Art History Final
quiet domestic scenes
Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin specialized in what kind of paintings?
Andrea Palladio, Villa Rotonda
Jefferson's home, Monticello, shows the clear influence of which architect's work?
Greek Art
Johann Winckelmann, the first art historian, identified which era as the most perfect art form ever made?
Awe mixed with terror
What is Edmund Burke's definition of the sublime?
He wanted to create harmonies with paint parallel to those achieved in music
Why did Whistler give many of his pieces titles like 'arrangement' or 'nocturne'?
Striving for optical accuracy, Superrealist artists often used photographs as sources.
Superrealist
Purely abstract style developed by Russian artist, Kazimir Malevich
Suprematism
the element of absurdity
Although Dada artists did not share a particular style, they generally embraced what?
smooth, finished surface with no visible brushstrokes suppression of the individual hand of the artist particularly appealing for revolutionaries during the American and French revolutions.
'academic' style
Array of revival styles, including neogothic, Romanesque revival, neoclassical, etc, evoking a desire for builders to connect conceptually with the past.
19th Century Architecture
decorative forms sinuous curves
Art Nouveau
artists in the 21st century express a wide range of social and political ideologies according to ethnic and racial identity, political identity, etc.
Art and Identity
Rejection of revivalist and romanticism in favor of exploring cast-iron construction, as in Joseph Paxton's Crystal Palace.
Cast -iron architecture
expanded possibility of cast concrete forms to create curvilinear and organic forms
Cast Concrete Architecture
describe reality
Cubism dismissed the centuries-old Western belief that art had to do what?
a reaction against the limitations imposed on art b its exhibition in galleries and museums, site specific works, use of natural materials such as earth, rocks, and soil, generally very large, closely related to Minimalism. Moved art out of the museum realm
Environmental Art (Earth Art/Earthworks)
'wild beasts'- vivid, pure pigment to achieve greater luminosity, rejection of natural form and color, sharp value contrasts to create sense of depth
Fauvism
often politically oriented, large scale murals in public locations, done in a modernist style but still indebted to indigenous and pre-Columbian forms
Mexican Modernism and Muralists
Impersonal austerity, plain geometric forms, industrially-processed materials, often conceived of as modular arrangements or series of similar forms.
Minimalism
includes a variety of styles which embrace and celebrate popular commercial culture, reliance on advertising, comics, photography and other types of entertainment, questions issues of originality, the hand of the artist, and mass reproduction.
Pop Art
artistic and literary movement, interested in dream imagery and the realm of the subconscious, influenced by Freudian psychology, interested in chance and irrationality, two stains- Naturalistic Surrealists: artists who worked in a traditional figurative style but used irrational juxtapositions of apparently unrelated objects Biomorphic Surrealism: artists who relied on automatism to access the unconscious.
Surrealism
What could be seen.
The only valid subjects in Realism were what?
a photograph made by an early method on a plate of chemically treated metal developed by Louis J.M. Daguerre
daguerreotype
The French fascination with all things Japanese. Japonisme emerged in the second half of the 19th century.
Japonisme
exploration of nature/natural passions, the irrational, intuition, and human emotion. exotic subjects
Romanticism (1820-1850)
African sculpture
Aaron Douglas embraced the aims of the Harlem Renaissance by incorporating what into his art?
3 hours
About how long did it take for Frank Lloyd Wright to design Fallingwater?
America's first avant-garde movement Also known as action painting- highly expressive works of a variety of styles from abstraction to biomorphism, the process of painting takes priority over the end result, wanted to record the presence of the painter in the painting.
Abstract Expressionism
inspire patriotism
According to Jacques-Louis David, the subject of artworks should be historical events in order to do what?
history
According to the French Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture, which was the most important subject in painting?
complementary
According to the optical theories of chemist Michel-Eugene Chevreul, when a person looks intently at a color and then shifts to a white area, the eye perceives the _____________ color.
general category which describes a variety of movements created by African American artists and which deals with themes specific to race and culture
African American Art (Harlem Renaissance, Funk Art, and other movements)
Neo-Gothic
After a fire, the Houses of Parliament were rebuilt in what style?
Pavilion of Realism
After having numerous works rejected by the 1855 Salon, Gustave Courbet set up his own exhibition called what?
Margaret Bourke-White
Artist who became famous for her photographs of the triumphs of 20th century engineering.
not a style in itself, but these artists address the social issues connected with power, privilege and gender
Artwork about Gender Issues and Feminism
Embraced by the artist Miro, automatism was the creation of art without conscious control.
Automatism
French, "advance guard" (in a platoon). Late 19th century and 20th century artists who emphasized innovation and challenged established convention in their work.
Avant-garde
a German art school headed by Walter Gropius and later by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. Not a movement of style, but was the influential force in Modern design in the 20th century
Bauhaus
Type of Surrealism that consists largely of abstract shapes.
Biomorphic Surrealism
*It used traditional materials on the exterior, but tended to hide newer, modern materials on the interior. *It appeared in a variety of revivalist styles. *it could be considered an outgrowth of Romanticism. Charles Barry and Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin, Houses of Parliament, London, England During the 19th century, architects revived many historical styles, often reflecting nationalistic pride. The Houses of Parliament have an exterior veneer and towers that recall English Late Gothic style.
Briefly describe 19th century architecture.
*traditional *naturalistic *self-referential
Briefly describe painting in the United States before 1945.
vedute
British visitors on the Grand Tour purchased scenic views of Venice called what?
Post-Painterly Abstraction artists poured diluted paint onto a canvas and allowed it to soak in offshoot of Abstract Expressionism, characterized by large fields of barely modulated color with no central focus, color acquires a pictorial autonomy and becomes the subject o the painting.
Color-field
Conceptual artists deemed the artist's ideas to be more important than their final product. Artwork, Usually in the form of installation or a performance, where the idea, or concept, behind an image or sculpture is more important than the sculpture itself. Performance makes the human body the medium of the artwork.
Conceptual and Performance Art
Launched by Kasimir Malevich in 1915, believed non-objective shapes and a limited color scheme could transcend class and cultural boundaries.
Constructivism and Suprematism
rejection of Renaissance perspective, simultaneous viewpoints, primitive influence and an interest in ethnographic material, use of collage
Cubism
Revolt against bourgeois society brought on by the horrors of WWI, anti-reason and anti-authority, nihilistic, interested in the random and nonsensical act, also includes Duchamp's ready-mades even though he never acknowledged his participation in the Dad movement.
Dadaism
Dutch movement focused on non-objective forms, reduced the image to its basic characteristics- primary colors, flat surfaces, and straight lines, interest in mathematical and scientific portions.
De Stijl
Germen Expressionist group created by Kandinsky and Marc. Named after their interest in the color blue and horses.
Der Blaue Reiter
Neoclassical artists explored themes such as liberty, virtue, sacrifice, and morality. Stylistically, artworks were typically large paintings, clearly delineated and drew subjects from Ancient Greek and Roman history. These subjects were thought to be universally appealing to stir feeling of patriotism and pride. Example: In Jacques-Louis David's Death of Marat, a leader of the French Revolution, is depiected dead from a stab wound in his bath. This image recalls Michelangelo's Pieta, full of pain, but peacefully deceased in his saintly depiction. This painting calls for the revolutionaries to be outraged and to continue fighting for the cause.
Describe the dominate stylistic qualities and subjects of neoclassical art. What values did neoclassical art communicate to different audiences?
True
Did photography struggle to be taken seriously as a real form of fine art?
The pervasive loneliness of modern humans
Edward Hopper's "Nighthawks" communicates what?
reasoning to problems.
French philosophers argued that society could improve by applying what?
reaction against traditional Italian culture, celebrated dynamism and excitement of modern life, interested in speed and technology, interested in political activism and believed that WWI would cleanse Europe of its reliance on the past.
Futurism
Pointillism
George Seurat is credited for inventing what artistic style?
deliberate rejection of naturalism and impressionism, interest in the psychological significance of color, reliance on primitive art forms (both folk and non-European) Two main groups: Die Brucke (The Bridge)- dissonant use of colors, depictions of the modern world. Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider)-empathetic identification with nature
German Expressionism
*cropped compositions *negative space *ambiguous focal points *bird's eye perspective
Give a brief description of characteristics of "japonisme" in painting.
Kauffmann's "Cornelia Pointing to Her Children as her Treasures"
Give an example of "exemplum vertutis"...
the French suppression of a Spanish revolt.
Goya's "Third of May, 1808 represents what?
large scale of the figure relative to the canvas, the controlled pose, the landscape setting, and the low horizon line. Figures inspired by ancient statuary. The "Grand Manner" that was in the past used to paint mythological and religious subjects is in the 18th century
Grand Manner
Postmodernism combines the industrial lines and structures of modernism with historical styles from the past in a new and playful way *curtain walls *lack of surface ornament Example: Michael Graves, Portland Building
How does postmodernist architecture differ from earlier architectural styles?
Dawn of modernism. Awareness of the impermanence of culture, combined with knowledge of technology, exposure to other cultures, exploration of materiality of painting, capturing fleeing nature of life.
Impressionism (1860-1890)
The Hudson River School
In American, what group specialized in landscape painting?
New York
In the 1950s the center of the Wester art world shifted from Paris to _________________.
Napoleon
In the wake of the French Revolution, who seized power in France?
style popular in postwar architecture featuring glass curtain-walls and use of industrial materials
International Style
David uses the composition of "Oath of the Horatii," to communicate to the viewer a sense of patriotism and self-sacrifice for ones country. In the painting we are witness to the three Horatii brothers taking an oath before heading to battle for their country. They are strong, courageous, willing and ready to sacrifice themselves for their country, true heroes. Their strong rigid form contrasts with the soft curved shapes of the women to the right who are overwhelmed with sorrow from the event about to take place. This painting was commissioned by Louis XVI to inspire French citizens to feel patriotic for their country, but the intention may have had an adverse effect. Soon after the viewing of this painting the Revolution began and the French citizens sense of duty, honor, and sacrifice was for themselves and their beliefs in an unjust monarchy.
Jacques-Louis David's "Oath of the Horatii" is considered to be one of the greatest Neoclassical paintings. Describe how David uses the composition to communicate with viewers, then tell me what was this painting meant to teach viewers.
*curtain wall *engineering and innovation *form follows function
Modernist architecture
*Urbanism *Leisure *Secularism *Technology *dispensable income *spectacle
Modernity of the 19th century
*nature is defined as human nature *society more important than individual *imitation *tradition *rules & order *mechanical form (imposed from outside) *logic *reason *attempted objectivity *town or cultivated landscape *constraints *conformity *cultivated, formal, social
Neoclassicism
Artists who use video and technology for their medium.
New Media
Salon
Once a year, the French Academy held a yearly art exhibition. What was this called?
commodity
Performance Art challenged art's function as _________________.
a revolutionary and democratizing and technically demanding tool that allowed for everyone to be immortalized in an image. daguerrotype portraitures threat to painting
Photography of the 19th century
Variation on collage created by Berlin Dad artists
Photomontage
involves the precise reproduction or the mimicking of real objects (sculpture), offshoot of Pop Art, often involves an ironic commentary on popular culture.
Photorealism and New Realism
A system of painting devised by the 19th-century French painter Georges Seurat. The artist separates color into its component parts and then applies the component colors to the canvas in tiny dots (points). The image becomes comprehensible only from a distance, when the viewer's eyes optically blend the pigment dots. Sometimes referred to as divisionism.
Pointillism
Simultaneous return to realism but persistent development of modernist abstraction
Post-Modernism
continued interest intensity color and its expressive potential, rejection of naturalism.
Post-modernism (1875-1900)
Championed by Duchamp, ready-mades were mass-produced objects selected by the artist.
Readymades
Artists wanted to celebrate the working class and ordinary people and their struggle in a dignified way (the noble peasant)
Realism (1830-1860)
socially conscious work done in a realist style, often introspective and melancholic
Regionalism and Photography
leisure activities of upper-middle class
Renoir is most famous for his depiction of what?
Nationalistic pride le to the revival in the 19th century of older architectural styles, especially the Gothic, exemplified by London's Houses of Parliament.
Revivalism (19th century)
Advocated for freedom and placed imagination over reason.
Romantic artists advocated for what?
*nature is defined as natural environment (woods, mountains, etc) *individual more important than society *originality *experimentation *freedom *organic form (growing from inside) *intuition *imagination, emotion *accepted subjectivity *country, preferably untouched nature *spontaneity *independence, rebellion *primitive becomes focus
Romanticism
· Rejection altogether of realistic, or naturalistic subjects in favor of fantastical and imaginary forms and figures. · Objects as well as visual elements such as color, shape, etc. become symbols of personal emotions and personal response to the world. No attempt to present things as they are seen in reality, but to see through objects to the unseen, hidden realities of life and existence. · Subjects are often mysterious, visionary, dreamlike. Influenced by the idea of the "subconscious" introduced by psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud in his 1900 publication Interpretation of Dreams
Symbolism (1880-1914)
18th century, brought a new way of thinking critically about the world and about men and women, independently of religion, myth or tradition. Enlightenment thinkers rejected unfounded beliefs in favor of empirical evidence and promoted the questioning of all assertions. The new world view was a major factor in the revolutionary political, social, and economic changes that swept Europe and American in the mid- to late 1700s.
The Enlightenment
Orientalism
The European curiosity about non-Western cultures is called what?
The Statue of Liberty
The designer of the Eiffel Tower was also responsible for the interior armature for what structure?
drama and emotion
Théodore Géricault criticized the rigidity of the Neoclassical style and instead injected what into his artwork?
American Civil War
Timothy O'Sullivan documented which of the following wars?
*natural materials *curtain walls
What are some characteristics of Modern architecture?
*whiplash lines *cast iron & glass *organic forms
What are some key components of Art Nouveau architecture?
Neoclassicism
What artistic movement incorporated the subjects and styles of ancient art?
Fauvism
What artistic movement inspired by Van Gogh and Gaugain's employment of bright colors for expressive ends?
end of the century
What does the word fin-de-siècle mean?
rationality
What emphasis of Enlightenment contributed to the renewed interest in classical antiquity?
The Armory Show
What event is identified as the event that brought modern art to the United States?
* Breakdown of Distinction of High vs Low Culture *Waning of Affect (emotional response) *new technology (emphasis on reproduction rather than production) *political awareness
What is Post-modernism?
Glass wall or skin. Not a structural element, only aesthetic. Allows for maximum natural light and viewing of landscape.
What is a curtain wall?
moral overtones
What is a uniquely English trait of Hogarth's paintings?
imaginary or fantasy subjects
What was a frequent iconography explored by Symbolists?
*The unnatural color scheme *the woman's defiant gaze.
What was is about Edouard Manet's "Olympia" that shocked viewers and critics?
dream world
What was it that surrealist wanted to capture in their art?
Franz Marc
Which German Expressionist artist made animals the subject of much of his art?
Honoré Daumier
Which Realist artist was a defender of the urban working class?
Environmental Art
Which art form stands at the intersection of architecture and sculpture?
Harlem Renaissance
Which artist group created art that celebrated the cultural history of African Americans in the early 20th century?
Die Bruke artists
Which artist group critiqued the negative aspects of German society at the beginning of the 20th century?
Dadaists
Which group of artists believed that reason and rationality-since the Enlightenment- had led to the destruction caused by WWI
De Stijl
Which group of artists reduced the formal elements to simple geometric shapes.
Death of Marat
Which painting by Jacques-Louis David was used to help provide encouragement to revolutionary forces in France.
British art critic Lawrence Alloway refers to artists who combined mass consumer culture with familiar imagery from everyday life.
Who coined the term Pop Art, and to what did this term refer?
Antoine Watteau Watteau painted "Pilgrimage to Cythera" and submitted it to the French Royal Academy. Fete galante was not an acceptable category for submission, but rather than reject Watteau's candidacy, the jurors created a new category to accommodate the entry.
Who invented fête galante paintings?
Antoine Watteau
Who is the painter most closely associated with the French Rococo style?
Dorothea Lange
Who photographed the rural poor who were displaced by the Great Depression in the 1930s?
Paul Cezanne
Who said that the goal was "to do Poussin over entirely from nature...in the open air, with color and light, instead of...in a studio?"
Vincent Van Gogh
Who said, "I have tried to express the terrible passion of humanity by means of red and green"
August Rodin
Who said, "the sculptor must learn to reproduce the surface, which means all that vibrates on the surface, soul, love, passion, life..."
Thomas Jefferson
Who wanted to promote Neoclassicism as the national architectural style of America?
Walter Gropius
Who was the founder of Bauhaus?
Antonio Canaletto
Who was the leading painter of scenic views of Venice?
are works made outside
en plein aire
fete galante (amorous festival) paintings depicted the outdoor amusements of French high society.
fête galante
A movement in Western art that developed in the second half of the 19th century and sought to capture the images and sensibilities of the age. Modernist art goes beyond simply dealing with the present and involves the artist's critical examination of the premises of art itself. *capitalism *urban life *technological advances *rise of secularism *optimism
modernism
growing interest among French in the Middle East and North Africa
orientalism
architectural style originating c. 1970 in which architects combine elements of Modern architecture and historical sources in a playful, symbolic way.
post-modern architecture
developed out of Abstract expressionism, but manifests a radically different sensibility characterized by detached rationality emphasizing tighter pictorial control loose, visible pigment application Frank Stella was a leading artist in the branch of Post-Painterly Abstraction called hard-edge painting.
post-painterly abstraction
