Art History II Exam 2 Rococo, Neoclassicism, and Romanticism

Claude Monet, Luncheon, 1874

French Impressionism.

Romantic/Revivalist Architecture

Bringing back styles from the past. In the US there's Protestantism and almost no Catholics. Doesn't have the same Catholic cathedral architecture history. The LDS church sends missionaries to England who see the architecture there and come back. They also see architectural handbooks.

Hasegawa Tohaku, Pine Forest, late 16th century

Japanese Art - Momoyama Period Stillness, trees fade into the background. They get really subtle. Reminiscent of haboku. Restrained and light. Six panel folding screen -- ink on paper. Bold and expressive style working in monochromatic ink. Wet and loose brushstrokes. Long and slow, short and quick -- dark and pale -- lots of contrast. Formless. Illusory nature of reality. Evokes calm meditative mood. You would see this in your house.

Arthur Brooks "Longing for an Internet Cleanse"

Arthur Brooks meets Fujimura and they talk about how his paintings have lots of layers that come through the more you look at it. Things get broken but they are mended with gold and become more valuable and strong. Called kintsugi. He says Christ doesn't just fix what's broken (plumbing theology) but he does it with high respect for the wounded. Christ transforms us into new creatures who have more beauty because of our experiences.

Chateaubriand, Schiller and Goethe (Excerpt)

Chateaubriand: Context matters with architecture! Ppl like a building with history more than a modern one. Most architectural elements were based on forests and trees (columns). Venerates Gothic churches for the romantic aesthetic they carry. Escaping back to Gothic time period. Awe, sublime, spiritual, mystical. Back to a time when there were monks. Some ppl go back to Catholicism. Schiller: Song lyrics. Speak of the beauty of joy, how all people should come together as brothers, the power of music, and freedom and equality for all. Goethe: Sentimental journal from a man who has moved to a new town. Sturm und Drang movement -- free expression to extremes of emotion. ROMANTICISM! Focuses on emotions and aesthetics and vibes.

Impressionism

Color experimentations. Optical effects. How does the eye perceive these things? The name was derogatory term when a critic saw Impression: Sunrise by Monet. Vibrant Instantaneity. The very instant your eye sees something, before you can focus, just the colors and ideas. Sort of an extreme of realism (come back to the here and now) but RIGHT AT THIS MOMENT! :D Flattening by unconventional perspective. Japan has just been opened up for trade, so now Europe is being influenced by Eastern stuff. There are Japanese prints that wrap objects, and artists get ahold of these wrappings and are influenced by them. Are they even trying to say something? Maybe not!

Romanticism Characteristics

Emotion rather than logic. Logic is used to explain choices, but feelings are used to make them. People want to feel very strong emotions, specifically terror, when they look at art. Sincere pure emotion. Morality - rejection of Rococo Rejection of social restraints and veneration of instincts. Occurs at the same time as Neoclassicism. Also escapist like Neoclassicist, but in a different way. Sort of against Napoleon Against the rational and calm and orderly. Revive past styles Tenebrism sometimes Portray horrible mysterious, dream-like Also originates from Enlightenment. However, in this ideology, the Enlightenment produces revolution instead of reform, and monarchies backlash by oppressing.

Thomas Gainsborough, Mrs. Richard Brinsley Sheridan, 1787

English Rococo. Huge, life-size, full-length. Woman (a famous singer) is integrated into the landscape and looks affected by it. She's an immoral aristocrat technically (died in childbirth for a child whose father was not her husband) Painterly, feathery trees and brushstrokes. Soft and elegant, pointed ballet toes. Lots of movement. Clear focal point - her face has tighter brushstrokes and brighter.

William Hogarth, from Marriage à la Mode series (c. 1745): The Marriage Contract

English Rococo. Makes fun of the Rococo lifestyle. Two fathers, one has a family history that goes back to a knight, and the other has a lot of money. Marrying the two people to the far left (who aren't really in love and are facing away from each other) to have both a title and money. Above them is a painting of Medusa, not lovely. On the man's neck is a black mark -- indicates syphilis

William Hogarth, from Marriage à la Mode series (c. 1745): The Breakfast Scene

English Rococo. Tells a cautionary satirish moral tale. The arranged marriage from the first painting isn't working out. They've both had affairs. This is the morning after a party they had. There's a servant and an accountant (who thinks they're wasting their money). There are paintings of saints on the wall, and one painting with a curtain over it that is likely a nude. The woman is looking coyishly at her husband. There's a dog picking another woman's bonnet out of the husband's pocket. There's a stern bust looking over the scene. Black mark on the husband's neck shows the syphilis thing again.

Joseph M. W. Turner, Burning of Parliament, 1835

English Romanticism

Joseph M. W. Turner, The Slave Ship, 1840

English Romanticism. Extraordinarily painterly. Slave bodies in the water and fish are eating them. Anti-France and anti-slavery. There's a ship and a storm-tossed sea flinging water into the sky -- no fixed horizon line. Vortex composition. The red is symbolic of blood. There aren't usually piranhas in England, so it's far away. With slave ships they would throw sick slaves overboard to kill them for insurance purposes.

John Constable, The Haywain, 1821

English Romanticism. Haywain means shallow part of a river that you can cross. English uses landscapes. Constable's father was an estate owner and now estate owners are losing their land. This is nostalgic for him. This house belonged to and 80-year-old man who had never left his property. After he finished painting the picture, he would fling white specks of paint onto it to give it a fresh dewiness.

Joseph M. W. Turner, War. The Exile and the Rock Limpet, c. 1842

English Romanticism. Napoleon after his exile stands with a soldier behind him and in the lake there's a small dot which is a limpet sail. To the right is broken wood pieces. Napoleon is not where he wants to be, but according to the ppl of France and England, he's where he should be. England hated Napoleon. English Romanticism included nationalism.

Zen Buddhism Excerpt

Everyone has the potential for enlightenment, it is the worldly things that muddles it. Zen means meditation and can help you ascend past the world and logic and become enlightened. You have to train under a zen master and do work for them and meditate. Mental calm and lack of fear and spontaneity are signs that you're enlightened. Zen temples sometimes had gardens or held funerals, or were centers of Chinese learning whatever that means :D They had some ceremonies like tea drinking or meditating on artwork or making artwork or gardening to get into a meditative Zen state. Meditation with sitting is called zazen (means just sitting) Simplicity. Active self-restraint. Seek truth. You can believe in other religions, because Zen Buddhism isn't a religion. It's an ideology or lifestyle.

Jacques-Louis David, Death of Marat, 1793

French Neoclassicism. Propaganda piece. Marat was a feared revolutionary with a disfiguring skin condition. Bc of that he stayed in the bathtub most of the time. Corday (assassinator) came to him there and distracted him with a fake petition before stabbing and killing him. His bathroom was actually quite lavish, but it's depicted as frugal and relatable. He was actually very ugly, but is depicted as attractive. His pose replicates some of Jesus's poses in previous paintings. The crate being used as a writing desk says "To Marat" and has David's signature beneath it. The wrap around his head represents a halo. Horizontal lines rather than diagonal. Tight, linear brushstroke. Rational, mathematical, permanent, ordered.

Auguste Renoir, Le Moulin de la Galette, 1876

French Impressionism.

Edgar Degas, Glass of Absinthe, 1876

French Impressionism.

Edgar Degas, Ballet Rehearsal, 1876

French Impressionism. Degas liked painting ballet and stuff. He went to the opera house to paint them. He uses black in his pallet which most impressionists didn't. Painted a lot of indoor scenes. Used impressionist brushstroke in a calculated way. The staircase doesn't take up a lot of room, but it feels heavy, so it balances out the composition. You see floorboards that aren't done in linear perspective and don't head back to a single point. Flattens the space. A little asymmetry. Cut-off figures like photography. Right in the moment. Everyone's doing something. He liked painting un posed dancers.

Claude Monet, Rouen Cathedral, 1894

French Impressionism. He had a dream about this cathedral so he painted it. More of an observation than a commentary on anything.

Mary Cassatt, The Bath, c. 1892

French Impressionism. Influenced by Japanese prints. We see pattern in the drapery and it flattens it. Being up high flattens the illusion of space. There's a pattern on the floor as well (Japanese). Japonesema. Isometric perspective isn't really in this one, but it's an influence of Japanese just so you know.

Claude Monet, Impression: Sunrise, 1872

French Impressionism. Monet and his friend went out to sketch, then they'd come back and paint. But they liked the sketchy look, so they took the paint outside. (Oil is now in tubes, whereas before there was no efficient way to carry it around). Technology! This is something they can do! This goes beyond a painterly brushstroke. Short and choppy -- called impressionist brushstroke. Complimentary colors (orange and blue). Monet paints as fast as absolutely possible

Mary Cassatt, At the Opera, 1879

French Impressionism. More realistic around the face and focal point, but in the background impressionistic brushstrokes make it look like peripheral vision. Current event. Shows the elegant nightlife of Paris. The pattern on the wrap-around and the blobby background flatten the image.

Claude Monet, Saint-Lazare Train Station, 1877

French Impressionism. Technology and industry :O Urbanization. Haussmanization of Paris. A ton of ppl living in Paris now. Napoleon the Third appoints Haussman the head of a project where he put in sewer systems and lighting and broad boulevards. Had to demolish a lot of medieval buildings to put in wide vistas. Facades on buildings that lined the boulevards to make them uniform and grand. Energy and movement. Impressionist brushstroke. You can see it in an instant. Could be a comment on the industrialization of Paris or could just be light and color and something to be painted.

Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, Grande Odalisque, 1814

French Neoclassicism. Idealized figure, calm horizontal and linear. Less neoclassical elements: Attention to detail to fabrics. Not completely accurate to anatomy (elongated spine).

Antoine Jean Gros, Napoleon at the Pest House at Jaffa, 1804

French Neoclassicism. Napoleon is going to visit plague-stricken soldier. Propoganda! He's shown as a healer or savior. He's reaching out to heal someone who's been stricken. This artist won the prix de Rome. This painting was beloved for a long time and worked as a propaganda piece. Classical -- poses, architecture Shows different place - escapism Flag of France in background.

Jacques-Louis David, Coronation of Napoleon I, 1805-09

French Neoclassicism. Napoleon propaganda. Realistic. Everyone in the picture is supportive of Napoleon. The architecture includes classical elements. Napoleon has already been crowned (with a laurel wreath -- classical). Now he's crowning his wife Josephine to be empress. Napoleon kidnaps the pope bc he refused to crown him emperor. Napoleon ended up crowning himself since the pope still refused to, which is why it shows after that when he's crowning his wife. Woman on a throne is Napoleon's mother (who wasn't actually there). Happened at Notre Dame which was gothic. The interior was a set that they brought in to make it look more classical. It looks idealized but it's fake. To the right is a sculpture -- the pieta which wasn't there either. Everyone is praising Napoleon -- it's all propaganda for Napoleon and it works.

Antonio Canova, Pauline Borghese as Venus, 1808

French Neoclassicism. Pauline Borghese was Napoleon's sister. She's a monarch of Italy. Convincing textures, calm and horizontal, depicted as Venus. Shown in an ancient Greek style. The furniture is modeled after Pompeii furniture. Escaping to the past! The pose is reminiscent of Etruscan tombs. Too detailed and human looking to be classical, though.

William Hackwood for Josiah Wedgwood, Am I Not a Man and a Brother?, 1787

French Rococo. Seal for the abolitionist movement Society of Friends/Quakers. Simple. Emphasis on morals like Rousseau. Nude African American man in chains to signify no freedom. Could be worn as a pendant. "Am I not a man and a brother?" strong language at the time because some ppl didn't think slaves were ppl. This led to anti-slavery laws in Britain specifically.

Edouard Manet, Le Dejeuner sur l'herbe (Luncheon on the Grass), 1863

French Realism. A lot like Pastoral Symphony. There's some pastels here still, but there's more contrast and it's got a deeper, desaturated tone. Not fun or uplifting. Sort of a candid photograph -- no real storyline. Rejected from the Salon because showed an actual scene. Showed the scandals going on in the forests outside of Paris. The woman is recognizable -- she's Manet's mistress and people know her! Manet hearkens back to Venetian painter Giorgone (Pastoral Symphony) but it's here and now, not far away or long ago. Ppl also didn't like the style. The lady does not have as many shadows as she should have. It's also difficult to categorize -- is it a genre scene or portrait or...? The lady in the back should be a lot smaller to be correct. Ppl are flattened and not idyllic. Seen as a problem. Manet and some other artists approached Napoleon the Third and convinced him to set up a Salon where everything would be admitted. Anything that didn't get into the Salon would be admitted t

Gustave Courbet, Burial at Ornans, 1849

French Realism. Crucifix on a pole that a guy is holding. Symbol of the burial of Romanticism. It's his grandfather's burial. There's a kid looking bored. In the middle of the painting is the burial hole. Uses dingy colors to make it seem down-to-earth. Unattractive, cut-off figures. Courbet claims himself to be the father of French Realism. He's a socialist. He would say "show me an angel, and I'll paint an angel". Scientific observer. Often rubbed people the wrong way. Artistic training up until this point was "copy the masters" but Courbet said "you should paint your own time and place." This painting is huge and machine size. (Only reserved for royal and religious works). The pet dog is the brightest spot, so it kinda draws your eye. Unimportant, but kinda real. Rejected from the Salon, so Courbet sets up a Pavilion of Realism right across from the Salon.

Jean Francois Millet, The Gleaners, 1857

French Realism. Doesn't depict a strong emotion, just everyday life. Focus on the common person. People are gleaning the fields after they've already been harvested. Millet was a religious person, so these people remind us of gleaners in the Bible like Ruth. Venerates hard work. The workers are large and important in the scene. Millet wants to show this in the Salon. It's rejected. There were pictures of peasants in the Salon, but they were pretty and idyllic. These women are dirty.

Gustave Courbet, The Stone Breakers, 1849

French Realism. Everything's pretty dark. The dudes are dirty and have ripped clothes. Workers! They're breaking stone -- the lowest of the low industry. This is to make plaster or foundations. They just do this every day. They brought their lunch in the background. Dingy colors.

Louis-Jacques-Mande Daguerre, Still Life in Studio, 1837

French Realism. Photo! Subject matter is like a still life. Arranged them artistically. It depicts an arranged reality, not exactly real. Manipulated. Photography was considered a great tool for the artist, but that view changed overtime. Creates an accurate window on the world. Now we wonder, what is art? What is its goal? What's the role of art and the artist?

Honore Daumier, Rue Transnonain, 1834

French Realism. Political cartoon that was published and printed all over Paris. The title means street in Paris. There were food riots in Paris and an army stopped the riots and someone fired a shot from an apartment building. The army then killed everyone in the building. This print shows this event. This isn't a far away time or place, this is the here and now. No idealization. There is one dead child and one dead woman that become sort of martyrs. Just shows common individuals who weren't looking for trouble. Not meant to be completely emotional but show what happened. Politically charged.

Antoine Watteau, The Signboard of Gersaint, c. 1721

French Rococo. Advertisement for his friend's painting shop. They're putting away King Louis XIV portrait (he's not popular anymore) Sophisticated and elegant poses. Looser clothing and idealized faces. More casual. Decadence.

Antoine Watteau, Return from Cythera, 1717-19

French Rococo. Cythera is an island from Greek mythology where Venus was born. Shows a bunch of couples either arriving at or leaving the island. Cupids fly overhead. Venus is in a statue on the right. Couple to the right is making vows. The pale colors and atmosphere allude to the gentle nature of the couples' love. Can be more temporary infatuation, though. Not a lot of straight lines, more muddled (can symbolize morality in this time). The clouds in the background could symbolize a storm coming in for France. Fette Galante scene.

Jean-Baptiste-Simeon Chardin, Grace at Table, 1740

French Rococo. Genre scene. Simple and humble. Shows a mother instructing children before dinner. Rousseau's influence. Muted warm color palette and soft texture. Somewhat idealized but naturalistic clothing. No fete galante, but ordinary and moral. Still in the Rococo style (no tenebrism, sort of pastel, delicate and ballet-like poses) but no hedonism like fete galante.

Germain Boffrand, Salon de la Princesse, Hotel de Soubise, begun 1732

French Rococo. Interior design of a room made for the rich and educated to gather. Usually white walls with elaborate gold detailing and Rococo paintings. Gilded furniture. The room could be disassembled and put back together in a different location. Upholstered furniture. There's no boundary or distinction between the wall and the ceiling (no boundaries). Light and airy.

Jean Honore Fragonard, from The Progress of Love (1771-73) series: The Meeting

French Rococo. Pastel colors. Feathery brushstrokes and trees. People look sort of idealized. Pleasures of life -- Fete Galante. Overgrowth of nature like there's overgrowth of boundaries. Shows two young aristocratic lovers meeting in secret. They look like they're on a stage in ballet-ish poses. He's climbing up over a wall and they're looking off to the side like someone might be watching.

Francois Boucher, Cupid a Captive, 1754

French Rococo. Plays with diagonals and verticals. Venus captures cupid with a garland of flowers. Female nude. Pastel colors, highly idealized. Small painting

Jean Honore Fragonard, from The Progress of Love (1771-73) series: The Swing

French Rococo. Pretty gross origins -- the patron wanted to be placed in a position where he could see the girls' legs or even more, to add intrigue. A bishop pushes the girl in the background (and if she swings back he can see up her skirt too), and a cupid to the left has his finger to his lips to signal that this is a secret erotic escapade. It could also be that he's shushing the girl and telling her to be modest, but she kicks her shoe at him. She's in a ballet pose on an upholstered swing (comfortable). Diffused, hazy light. Feathery trees and overgrown landscape (overgrown moral boundaries). Almost artificial.

Theodore Gericault, Raft of the Medusa, 1818-19

French Romanticism. The Medusa was a ship that ran aground and the captain abandoned and the hundreds of people on it starved on this raft until there were 15 ppl and they were saved. There's a tiny speck on the horizon that's a ship they're calling for. Symbolizes the fall of France. At the top is a Black man, but he's in a precarious position. Contemporary event, but escapist -- it's on a far-off sea. Diagonals, movement. Was on a huge canvas that was only supposed to have royal or religious subject matter on it.

Eugene Delacroix, Tiger Hunt, 1854

French Romanticism. Tigers aren't in France. They're escaping somewhere exotic.

Eugene Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People, 1830

French Romanticism. Woman in the center looks like a famous sculpture. Escapist -- bare-chested woman means she's symbolic -- she's the idea of liberty. She has the citizen's cap and the French flag. It was accepted at the Salon. Meant to conjure emotion. Shows the earlier French Revolutions. Related to current events, but shows in in a dramatic style and out of the realm of reality. In the background Notre Dame rises from the smoke. Painterly brushstrokes and diagonals.

Balthasar Neumann, Church of Vierzehnheiligen, near Staffelstein, 1743-72

German Rococo. The building has a lightness to it created by the white and pastel blue with gold detailing. Delicate dematerialized overgrowth feeling. Diffused lighting. Where does the ceiling end and the wall begin? (no boundaries). Church of fourteen saints. Organic-looking walls. The plan has a lot of ovals that look like drops and ripples in a lake. Baldachin dripping with ornamentation. Saints on it are sat on seashells.

Caspar David Friedrich, Abbey in the Oak Forest, 1810

German Romanticism. Focuses on mood. Edgy. Intense, dramatic. Quiet sublime to it. Spooky rather than over-the-top. Ruin of a medieval church. One wall left. Idea that nature has overcome the manmade. Tiny moon up right. Symbolizes cosmic force/God. More of a spiritual intensity. Quiet and melancholy. Time of Grimm's fairy tales.

Caspar David Friedrich, Monk on the Ocean, 1809-10

German Romanticism. It's difficult to see the monk compared to the darkness of the ocean. Super painterly -- not linear at all! Monk is on the end of a cliff by the ocean. Most of the painting is taken up by the sky. You see the ocean and can see that it's bigger than you and that you could fall and be lost, but you haven't yet. Both being conscious of your powerlessness, and your power and triumph.

Yokohama Taikan, Kutsugen, 1898

Japanese Art - Modern Period. Concern about a loss of Japanese identity and culture. Ernest Fenollosa was an American professor dedicated to preserving Japanese art. He set up an academy to make Japanese painting as viable in the modern age. Encourage artists to incorporate Western techniques but in the Japanese style. New style here is called nihonga. Low horizon line and subtle shading -- European. Anchored composition in one corner. Strong brushwork and washes, heavy mineral pigments -- Asian.

FOR THE EXAM

Include: Name of Artwork Artist Date of Creation Movement it's from (i.e. Northern Renaissance) Function (as an altarpiece? hung up in a house?) Doctrine (transubstantiation for example) Practice (Eucharist, sacrament, sale of indulgences) Excerpt Author Name of actual excerpt Ideas from the excerpt Formal elements -- specific like tenebrism, vibrant color, luminosity, textures, details, Burgundian drapery, oil paints, etc. Overall message (For the last one it was like world mass and redemptive power of Christ)

Tsuchiya Kimio, Symptom, 1987

Japanese Art - Contemporary (1980 -- present) Multifaceted. Traditional and modern styles together. Not one style that dominates. A lot of ideas spring from Japanese beliefs like Zen. This is Shinto. Pre-Buddhist Japan (300 BC - 300 AD!) OLD belief system. Believe in Kami - deities and spirits in nature. Places they occupied were sacred. 13 feet by 14 feet, very tall. Shows his goal to bring the present and life in nature through trees. Like the wood has his same lifeforce. The spiral shows rolling lifeforce.

Makoto Fujimura, Walking on Water--Azurite II, 2021

Japanese Art - Contemporary. This artist is Japanese-American. Bicultural training. Combines abstract expressionism with fine art. Nihonga tradition (Japanese style and techniques and materials). He pulverizes precious metals like azurite and layers them many times over. He converted to Christianity. This is a response to earthquakes and tsunamis in Japan.

Suzuki Harunobu, Evening Bell at the Clock, ca. 1766

Japanese Art - Edo Period. 1615 - 1868. Tokyo used to be called Edo. Most replicated in modern day. Shogun Tokogawa moved from Kyoto to Edo. There was an urbanization in Japanese cities that fostered a lively popular culture. Sensual pleasures and city life. As a counterculture, these wood block prints -- pictures of the floating world (ukiyo-e) -- developed Almost like vanitas. The world is impermanent. Supported by Japanese middle class. Subject matter is often transitory. Enjoyable world these urban centers have. Popular theatre, streets, genre scenes, scenes from brothels or beautiful women in domestic scenes. Red woman's attention has been drawn by the clock's bell. Green woman just got out of a bath and Red woman is helping her. Up above is a picture (maybe window). Isometric perspective.

Katsushika Hokusai, The Great Wave off Kanagawa, from Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji, ca. 1826-33

Japanese Art - Edo Period. Mount Fuji in the background almost looks just like one of the waves. Monstrous waves that have like tentacles or claws preparing to crush the fisherman in canoes/boats. This is a wood block print that used to be in black and white, but now there's colors. This guy moved away from theatres and stuff, but more like normal Japanese people in multiple social levels. From the floating world to genre scenes. Low horizon line (more European) and threatening wave in the foreground uses flat graphic forms of Japanese art. Recognizable for emphasis on line and bright color, and restrain all forms to their minimum. Flattening of space. Inluences the Impressionists.

Takahashi Yuichi, Orian (Grand Courtesan), 1872

Japanese Art - Modern Period 1868 - 1970. 1868 is when Tokugawa Shogunate fell to rebellious samurais. Now there's an imperial system (but the emperor's cabinet has more power). Edo is renamed to Tokyo. Japan is now opened to the outside world. Europeans and Japanese artists influence each other. Shading and chiaroscuro and linear perspective and oil paintings like here. Her garment is abstract in its rendering, but the technique is oil painting. Courtesans used to be idealized, but here she's more analytical. More of a portrait. Melds together European and Japanese styles.

Tange Kenzo, Olympic stadiums, Tokyo, 1961-64

Japanese Art - Modern Period. After WWII, Japanese architects have room to build over the destruction from WWII. They get really good reputations for being awesome architects. Japan's economy rebounds and they become a major player worldwide. They internalize European and American art in their own way. This architect was experimental and daring. Made these stadiums for the Olympics. Use cable suspension to let the concrete and steel be shaped into graceful sculptures. Looks sort of fluid. Even the way you walk through it looks fluid.

Kogan (tea ceremony water jar), late 16th century

Japanese Art - Momoyama Period Very calming and acknowledges nature and reflects the nature of everything. You can see small imperfections. It's personal, handmade, and natural. Simplicity, solitary, withered. Artist uses an underglaze design. Wabi-sabi aesthetic. Wabi = poverty. You find beauty in humble things. Sabi = rust, weathered objects that have been used. Refined rusticity. Seeks beauty in the simple. Tranquil. Valuing something more when it's been lovingly used, and is old. Beauty in what is broken. Sagging contours and cracks are intentionally made. Suggests accidental and natural. Course, rough texture and form.

Kano Eitoku, Chinese Lions, late 16th century

Japanese Art - Momoyama Period six-part folding screen. This was commissioned by a warlord. The lions represent power and bravery. Dynamic composition, bold expressive brushwork, oversized animals, set against nature. Opulent background. The paper shimmers with the light from outside.

Taian teahouse, Myokian temple, Kyoto, Japan, ca. 1582

Japanese Art - Momoyama Period (different warlord and shogunates that come to power and this name is one of the warlord's castles.) Tea ceremonies become an important social ritual. Symbollic withdrawal from the world. This is a separate structure to a tea house. Very small and dim, like a little cave. Encourages intimacy between host and guest. You have to get down on hands and knees to crawl in.

Sesshu Toyo, splashed-in (haboku) landscape, 1495

Japanese Art - Muromachi Period No harsh lines or definition. Up to interpretation. It might have a tree in the foreground with mountains in the background. Exudes calm. Simplicity and self-/visual-restraint. Abstracted. Gives a hint of a landscape. There may be buildings at the base of the tree. No outlines. Haboku technique -- splashed ink/broken ink. Washes and layers and shading instead of outlines.

Dry cascade and pools, upper garden, Saihoji temple, Kyoto, Japan, 14th century

Japanese art - Muromachi Period. Muromachi comes from Kyoto (city). It's where the shoguns had their headquarters. In this time period, Zen Buddhism arises. Comes through India, China, and Japan. Started off differently. It's more of an ideology and lifestyle than religion. This is a natural environment. You don't have to create something to find peace even, you can just find a nice haven. This could be a preparation to get you in the right mindset to go into a temple. This is a dry landscape (karesanusui). There's a simplicity to help you be aware of the present moment. Pay attention to the now. You can meditate here.

Thomas Jefferson, Monticello, 1770-1806

Neoclassicism (American!!) Not frivolous. Not a ton of extra decoration -- more functional. Simple. Rococo was organic, this is geometric and defined. Rule-abiding. Efficient. There's a dome, like at the pantheon, with stepped concentric octagons. Symmetrical plan. Circular windows and dome on the inside. Very Roman. Painted coffers on inside. Jefferson thought stairs were a waste of space so he made them very small. He went to France at the height of neoclassicism. Chose this architecture bc it goes back to Roman REPUBLIC. And ancient Greek DEMOCRACY. He ascribed to republics and democracies.

French Neoclassicism Characteristics

Neoclassicism becomes the official style of France. The French Revolution happens and all the aristocracy gets beheaded (Bloody Reign of Terror) and anarchy ensues until Robespierre takes control. Napoleon is a general that people LOVE. He wins battles against incredible odds and seems to never get hurt. He attempts to create a New Holy Roman Empire by conquering land after land making his way to Russia. He wants to be a monarch or absolute ruler. Germany is split up so it thinks he'll unify them, and he gives France a parliament, so other countries think he'll give them a democracy. France loves him and the economy booms, but it ends up failing. Instead, he just makes his relatives monarchs as he goes and conquers countries. People hate that so they exile him and his power fades. France puts the previous monarchy back in place. Unfortunately, there was a second revolution and a Napoleon the third. Poor France can't break out of the revolution cycle. Jaques-Louis David wants to be the artistic emperor like Napoleon is politically. (Father of Neoclassicism). He supported Robespierre initially, but when Napoleon cam e into power, he was imprisoned. Napoleon released him so he can make propaganda, and David travels Europe with him, spreading Neoclassicism. David established an Academy where all the artists are trained. He offered prix de Rome (prize of rome) if you were the best artist of that year. The prize means you get to travel to Rome. When they travel there, it influences them toward Neoclassicism. He also controls the art market. The official commissions all go to David. He is in charge of art exhibits and judging them at the Louvre. He can control who get awards (the neoclassicists). This makes neoclassicism kinda the only style for France.

Antonio Canaletto, Riva degli Schiavoni, Venice, ca. 1735-40

Neoclassicism. Entrance to the Great Canal in Venice. Part of Grand Tour and gentlemen on the tour would commission paintings of the places they went. Shows a bit of a traffic jam -- could show ppl trying to get dropped off at a church. All the men in the boats are pointing to the church.

Angelica Kauffman, Cornelia Presenting Her Children as Her Treasures, c. 1785

Neoclassicism. Far right is Cornelia's visiting friend showing off her jewelry. Cornelia presents her children as her treasures, preferring them over material objects. Shows the morality and nobility of motherhood. Idealized figures reflect antiquity. Stable pyramid composition. No overgrowth like in Rococo. Hard lines and tight brushstrokes, more Rennaissance-esque. Burgundian drapery, bolder colors, promotes fidelity. Clothing is more Roman and ancient than contemporary. The background is stark -- no landscape or feathery trees or anything. Contrapposto stance instead of weightless or ballet poses.

Robert Adam, Etruscan Room, from Osterley Park House, Middlesex, England, begun 1761

Neoclassicism. High Contrast. Inspired by an Etruscan pot collection/Wall painting from Pompeii. Repetitive pattern. Since it's from ancient times, it emphasizes escapism.

Jacques-Louis David, Oath of the Horatii, 1784

Neoclassicism. Serious subject matter. Not silly like Rococo. Clean lines and tight brushstrokes. Burgundian drapery. Almost tenebristic. Roman arches and columns. The floor shows the linear perspective. Composition: strong triangle between men, and softer triangle with women. Not a ton of movement since it's so stable and stoic. Story: Horatii are brothers who make an oath to their father that they'll go against this other family. One of the women is engaged to this other family. Shows strong, heroic moral value. David is a republican -- against the king and monarchy.

Neoclassicism Characteristics

New! Yet classic! Industry instead of agriculture Democracy instead of artistocracy/church Urban instead of rural Transformation Feels of classical antiquity (even if it shows a genre scene) Importance of family Logic and morality - rejection of Rococo Historical events had to be displayed with actual objects, clothing, and surroundings of the time period, and contemporary events had to be shown as they had happened with no symbolism or allegories. Hard lines like Renaissance. Smooth modeling, even lighting, and sculptural figures. Humans are born good (rejection of Original Sin) Occurs at the same time as Romanticism. Heavily influenced by Rosseau. They found Pompeii and found the clothing and architecture and cool stuff that's been very well preserved in ash. So they include that stuff. (Grand Tour is an important part of a wealthy gentleman's education where they go tour Italy and Rome and Pompeii. They get inspired by the classical and that affects the art). Originates from Elightenment. Both a revolt against Rococo and also part of movement called escapism. Early 1800s. This is the Industrial Revolution which ppl mostly see as good bc machines can do stuff for us, but it also led to urbanization and a housing shortage. Ppl are in crowded living conditions and poor working conditions (no labor laws -- child labor). Leads to a discontent within the working class (leads to revolutions) and therefore escapism - anywhere but here, anytime but now. Lots of European countries have a socialist revolution that don't last (except Britain). So they look toward the past and better times to escape.

Marx, Communist Manifesto

People are getting used up in factories like they're products. Worker exploitation is morally wrong. Something must be done to enforce morals on society and move it toward a utopia. Disliked capitalism and thought everyone would revolt because they're allowing exploitation. The proletarian should be championed.

Charles Barry and A.W.N. Pugin, Houses of Parliament, London, 1836

Romantic/Revivalist Architecture

John Nash, Royal Pavilion, Brighton, 1815-23

Romantic/Revivalist Architecture

William H. Folsom, Manti Temple, completed 1888

Romantic/Revivalist Architecture

Truman O. Angell, St. George Utah Temple, completed 1877

Romantic/Revivalist Architecture. A castilated temple (like a castle). There are battlements and castle-like blocks on the top (like a square up and down zigzag). Swampy site with a ton of underground streams that they had to drain to make it strong enough to build. They still couldn't do it. They had to get lava rock and crush it to make a sturdy dry foundation. They used an old cannon that Napoleon took with him on his exploits that he left in Russia. It was dragged through different places and it found its way to Utah where they used it to crush the lava rock.

Truman O. Angell, Logan Utah Temple, completed 1884

Romantic/Revivalist Architecture. Gothic/classical revival.

Truman O. Angell, Salt Lake City Utah Temple, completed 1893

Romantic/Revivalist Architecture. Match style to the function of the building -- a little nationalistic. Made of granite -- oxen hauled a long way and saints donated metals and plates and stuff to finish it. They covered up the foundation while an army came by, and when they uncovered it, it had cracked, which set back construction. Sort of gothic (finials/towers and castle blocks)

Charles Garnier, Opera House, Paris, 1861

Romantic/Revivalist Architecture. Meant to make Paris look more extravagant and fancy. There's a lot of curves in the staircases and stuff. There's a false dome on top. Pediment behind the dome holds the pulleys for the stage. Ppl would come here to paint ballerinas. Colored marble, paintings, mosaics, just a lot of stuff. A bit of a spectacle. Establish your presence at the opera and maintain your rank. Reviving a baroque style (multiplicity of columns!) because it's dramatic, like the opera. Characteristic of France.

French Rococo Characteristics

Similar to baroque because: theatrical Fantastical, small, intimate Fashion and refinement -- chamber music instead of orchestra. Aristocratic patronage Stylized, domestic, private, ornamented, romantic, poetic, emotional Poses influenced by ballet. Diffused light Loose flowing clothing -- informal. Common man in idealized settings Pastoral genre scenes More female nudes Graceful brushstrokes Soft pastel colors Feathery trees Word comes from pebble and baroque mixed together. France is the height of fashion and wealth. Now the aristocracy values their privacy (backlash against Versailles) and moves back to Paris. They're the major patrons now. When King Louis moves out of Paris and expands Versailles, he bankrupts the country. Reigned for 72 years. Now, absolute power is becoming a thing of the past and democracies and republics are popping up. Most countries are separating church and state slowly. Church therefore has less power. King Louis also had a lot of illegitimate kids which became the norm. Things are immoral now. Ppl either support it or critique it. Fette Galante = aristocracy enjoying themselves in nature.

Francisco Goya, Saturn Devouring His Children, 1819-23

Spanish Romanticism. Just look how terrifying this is holy schmidt. Since Goya went through a lot of wars, he made a lot of paintings to try and influence politics. He was a bit depressed! He didn't write about this piece so we don't know for sure if it's Saturn or the gender of the kid. Response to violence. Proportions and saturation of gore accentuate the horror. Saturn is Roman God who devoured his own kids. Gross. Saturn = France. Supposed to be a savior but starts killing ppl instead. Called his black paintings because he's got thick tarrish impasto black paint.

Francisco Goya, The Third of May 1808, 1814

Spanish Romanticism. Napoleon came to Spain and instead of allowing for parliament he made his brother Joseph the monarch. Initially, Goya was for it, until this event. There was a revolt, and the French reprisal required all the men in town to be marched out of town and shot. Drama, emotion, tenebrism, loose brushstrokes. May show Goya feeling guilty for initially supporting France. The men with the guns look like killing machines -- no face. The man in white becomes a Christ-like figure (common individual who isn't royal) -- the focus. Contemporary moment but made in a Romantic manner. We want to escape from this horrid present. Anti-French.

Francisco Goya, The Family of Charles IV, 1800

Spanish Romanticism. Not portrayed ideally. They're kinda a little ugly. :D Sort of an anti-propaganda message. He didn't seem to want to portray them in a good light. He's anti-royalty. Even though they commissioned it from him, he didn't show them well. They look dumb and unintelligent! Artist shows himself at a canvas in the background. There's a painterly brushstroke. Some of the lines are super blurry. The queen has a big black syphillis scar on her forehead. Goya wanted France to invade Spain because he liked the Enlightenment. He wanted to distance himself from the royalty. The kid in red has a father who is the man in red. Affair.

Rousseau, The Social Compact (Excerpt)

The general communal will of the people is set and pure and unchanging. It is the kind of people in power that change the government to disagree with the general will. A government is only truly perfect when it has a complete direct democracy. Be governed by all but maintain the idea of the individual. Power resides with the common people. Lives during Rococo and opposes to it (Enlightenment). Primitive people had morals and were the best. Says natural sensibilities (it has sense and is moral) and instincts are best (feeling of loyalty or love). There's a charm to the ordinary (NOT Rococo). Man is born free but is chained by the world. Morality should be common among the people. Women need to be mothers and stop working so they can raise children.

Realism

The last half of the century shifts from romanticism and neoclassicism. A few things caused the shift. Technology and industry -- steel, changes architecture into stuff like skyscraper. Photography! Interest in science and how we see (optics). How do eyes gather light? We found out about complimentary colors and how they contrast. Our eyes blend colors (plaid shirt from afar may be green from far away but when you get closer you see it's blue and yellow). 1848 is the year of revolutions. Almost every European country is involved in socialist revolutions. Tried to give attention to the lower class. Karl Marx. No more historical themes! Against the Salon. Escapism isn't working! Attention to the here and now. Realism doesn't have a definitive style (like brushstrokes or whatever) but the subject matter is always on the common man. Near the end, ppl start using perspective less.

US Declaration of Independence and French Declaration of Rights of Man & Citizen (Excerpt)

US Declaration: Each person has unalienable, God-given rights. Governments exist only to grant them these rights. If a government oversteps or doesn't protect people's rights, they can revolt. King George III had a lot of grievances against the US, so they're revolting. Therefore, the US is completely and utterly free of Britain and will not ascribe to them any longer. French Declaration: Each person has unalienable rights. The aim of the government should only be to protect these rights. Sovereignty resides in the nation, not in the individual. People are free to do anything that doesn't harm others. As such, the government can only make laws that prevent ppl from harming each other. Each person should be considered equal. Punishment is only what is necessary. Ppl are innocent until proven guilty. Free speech as long as it doesn't disrupt the public order. Ppl are taxed according to their means. Property is important.