Tales

tales that tell the story of the buddha's previously incarnated lives before he became the Buddha

15-14 [15-13] Indian, Frieze from Gandhara with Life of Buddha (birth, enlightenment, first sermon, and death), second century CE

the Buddha's birth at Lumbini, his enlightenment at Bodh Gaya, his first sermon at Sarnath, and his death at Kushinagara. In the final section of the frieze, the parinirvana, the Buddha lies dying among his devotees, some of whom wail in grief, while one monk, who realizes that the Buddha has been permanently released from suffering, remains tranquil in meditation. This Gandharan frieze is one of the earliest pictorial narrative cycles in which the Buddha appears in human form. It recounts the Buddha's life story from his birth at Lumbini to his death at Kushinagara. The type of hierarchical composition in which a large central figure sits between balanced tiers of smaller onlookers is also common in Roman imperial art.

Muezzin

the Muslim official of a mosque who summons the faithful to prayer from a minaret five times a day by singing.

Byzantium was constantly at war with a series of enemies:

the Persians, Arabs, Bulgars, Seljuq, Ottoman Turks at the end.

def. paludamentum

the cloak

Pendentives

the concave triangular section of a vault that forms the transition between a square or polygonal space and the circular base of a dome Doing it in a different way than pantheon, not circular base, couldn't do the base, could hold, had to make four pillars, q dome on top of a dome, half dome, pendentive in the top of the pillars the indentations in the inside (NOT OUTSIDE).

Paludamentum

the large cloak/wrap worn by a Roman general, often used to symbolize military status.

Minaret

the tower attached to a mosque from which the muezzin, or crier, calls the faithful to prayer five times a day

Byzantine Society: How was the women?

there was a segregation of women; unable to socialize with men; was not close to the family

Byzantine Empire: How was marriages?

they were arranged marriages

The subject of the apse mosaic in St. Catherine's Mt. Sinai is the ________ .

transfiguration

Byzantine Dress: What is the Ecclesiastical Costume?

tunica alba, chasuble, stole, cope or cape; amice, pallium

Men: What did the men of the imperial upper class wear?

tunics, tablion, paludamentum, pallium/lorum, stemma, hosa, shoes and boots

What is a tunica alba?

white tunic with narrow sleeves and a slit for the head, tied with a belt; WHITE TUNIC

repousse

(of metalwork) hammered into relief from the reverse side. Formed in relief by beating a metal plate from the back, leaving the impression on the face. The metal sheet is hammered into a hollow mold of wood or some other pliable material and finished with a graver.

Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus

(pg 230-31) from Rome, Italy, ca. 359. Marble 3' 10 12 " x 8' Episodes from the Hebrew scriptures, including Abraham's sacrifice of Isaac, appear besides scenes from the life of Jesus on the sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, a recent convert to Christianity. The enthroned Christ long-haired and youthful in the Early Christian tradition. Below him is the personified Roman sky god. Flanking the new ruler if the universe are Saints Peter and Paul. The compositions of many Early Christian reliefs derive from Greco-Roman art. The scene of Jesus entering Jerusalem on a donkey recalls portrayals of Roman emperors entering conquered cities.

Late Antiquity

(pg 232) 235 - 306 Soldier Emperors to Constantine Syrian artist paint biblical murals in the Dura-Europos synagogue. Late Antique sarcophagi and catacomb paintings exhibit the first efforts at the establishment of a standard iconography of Christian subjects 306 - 337 Constantine Roman basilicas instead of temples serve as models for the first churches in Rome, including Old Saint Peter's Constantine dedicates Constantinople as the New Rome on the site of Greek Byzantium 337 - 527 Sons of Constantine of Justinian Construction of basilican churches as well as central-plan mausolea and martyria for example, Santa Costanza in Rome --- continues The luxury arts of metalwork, ivory carving, and manuscript illumination flourish. Mosaics become a major medium for church decoration. A new aesthetic focused on the spiritual rather than the physical world emerges in late antique art. Theodosius establishes Christianity as the state religion, and Honorius moves the capital of the Western Roman Empire to Ravenna.

Interior of the synagogue,

(pg 233) Dura-Europos, Syria, with wall paintings of bibical themes, ca. 245-256. Tempera on plaster. The Dura-Europas synagogue was a remodeled private house. The niche housing the sacred Torah is at the center of one long wall covered with paintings depicting episodes from the Hebrew scriptures.

Samuel anoints David,

(pg 234) detail of the main interior wall of the synagogue, Dura-Europa, Syria, ca. 245-256. Tempera on plaster, 4' 7" high The figures in this scene from the book at Samuel lack volume, stand in frontal rows, and exhibit stylized gestures--features characteristics of Late Antique art, regardless of subject matter.

Via Dino Campgni Catacomb

(pg 235) Rome, ca. 320-360

The Good Shepherd, the story of Jonah

(pg 235) and orants, frescoed ceiling of a cubiculum in the Catacomb of Saints Peter and Marcellinus, Rome, Italy, early fourth century. Christian catacomb paintings often mixed Old and New Testament themes. Jonah was a popular subject because he emerged safely from a sea monster after three days, prefiguring Christ's resurrection.

Ark of the Covenant and two menorahs

(pg 235) painted wall in Jewish catacomb, Villa Torlonia, Rome, Italy, third century. Fresco 3' 11" high Some of the oldest catacombs in Rome were Jewish burial places. This example features mural paintings that include depictions of the sacred Ark of the Covenant and two menorahs.

Sarcophagus with philosopher, orant

(pg 238) and Old and New Testament scenes, ca. 270. Maelbe, 1' 11 1/4" x 7' 2" This Early Christian sarcophagus depicts the salvation of Jonah, Christ as Good Shepherd, and the baptism of Christ. The two figures with unfinished heads were to become portraits of the deceased.

Catacomb of Commodilla

(pg 239) Rome, ca. 370-385

Christ as the Good Shepherd,

(pg 239) ca. 300-350, Marble 3' 1/4" high. All the free-standing images of Christ were uncommon in Late Antiquity several statuettes exist representing the Good Shepherd. The patrons were probably recent converts to Christianity.

Christ seated

(pg 239) ca. 350-375

Charlemagne (Charles the Great)

800 AD crowned by the Pope as the head of the Holy Roman Empire, which extended from northern Spain to western Germany and northern Italy. His palace was at Aachen in central Europe King of the Franks (r. 768-814); emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Illiterate, though started an intellectual revival.Carolingian Renaissnace because he wanted to revive the glory of rome and really admired constintine. crowned roman empire by pope. Empire lasts intil Napolean. Known for how much he saved learning Evented Question Mark

Theotokos

A Greek term for Mary meaning "God bearer" or "birth mother of God" that was first used by the Council of Ephesus in AD 431.

Justinian

Byzantine Emperor who ruled from 527-565. His wife was the Empress Theodora.

Hagia Sophia

"Holy Wisdome." The supreme example of Byzantine architecture built under Justinian between 532-537

Ashokan Pillars

"Pillars of Law", 20 left in modern, adapted previous cult capitols with ( do the pillars still rep the axis of the world to Buddha/ashoka?) shaft had inscribed text of Ashoka's dharma or code of ethics

shikinen sengu

"the transfer of the god-body to a new shrine in a special festival year". There are two alternate sites side by side; when one is housing the shrine, the other is covered in gravel. The purpose of the ritual rebuilding has to do with the idea of renewal: there is a desire to show reverence to the great kami by revitalizing its earthly residence; thus the transience of material objects (as opposed to the permanence of an ideal form) is ritually enacted. And whereas the material object is like a body, the ideal form, in its permanence, is like the kami.

Verism

"truth-like" a word used to describe the visual style of Roman portraits which record aspects of individual likeness but also encode symbolic ideal qualities.

10-7&8 Islamic, Great Mosque in Kairouan, ca. 836-875

#2 (mihrab) #8 (minaret)

Vedic Period

(2000-1200 BCE) Dwindling of Indus Ghaggar-Hakra civilization, gradual migration of Aryans from north who brought with them bringing their own distinctive language and religions. Preserving some of their early traditions, eventually taking them down to a body of sacred writings called the Vedas. The Vedas are regarded as the source for later sacred Hindu literature, but Vedic culture not Hindu! City of Varanasi, on river bed Ganges considered spiritual center. The rituals and beliefs of Vedic culture, which centered on fire sacrifices, developed most fully here. It was not one or even several formalized, systematized religions that developed at Varanasi, but rather a constellation of different religious practices; together, these provided the foundation for Hinduism

Ashoka

(272-231 BCE) Responsible for inheriting control over mahajanapadas from his grandfather Chandragupta Maurya and converting India to Buddhism. Has Ashokan Pillars all over, with not just impressive ( and unknown who did it/where made bc issue over Indian artisans of hellenistic/iranian influence) capitols but actually used monuments to relay buddhist info like that of printing press later on

First style: Imitation of masonry or marble (incrustation)

(2nd century BC). Related to Hellenistic decoration, style seeks to imitate panels of marble or stone through painted stucco decoration. [Samnite House (Herculaneum) and House of the Faun (Pompeii)].

Development of Buddhism

(6th century BCE) 323 bCE, Chandragupta Maurya conquers all mahajanapadas & founds Mauryan Empire. His grandson Ashoka converted to Buddhism and spread it across the empire

Fourth style: A composite of the Second and Third Styles

(After AD 45). Return to illusion and fantastical architecture. Often serves as frame for mythology. As in 3rd style, treated in three zones (upper, lower, middle). Tends to be richly coloured. [House of the Vetti (Pompeii)].

Second style: Realistic architectural illusion

(Approx. 1st century BC). Developed from First Style, creates 3-dimensional illusion framed by architectural elements. Between columns are glimpses of realistic worlds outside.

Third style: Decorative architectural fantasy

(Approx. late 1st century BC-early 1st century AD). Illusions replaced with unrealistic motifs. Broad areas defined with single colour. Wall treated as three zones (different colours ea). [House of Marcus Lucretius Fronto (Pompeii)].

Mecca

City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion.

Constantinople

(Eastern Rome, not Western) A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul when the Turks took over.

Mihrab

(Islam) a niche in the wall of a mosque that indicates the direction of Mecca

Restored cutaway view of Old Saint Peter's and Restored Plan

(pg 242) (looking northwest), Rome, Italy, begun ca. 319 Built by Constantine, the first imperial patron of Christianity, this huge church stood over Saint Peter's grave. The building's plan and elevation resemble those of Roman basilicas, not temples. Old Saint Peter's closely followed plan of a Roman basilica and had a 300-foot-long nave with flanking aisles leading to an apse, but unlike other early churches, it also had a transept and an atrium

Plan of Santa Costanza

(pg 243) Rome, Italy, ca. 337 - 351 Santa Costanza has antecedents in the domed temples and mausolea of the Romans, but it's playing, with a circle of 12 pairs of columns in a vaulted ambulatory, is new.

Interior of Santa Costanza

(pg 243) Rome, Italy. ca. 337-351 Possibly built as the mausoleum of Constantine's daughter, Santa Costanza later became a church. Its central plan, featuring a dome interior, would become the preferred form of Byzantine churches.

Mosaic in the ambulatory vault of Santa Costanza

(pg 244) Rome, Italy, ca. 337-351 The ambulatory mosaics of Santa Costanza depict putti harvesting grapes and making wine, motifs associated with Bacchus, but for a Christian, the scenes evoked Eucharist and Christ's blood.

Oceanus and Nereids,

(pg 244) and drinking contest between Bacchus and Hercules, "Great Dish" from Mildenhall, England, mid-fourth century CE. Silver 1' 11 3/4" diameter. Part of the horde of silver tableware owned by a Christian family, this large platter nontheless feature sea deities and a drinking contest between Bacchus, the Roman god of wine and Hercules.

Old Farmer of Corycus

(pg 245) folio 7 verso of the Vatican Vergil, ca. 400-420. Tempera on parchment, 1' 1/2" x 1' The earliest surviving painted Latin manuscript is a collection of the poet Vergil's works. This page includes part of the text of the Georgics and a pastoral scene reminiscent of Roman landscape murals.

Suicide of Judas and Crucifixion of Christ

(pg 246) plaque from a box, early fifth century. Ivory, 3" x 3 7/8" The plaque from a luxurious ivory box is one of the first known representations of Christ's Crucifixion. The Savior is a beardless youth who experiences no pain. At the left, Judas, his betrayer, hangs himself.

Woman sacrificing at an altar

(pg 247) right leaf of the diptych of the Nicomachi and the Symmachi, ca. 400, Ivory, 11 3/4" x 5 1/2" Even after Theodosius banned all cults of the old gods in 391, some Roman families still practiced the ancient rites. The sculptor who carved this ivory plaque also carried on the classical artistic style.

Interior of Santa Sabina

(pg 248) looking northeast, Rome, Italy, 422-432 Santa Sabina and other early Christian basilican churches are timber-roofed and illuminated by clerestory windows. The nave arcade produces a steady rhythm that focuses all attention on the apse.

Exterior of Santa Sabina

(pg 249) (looking west), Rome, Italy, 422-432 Although mosaics and frescoes commonly adorned the interiors of Early Christian basilicas. Santa Sabina and other early churches had plain brick exteriors like the Aula Palatina at Trier.

The Parting of Abraham and Lot

(pg 249) mosaic in the nave of Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome, Italy 432-440 In this tessera mosaic depicting the parting of Abraham and Lot as set put in the book of Genesis, the artist included the yet-unborn Isaac because of his importance as a prefiguration of Christ.

Mausolem of Galla Placidia

(pg 250) (looking northeast). Ravenna, Italy. ca. 425 This cruciform chapel with a domed crossing is an early example of a combination of central and longitudinal plans. The unadorned brick exterior encloses a rich ensemble of mosaics.

Interior of the Mausoleum Of Galla Placidia

(pg 251) (looking south), Ravenna, Italy, ca. 425 Before Late Antiquity mosaics were usually confined to floors. Inside the so-called Mausoleum of Galla Placidia glass mosaics cover every square inch of the interior above the marble faced walls.

Christ as Good Shepherd

(pg 252) mosaic from the entrance (north) wall of Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, Italy, ca. 425 Jesus sits among his flock, haloed and robed in gold and purple. The landscape and the figures with their cast shadows are the work of a mosaicist still rooted in the naturalistic classical tradition.

Interior of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo

(pg 253) (looking east), Ravenna, Italy, dedicated 504 Theodoric, king of Ostrogoths, established his capital at Ravenna in 493. His palace-church features an extensive series of mosaics depicting Hebrew prophets and scenes from the life of Christ.

Miracle of the Loaves and Fishes

(pg 253) mosaic from the top register of the nave wall (above the clerestory windows) of Sant'Apollinare Nuvos, Ravenna, Italy, ca. 504 Jesus faces directly toward the viewer. Blue sky has given way to the otherworldly splendor of heavenly gold, the standard background color for medieval mosaics.

Two saints, detail of the mosaic frieze of the lower zone of the dome,

(pg 254) Hagios Gerogios (Church of Saint George), Thessa-Ioniki, Greece, first half fifth century. The dome mosaics of Hagios Georgios depict eight pairs of saints with their arms raised in prayer, standing before architectural fantasies suggesting the palatial kingdom of Heaven with it's golden sky.

15-1,8,9,&10 , Indian, Great Stupa at Sanchi (with detail of gate and yakshi), 3 BCE to 1 CE

- To Bring worshipers and Buddhist monks closer to enlightenment - outermost area with stone railings; ornamentations, medallions, low relief - decorated with elaborate sculptural reliefs, while stupa was not decorated - depicted the Jataka tales

16-22 [16-23] Chinese, Northern Song Dynasty, Fan Kuan, Travelers among Mountains and Streams, early 11th century

- composition unfolds in 3 stage - physically large, 7 ft high and this massive sizes proves how small human our compare to the vast nature - mist veils the transition to the background - painting conveys the feeling of climbing mountain leaving the human world to face the great ultimate in a spiritual communion - layers or short, staccato strokes describe the texture of Rock - although in contains realistic details, the landscape represent no specific place

7-9 Roman, Republican, General from Tivoli, ca. 75-50 BCE

-Greek Herotic Body -Old face is symbolizing power, wisdom, and leadership

7-27 Roman, Early Empire, Augustus Primaporta, ca. 20 BCE

-idealized but still recognizable -youthful in all portraits -comparing himself to Greco-Roman Gods-wearing a cuirass(breast plate)-cupid and dolphin - Augustus claimed to be descended from Goddess Venus

When was the Gothic?

1140 CE - 1500 CE

funtions of a monastery in midievil society

...

When was the Romanesque?

1000 CE - 1140 CE

Clerestory

A row of windows in the upper part of a wall. part of an interior wall rising above the adjacent roof with windows admitting light

Caliph

A supreme political and religious leader in a Muslim government

Byzantine

A term used to identify whatever pertains to Byzantium; territory, history, art, culture

Pendentives

A triangular section of masonry making the structural transition from a circle. Four pendentives support a dome.

Byzantium

An ancient Greek city on which Constantine founded his new capital, Constantinople. A term also used for the Eastern Christian Roman Empire

The Transfiguration

An event before the passion of Christ, on Mount Tabor, in which Jesus is revealed as God's son

Russian icon painting reached a climax in the work of ________ .

Andrei Rublyev

Theodora and attendants

Apse, San Vitale 526-547 Located directly opposite of Justinian and attendants. Theodora wears a crown and purple robe ( which has specific detail of pattern that may depict the Magi) and has a halo around her head. She holds a jewel-encrusted chalice. The chalice was used to hold wine during the mass and is a counterpart to Justinian's paten used to hold bread. It looks like she and her attendants are about to enter the church. Neither Justinian nor Theodora ever stepped foot in the church or visited Ravenna. With the illustration in this period, there is a loss shadow, weight, contrapposto.

Justinian , Bishop Maximianus, and attendents

Apse, San Vitale, Ravenna Italy 526-547 Just adjacent to the mosaic of Christ is a mosaic of Justinian and attendants on the left and his wife with her attendants on the right Justinian's halo is not intended to depict him as a saint but to symbolize the divine origin of his rulership. His purple robes echo those worn by Christ.

Justinian as world Conqueror

Barberini Ivory, Byzantine mid 6th century Image of Justinian as a triumphant and imperial ruler who seeks to recall Old Rome in his rulership and patronage is made clear in an ivory plaque called the Barberini Ivory; named for Francesco Barberini who was a 17th century cardinal in Rome (at one time, he owned this artwork) Emperor Justinian is depicted in military armor riding on a rearing horse. Beneath the horse is female personification of the earth and a Nike in front of Justinian to symbolize victory. She once held a crown for Justinian but its now lost.

How is early Christ depicted?

Based on pagan sources, based on Apollo images from pagan images. Mary is similar to Isis and Horis images. (https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/24/7c/da/247cda88f47dce5e7081a45f89145a47.jpg) Jesus riding in on a donkey that comes from older image of emperor (Like marcus aralius riding in http://www.bluffton.edu/homepages/facstaff/sullivanm/italy/rome/marcusaurelius/0023.jpg) Christ doesn't have a beard, clean shaven. Youthful Christ: Apollo. Bearded Christ: based off of Jupiter or Zues. (http://heartofwisdom.com/images/jesusorzeus.jpg)

Mahajanapadas

By 1000 BCE, India divided into these 16 kingdoms

Justinian

Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruled by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code 6th century Byzantine emperor; failed to reconquer the western portions of the empire; rebuilt Constantinople; codified Roman law. Bring prosperity and Christianity, crush barbarians

________ founded the "New Rome" in the East in 324.

Constantine

Byzantine Empire: What happened in 330 CE?

Constantinople established; capitol of Byzantine Empire

Hagia Sophia, plan, pendentive, and dome

Constantinople, Istanbul, Turkey 532-537 Architects achieved the consolidation or union of the longitudinal basilica plan with the vertically oriented central plan. Dome was achieved through the architectural innovation of the pendentive. A pendentive is a triangular shaped section of vaulting that is employed when a circular dome is placed over a square structure. Pendentives are used to join the two structures lifting the dome above the top of the walls and carrying the weight down at the corners into the supporting piers.

Hagia Sophia, Anthemius and Isidorus

Constantinople, Istanbul, Turkey 532-537 Justinian chose two men, neither an architect, to design and construct the church: Anthemius of Tralles (Greek mathematician) and Isidorus of Miletus, a professor of physics The minarets were added after 1453 Massive structure measures roughly 270 feet long and 240 feet wide with a central dome 108 feet in diameter that rises 180 feet

Hagia Sophia, interior

Constantinople, Istanbul, Turkey 532-537 The interior was lavishly decorated with colored marbles and mosaics. Early authors tried to capture the sense of beauty as they described how the interior of the walls were sheathed with gold mosaics and the columns were made of purple and green marbles. The light enters into the church through 40 large windows located at the base of the dome. This pierced lower portion of the dome creates the illusion that the enormous dome is suspended above the light or hovers just above it. Light was an extremely important feature in a church since light was seen as a visual manifestation of God; the more, the more filled with God The church was completed in 5 years on Christmas Day in 537, Justinian said "Soloman, I have surpassed thee."

In 1204, The ________ seized Constantinople; destroying works of art and declared a crusader emperor. And finally in 1453, The ottoman ______ captured Constantinople and destroyed the empire.

Crusaders, Turks

17-6 Japanese, Ise Jingu

Early Japanese architecture was primarily a wood architecture, since stone was relatively scarce and used mainly for retaining walls and royal tombs. Because of the perishability of wood construction, the early history of Japanese architecture is murky. This is why the Ise Jingu (Ise Shrine) is so important. The unification of Shinto with the spirit of the emperor led to the creation of the Ise Jingu (Ise Shrine), which has no parallel in the history of architecture. Every 20 years for the last 1500 years, it is rebuilt, identically, with virgin old-growth timber. The current one was built in 2013, and so in a real sense is both 4 years old and 1500 years old. In a forest in southern Honshu, most revered shrine in Japan

What is this period 330 CE - 1000 CE?

Early Middle Ages; Western Europe

Byzantine Empire: What happened in 1054?

Eastern and Western church splits

The portrait of ________ appears on the choir wall to the right of the apse of San Vitale, Ravenna.

Empress theodora

Byzantine Empire: What happened in the 7th Century?

Expansion of Islam; One state, one religion; Byzantine empire reduced

The Anastasis from Christ in Chora exhibits which of the following?

Greco-Roman Illusionism

The city of Constantinople saw itself as a center for the preservation of the antique of ______ and _______ culture.

Greek and Roman

Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus built ________ for Justinian.

Hagia Sophia

The dark ages

Historians once referred to the thousand years (about 400-1400) between the dying Roman Empire's adoption of Christianity as its official religion and the rebirth (Renaissance) of interest in classical antiquity as this.

Shoden

Innermost Shrine, only for the reigning emperor. Twenty-one stone steps (above L) then lead you up to the torii of the outermost fence, a little beyond which there is a silk curtain creates a boundary past which only priests or members of the imperial family can pass. The innermost shrine - the Shoden - is reserved only for the reigning emperor. Distance from the Shoden for the rest of the family is a measure of their distance from the throne. In addition to the Shoden the Naiku also contains two treasuries. The Shoden itself is a meticulously crafted and ornamented wooden structure, three bays wide and two bays deep, built entirely without nails. These type buildings are made with posts set right into the ground without foundations or stone bases. These are connected by transverse beams that support center struts which carry the ridgepole. In many cases, as at the Ise Shrine, the ridgepole is supported by two pillars standing free of the wall on the short end. There is no curve in the thatched roof, and no complex structural system supporting it. The modest size of the building makes anything more complex unnecessary. Rather the energy is devoted to the finish, which is extraordinarily fine.

Masjid

Islamic house of worship

________ proclaimed Christianity the only lawful religion of New Rome.

Justinian

Ghats

Landings or banks along the Ganges river as platforms or temples that are for bathing, ritual observance, the two main ghats are dedicated to cremation: the ashes of the dead are placed directly in the Ganges, for to die and be cremated on the bank of the Ganges at Varanasi is to attain Nirvana.

Pantokrator is usually applied to Christ in his role as ________ .

Last Judge

What is the period of 1000 CE - 1500 CE?

Late Middle Ages aka The Dark Ages

The Ascension

On the 40th day, after the Resurrection, on the Mount of Olives, with his Mother and Apostles as witnesses, Christ gloriously ascends to heaven in a cloud.

Iconoclasm

Opposing or even destroying images, especially those set up for religious veneration in the belief that such images represent idol worship.

Constantine XI died at Constantinople in 1453 vainly defending the city against the ________ .

Ottoman Turks

Geku

Outer Shrine at Ise Jingu, dedicated to Touke Okami (Abundant food great Kami).

An example of the Middle Byzantine classicizing style in manuscripts is the ________ .

Paris Psalter

Hiberno-Saxon Art (6th to 10th century)

People are settling down, in a different way, got monasteries. Scotland, Ireland, Northern England. Like colleges. Created Manuscripts as work.

One of the essential truths of Christianity, the ascension is presented in which of the following?

Rabbula Gospels

Choir and apse of San Vitale

Ravenna, Italy 526-547 In the vault (choir sanctuary), a youthful and beardless Christ sits on the orb of the world. He holds a scroll with the seven seals in his left hand and a martyr's wreath in his right. The four rivers of paradise flow from the rock beneath the orb On Christ's RIGHT, is an angel cloaked in white robes who presents San Vitalis to Christ, who offers him a crown of martyrdom. Saint Vitalis reaches to accept it. On Christ's LEFT, is an angel who presents the bishop of Ravenna, Ecclesius (in whose time were the foundations of the church were laid) to Christ. He hands a little model of the church of San Vitale to the angel to offer to Christ

St. Vitale

Ravenna, Italy 526-547 The city that was once seen as the capital of the Empire, was now seen as the extension of Byzantine rule in Italy. Not surprisingly, Justinian embellished the city with lavish structures and imperial decoration The Church of San Vitale was begun in 526 and completed in 547 by the archbishop Maximianus.

Plan of San Vitale

Ravenna, Italy 526-547 The church has a central plan with a polygonal apse, and an off-center narthex. The design is centered on two concentric octagons. A dome-covered octagon in the center and an outer octagonal wall pierced with windows to add light. The central space has eight large piers that alternate with curved niches. The exedrae create and intricate design that unites the inner and outer spaces permitting light to suffuse the interior

Orthodox Bapistery

Ravenna, ca. 458

Japanese Buddhism

The official arrival of Buddhism in Japan occurred from Korea in the middle of the 6th century (it had gotten to Korea from China). By the end of the century it was entrenched. During the 7th and 8th centuries, the imperial family began supporting Buddhism more and more, and enormous sums were allocated for temples. This is when the great Horyu-ji monastery in Ikaruga (Nara Prefecture) was built, which constitutes the most important surviving architectural complex in early Japan.

15-19 [15-17] Indian, Boar Avatar of Vishnu Rescues the Earth, early fifth century CE

The oldest Hindu cave temples are at Udayagiri, a site that also boasts some of the earliest Hindu stone sculptures, such as this huge relief of Vishnu as the boar Varaha rescuing the earth.

Mount Sinai

The site in Egypt where Moses received the Ten Commandments from God. An early monastery, now dedicated to St. Catherine, was built there

Issues? (the four styles of Pompeian wall painting)

This type of dating is extremely subjective (as all typography is), best paired with absolute dating methods.

Byzantine Empire: How was the children?

careers were set by the parents

Undershirts are called ________. Underdrawers fastened at the waist with a belt are called _____.

chemises, braies

What is a paludamentum?

cloak only the the upperclass men and empress wore; fastened over the right shoulder with a jeweled brooch; distinguished by the tablion (large square decoration)

Horyu-ji monastery

cloud-pattern brackets (kumo-hijiki) and cloud-pattern bearing blocks (kumo-to) (7th-8th centuries) The kondo, like the two gates and the pagoda, employs a roof support system consisting of cloud-pattern brackets (kumo-hijiki) and cloud-pattern bearing blocks (kumo-to). These specific "cloud-pattern" brackets are unknown on the continent and are thus probably Japanese in origin. Their distinctive detail is the "tongue" or zetsu that decorates the underside of the transverse beam. This complex architectural system - every bit as complex as the Doric order - was derived from Chinese traditions, though the Japanese quickly developed their own manner of executing it. The Middle Gate is odd in having 4 bays not 5, since normally an odd number was required in order that the central bay act as the passage. Here, it is a column that stands on the axis instead. The columns of the Middle Gate, like those elsewhere in the monastery, have entasis - the swelling that we have seen in columns of the Greeks and Romans. The upper stories of the pagoda are successively diminished in scale, so that the 5th story timberwork is 1/2 that of the ground story. The structure is constructed following a module about 35 cm; thus the central bay on the ground level is 10 units wide, whereas the flanking ones are 7. The width of each floor is diminished by 3 modules each: on the second floor the central bay is 9 units wide and the flanking ones are 6 each; on the next they are 8 and 5, then 7 and 5; on the top, there are 2 bays, each 6 units wide. Throughout all this diminution, however, the wooden elements stay the same size, and thus the elevation becomes more and more crowded as you go up. The framing corridor encircling the main precinct is, surprisingly, not symmetrical: it has 11 bays to the right of the entry, and 10 to the left. This is done to reflect the asymmetry of tall, narrow pagoda and the broader kondo. Note the "rainbow" beams

The Fourth Crusade (1203) attacked ________ .

constantinople

Byzantine artists drew their images from which of the following?

conventionalized vision

def. stemma

crown

The ________ occupied Constantinople in 1204.

crusaders

What is sericulture?

cultivation of silk; monks brought the secret of sericulture and smuggled silkworm eggs in a bamboo pole

kami

noble, sacred shinto spirits. Associated with trees rocks, mountains, waters, etc., and regarded as creative and harmonizing forces of nature. Buddha originally received as a kami. Kami receive tribute at Shinto shrines in the form of food, music, dance, and other skills including archery and sumo wrestling. These shrines were initially just simple structures where kami were thought to dwell.

____ mantles were made from one piece of fabric that fastened on one shoulder; _______ mantles are a fabric that had a slit through which the head could be slipped.

open; closed

Horyu-ji plan

pagoda and kondo juxtaposed on either side of main axis

Shitenojji plan

pagoda, kondo, and lecture hall are on the same axis

def. tablion

patch of color on the cloak that indicates status

Byzantine Society: What are oikos?

patriarchal family; foundation of Byzantine society; (no clear family, extended family etc)

What is a cope? What is a cowl?

religious cape worn for processions; monks wore this. it is a hood attached to the tunic

What is a chasuble?

round cape; has the orphrey (Y-Shaped band of embroidery in front of the chausable)

Women: What are the 2 kinds of dalmatics?

segmentae (medallion spots) and clavi (stripes in the front)

Men: What two tunics did the imperial men wear?

segmentae and clari