art module 2

terra cotta

a hard semi fired waterproof ceramic clay used in pottery and building construction

mycenaean period

the term mycenaean refers to the culture of mainland greece and is named for the city mycenae where once stood a great mycenaean fortified palace mycenae is celebrated by homer as the seat of king ag a mem non who led the greeks in the trojan war

Tassili n'Ajjer, Algeria

women and cattle rock painting pastoralist style

city state

A self-governing state consisting of an independent city and its surrounding territory Each city-state had a temple. Architecture is considered an artistic production. Before 1000 B.C. The most important structure was the temple in the city-state (A sovereign state consisting of an independent city and its surrounding territory).

the island of santorini after the thera eruption

164 feet thick layers of white pumice and ash additionally it has been speculated that the minoan eruption and the destruction of the city at a-kro-tir-i provided the basis for or otherwise inspired platos story of atlantis

menhir

A vertical stone or group of stones in parallel rows; probably a shrine usually 10 to 20 ft.high.

early cycladic frying pans

Hand-built stoneware A heavy, nonporous, pottery, that is fired at a high temperature. By 2000B.C. the pottery was painted with designs in black engobe (liquid clay, or "slip") and decorations progressed form geometric to curvilinear, and finally to naturalistic. From 2000 B.C. to 1550 B.C. the pottery was influenced by the developing culture of the Minoans.

neanderthals

Neanderthals did indeed interbreed with modern humans circa 45,000 to 80,000 years ago (at the approximate time that modern humans migrated out from Africa, but before they dispersed into Europe, Asia and elsewhere).

lost tomb of jesus

On March 28, 1980, a construction crew developing an apartment complex in Talpiot, Jerusalem, uncovered a tomb, which archaeologists from the Israeli Antiquities Authority excavated shortly thereafter. Archaeologist Shimon Gibson surveyed the site and drew a layout plan. Scholar L.Y. Rahmani later published "A Catalogue of Jewish Ossuaries" that described 10 ossuaries, or limestone bone boxes, found in the tomb.

the silver pharaoh

Psusennes I (sounds like C sin na), He was the third pharaoh of the 21st dynasty of Egypt who ruled between 1047 - 1001 BC. Professor Pierre Montet (Fr. Sounds like moo ta) discovered pharaoh Psusennes I's intact tomb in Tanis in 1940. Unfortunately, due to its moist Lower Egypt location, most of the "perishable" wood objects were destroyed by water. However, the king's magnificent funerary mask was recovered intact; it proved to be made of gold and lapis lazuli and held inlays of black and white glass for the eyes and eyebrows of the object. Psusennes I's mask is considered to be "one of the masterpieces of the treasure[s] of Tanis" and is currently housed in Room 2 of the Cairo Museum.

queen nefertiti

AKHENATEN Queen Nefertiti and her husband were known for a religious revolution, in which they worshiped one god only, Aten, or the sun disc. With her husband, they reigned at what was arguably the wealthiest period of Ancient Egyptian history

ancient jericho

Structures were blockish, low, with blank walls and few windows. Large stone walls protected them from invaders and dangerous animals. dry fresco paintings (The art of painting on fresh, moist plaster with pigments dissolved in water) They were sometimes in the interiors. Plaster floors- painted floors & walls surrounded by rock cut ditch 5' thick walls, 12' - 17' tall Site covered 6 acres -- enormous for the time. corbeled domes were used for some structures

tell abu hureyra

an archaeological site located in the Euphrates valley in modern Syria. The site is significant because the inhabitants (Natufian groups) of Abu Hureyra started out as hunter-gatherers but gradually transitioned to farming, making them the earliest known farmers in the world Tell Abu Hureyra and Jericho were both in the Levant territory.

contrapposto

describes a human figure standing with most of its weight on one foot so that its shoulders and arms twist off axis from the hips and legs

funery vase

during the geometric period, monumental grave markers were introduced in the form of large vases, often decorated with funery representations

scribe

one who writes official documents seated scribe from saqqara painted limestone with alabaster and rock crystal eyes

emperer nero

peter died in the massacre ordered by emperer nero Nero was a famously incestuous homicidal psychopath, and rumor quickly spread that he had set the fire either for his own amusement or to make room for a new palace. Nero killed many Christians with tortures of cruelly, but most were probably killed by enraged Roman mobs.

earthenware

pottery made from a porous clay that is fired at relatively low temperatures

votive figure

prayer status Figures were scaled in size to reveal their social rank or class. They are rigid, frontal stance, hands folded across chest in an attitude of solemn prayer. Eyes are exaggerated, wide and staring, and outlined in black. The eyes were inlayed with lapis-lazuli, mother-of -pearl, ebony, carnelian. The ruler-king would get instructions from the figure. Eyes - "The eyes or the window to the soul"

ancient greek pottery

red on black style hellenistic pottery came later Ex-e-ki-as. Achilles and Ajax Playing Draughts . c. 540 BC. In this scene on a Greek pot we see warriors of the Trojan battle taking time out to play a quick game of dice. We know who they are because the artist put their names by them and signed the pot with "Exekias made me." black on red style

huns

from eastern europe

goths

germanic people originating in the baltic area during the 4th century

necropolis

greek for city of the dead in rome art has been preserved in underground burial chambers that were later forgotten. The portion of a mosaic illustrated here is from the vault of an underground necropolis ( from the Greek for " city of the dead'') in Rome .

augustus of prima porta

he is also known as octavius Augustus was the founder of the Roman Empire and its first Emperor, ruling from 27 BC until his death in 14 AD. In 27 BC, following his defeat of Mark Antony and Cleopatra Most Christian scholars suggest Jesus was born in Bethlehem during the reign of Emperor Augustus

pantheon

looks like a pan with a lid on top

vandals

plundered the city of rome

parthenon

(know name) inside was a large athena statue acropolis, athens Reconstructed Pediment (triangle above portico) with statues above the portico (columned porch) of the Parthenon

acropolis athens

The fortified citadel of an ancient Greek city. Devoted to religious rather than defensive purposes

ravenna, italy

- A city of northeast Italy near the Adriatic Sea northeast of Florence. An important naval station in Roman times, it was an Ostrogoth capital in the fifth and sixth centuries A.D. and the center of Byzantine power in Italy from the late sixth century until c. 750, when it was conquered by the Lombards. lombard invaders did not like water

floor mosaic

(A picture or decorative design made by setting small colored pieces (tessera), as of stone or tile, glass into a surface, spaced apart.) depicting sea creatures, from Pompeii. 1st century C. E.

the roman forum

(Foro Romano) is a rectangular forum (plaza) surrounded by the ruins of several important ancient government buildings at the center of the city of Rome. Citizens of the ancient city referred to this space, originally a marketplace, as the Forum Magnum, or simply the Forum.Read more:

megalithic

(big stone) found in Europe 4000-2500 B.C. Gigantic blocks of rough-hewn stone, such as limestone. [post-and lintel] construction.

cromlech

(henge): A circular grouping of upright stones or domen; probably a temple for sun-worship; possibly also for astronomic calculations New research shows that Stonehenge was used for more than 500 years as a cemetery. The burials were initially uncovered in a pit around the edge and in the nearby ditch surrounding the monument. Some think the reasons for the building of Stonehenge were a place of worship and ritual (the prediction of eclipses, burial site and predict the solstice - longest or shortest day ).

navona square

- Fontana dei Fiumi (four rivers fountain), "The Danube ( Europe ) is associated with a horse, the Rio della Plata (Americas ) is seen with an armadillo, the Nile ( Africa ) sits with a lion, and the Ganges ( Asia ) is shown with a snake."

neolithic period

. First settlements. The Neolithic is named for new types of stone tools that were developed. Instead of gathering wild crops as they could find them, Neolithic people learned to cultivate fruits and grains. Farming was born. Instead of following migrating herds to hunt, Neolithic people learned to domesticate animals. Dogs, cattle, goats, and other animals served variously for help, labor, meat, milk, leather, and so on. Dugout boats, the bow and arrow, and the technology of pottery— clay hardened by heat— vastly improved the standard of living.

the fall of rome

1. societal collapse encompassing both the gradual disintegration of the political, economic, military, and other social institutions of Rome 2. barbarian invasions that were its final doom in Western Europe - rapidly sank into anarchy under the onslaught of barbarian, such as the Vandals , (Vandals, which plundered the city of Rome) Huns (from Eastern Europe) and the Goths (Germanic people originating in the Baltic area) during the 4th century 3. After 395 the Roman Empire was split into the Byzantine Empire and the Western Roman Empire. 4. Constantinople, which was protected by formidable walls in the late 4th and early 5th centuries, became the largest and most powerful city of Christian Europe and the Early Middle Ages. It became the capital of the Roman Empire in the east from 330 to1453 and the capital of the Ottoman Empire from 1453 to1922. So, the Roman Empire in the east continued for another 1,123 years.

akhenaten

1353 BC: Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten) becomes pharoah, married to Nefertiti, and builds the new capital at A-mar-na, north of Thebes, dedicated to the god Atum, banishing all other gods New Kingdom, fourteenth B.C.: Pharaoh who introduced belief in one god call Aton. Akhenaten moved the capital far to the South (Amarna). He is also known at Amenhotep IV. Father of King Tut (Tutankhamen) and his mother was the second wife of Akhenaten.

Bison, Altamira cave, spain

14,000-10,000 altimira is spanish for "high views" is a cave in Spain famous for its Upper Paleolithic cave paintings featuring drawings and polychrome rock paintings of wild mammals and human hands. Natural materials such as red ochre and manganese oxide were ground into powders and blown through hollow tubes or mixed with grease or water and applied with brushes made of moss or matted hair.

neolithic art: new stone age

8000-1300 bc Houses in permanent villages were either unattached oval or rectangular structures or attached rectangular clusters. Fortifications made the first appearance. Materials consisted of stone foundations, mud-brick walls, thatch, timber or mud-brick roofs. Post-and lintel construction was dominant with occasional use of the corbeled arch. Shrines to the earth-goddess or the sun-god were richly decorated Built great walls / towers to protect water and grain supply

pharaohs death

After death, the body was taken down the river by boat to be mummified 60 days to mummify and prepare the body they put kings organs in a canopic jar removal and separate preservation of most internal organ. The brain was removed with a long, fishhook-shaped instrument inserted through one of the nostrils. body cavities were washed, filled with batting and natron (a mineral salt preservative), and sutured closed.

mummy case of artemidoros

Alexander the Great had conquered Egypt in 323 B. C. E. For the next three hundred years, Egypt was ruled by a Greek dynasty, the Ptolomies (sounds like tal-a-mies). Greeks constituted an elite part of the population, but though they preserved their own language, they adopted the Egyptian religion, with its comforting belief in an eternal afterlife.

tutankhamen

Among the best-known works are the many pieces found in the tomb of Tutankhamen. Carter opened to tomb in 1922.

the roman amphitheater

Amphitheaters consisted of two "Greek" theaters combined to produce elliptical structures in multiple stories. Theaters (semi-circular) were also built. Both types were free-standing structures made possible be the use of barrel and groin vaults.

catacombs

An underground cemetery consisting of chambers or tunnels with recesses for graves. rooms were used for holding meals for the dead. a kind of picnic in with the dead practiced in rome catacombs had been thought to be a place for worship during persecution, but there was not persecution going on, larger rooms or chambers in the catacombs, they were not used for regular worship.

arch of constantine

Arch of Constantine is a triumphal arch in Rome, situated between the Colosseum and the Palatine Hill. It was erected by the Roman Senate to commemorate Constantine I's victory over Maxentius at the Battle of Milvian Bridge on October 28, 312.

constantine

As a symbol of his continuing presence in Rome, Constantine commissioned a 30- foot- tall statue of himself, portrayed seated in majesty, and had it installed in an apse added especially for that purpose to a prominent Roman basilica.

Palette of narmer 2

At the top- two human-faced bovine (resemble ox or cow) heads, thought to represent the patron cow goddess, with city gate between them. This frontal display of the cows is atypical in ancient Egyptian art, except for representations of this goddess and Hathor. A large picture in the center of the Palette depicts Narmer wearing the White Crown of Upper Egypt, whose symbol was the flowering lotus, and wielding a mace. To his left is a man bearing the king's sandals, flanked by a rosette symbol. To the right of the king is a kneeling prisoner, who is about to be struck by the king. A pair of symbols appear next to his head, perhaps indicating his name or indicating the region where he was from. Above the prisoner is a falcon, representing Horus (god of light and the son of Osiris (Os-i-ris) and Isis (I-sis)), perched above a set of papyrus flowers, the symbol of Lower Egypt. In his claws, he holds a rope-like object which appears to be attached to the nose of a man's head that also emerges from the papyrus flowers, perhaps indicating that he is drawing life from the head. Below the king's feet is a third section, depicting two naked, bearded men. They are either running or are meant to be seen as sprawling dead upon the ground. Appearing to the left of the head of each man is a hieroglyphic sign, the first a walled town, the second a type of knot, likely indicating the name of a defeated town. (ch 14 2nd egypt)

laocoon and his sons

Athanadoros, Hagesandros and Polydoros of Rhodeslate 1st century, BCE, early 1st century, from the hellenistic period this piece explodes with emotional intensity as Laocoon and his sons are attacked by sea serpents. The serpents had been sent by the gods who favored the Greeks in the war against Troy to punish Laocoon who tried to warn his countrymen about the danger of bringing the Greeks' Wooden Horse into the walls of their city.

Ishtar Gate, Babylon, Iraq, 575 BC

Babylonians again came to power in Mesopotamia, late in the 7th century B. C. developed a true arch before the Romans did and were masters of decorative design for architecture. ceremonial occasions, Nebuchadnezzar would sit under the arch in majesty to receive his subjects The Ishtar Gate was the eighth gate to the inner city of Babylon. Some 120 brick lions lined the street and some 575 dragons and bulls, in 13 rows, adorned the gate.

the next register

Because of the lowered head in the image, this is interpreted as a presentation of the king vanquishing his foes, "Bull of his Mother" -son of the patron cow goddess The circle formed by their exaggeratedly curving necks is the central part of the Palette, which is the area where the cosmetics would be ground.

tho-los tombs (beehive shape)

Besides being bold traders, the Mycenaeans were fierce warriors and great engineers who designed and built remarkable bridges, fortification walls, and beehive-shaped tombs Tombs built of stone with corbeled arch, vault and dome of stones that were used as passageways within citadels (vault), gateways into citadels (arch), and tholos-type construction (dome).

bull lyre (harp)

Bull lyre (harp), from the tomb of Queen Puabi, Ur. c. 2685 BCE The bull, due to its sheer physical power and virility, appears frequently as a cult symbol in most ancient cultures. Wood with gold, lapis lazuli, and shell, reassembled in modern wood support.

landscape with volcano

Catal Huyuk, considered to be the first landscape painting of the actual place. Fersco from Catal-Huyuk -painted into wet plaster.

hatshepsut

Daughter of Thutmose I and wife of Thutmose II (half brother, which died), she first acted as regent for her young stepson, Thutmose III, but soon ordered herself crowned as pharaoh Hatshepsut organized the biggest trading expedition of her career. Her goal was to trade with Egypt's neighbors to the south of Punt about 20 years after her death her name, statues and any memory of her was erased from the monuments wherever it could be found by Thutmose III or another official.

patron deity

Each city had its own patron deity (agriculture, weather, etc.) in their city's temple cella. Inside the temple is a large room or cella which contains many chambers as well as another altar and offering table. The people believed the ruler-king could receive messages from the deity and then relay those messages to the people.

pompeii eruption of mount vesuvius italy

Estimates of the population of Pompeii range from 10,000 to 25,000, while Herculaneum is thought to have had a population of about 5,000. around 1,150 remains of bodies — or casts made of their impressions in the ash deposits — have been recovered in and around Pompeii. The remains of about 350 bodies have been found at Herculaneum People buried in the ash when they tried to hide or run towards the sea. They made a hole in the forms and poured plaster in the holes , then broke away the ash - later a more durable mixture.

venus of willendorf

Fertility figures were female "full" figures. Traces of color remain. Made small portable sculptures. Animals were naturalistic. Their relief sculptures were done in the stone or clay of caves walls, and on small stones and bones. Ground lines were implied in wall carvings. Among the earliest pieces of prehistoric sculpture that has been found- 30,0000 - 25,000 BCE, limestone height, 11 cm,(4.33') found in lower Austria. The female reproductive anatomy may be exaggerated, and therefore experts think it likely that it represents a fertility symbol, perhaps carried by a male hunter/gatherer as a reminder of his mate back home.

persian empire

First Persian Empire - The empire expanded to eventually rule over significant portions of the ancient world and Egypt. The Persians built no temples because they worshiped the sun-god outdoors. Palaces were the most important structures during the Assyrian and Persian periods. New Persian: meaning "city of Persians" was the ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Empire (ca. 550-330 BC).

constantine the great

First Roman emperor to profess Christianity. Victory at the Milvian Bridge outside Rome (312) made him emperor in the West. He moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium, which he renamed Constantinople.

venice, italy

Founded in the 5th century A.D. by refugees fleeing the Lombard invaders, which did not like water, who had gained control of the mainland. Built on a lagoon, Venice encompasses some 118 islands, the whole 90-mi perimeter of the lagoon. Refugees from northern invasions of the mainland founded settlements in the 5th century that were built uniquely on islands as protection against raids.

prince rehotep and wife

Free Standing Sculpture: A. Enthroned rulers were generally very rigid, formal, and frontal in posture and expression. These works were often the official portraits of the rulers and were made with best materials and craftsmanship. Males are painted dark and females are painted white. Standing figures were also rigid, formal, and frontal. Many are shown with the left foot forward as if the figure were standing still.

exekias

From the Homeric Hymn to Dionysus. It seems the new god, a mere lad, is kidnapped by some dim Etruscan pirates who fail to recognize the god's potent powers. The new god, Dionysus, takes command of the ship, has grown grape vines (for wine) all over the ship, and when the frightened sailors jump ship, they turn into dolphins, flippers and all. There are seven of them, just as there are seven new clusters of grapes growing from the vine emerging from the mast. And there is Dionysus himself, setting a fine example by drinking as he enjoys his little sail, lying, relaxed, on deck. However, we look at the scene, there is no distinction between sea and sky, no horizon.

pyramids of giza

Giza Necropolis is an archaeological site on the Giza Plateau, on the outskirts of Cairo, Egypt. This complex of ancient monuments includes the three pyramid complexes known as the Great Pyramids, the massive sculpture known as the Great Sphinx, several cemeteries, a workers' village and an industrial complex. Funerary ceremonies would have included rituals carrying the body along the Nile to the Funerary Temple to be mummified, rituals during the mummification period, the ritual journey up the darkened causeway, entombment ceremonies and the actual placement of the body in the sarcophagus in the pyramid. During the burial portion of the ceremony, a boat carrying the mummified body was dragged up a covered causeway that connected the funerary temple with the mortuary temple. Following the entombment ceremonies, the boat was buried beside the pyramid in a large pit, along with others connected with the ceremonies

babylonian dead of sale

If the goods were stolen and the rightful owner reclaimed them, he had to prove his purchase by producing the seller and the deed of sale, or witnesses. Cuneiform writing. Human laws and decrees were impressed into clay tablets

dead sea scrolls

In 1947, a young Bedouin shepherd was searching the hills around the Dead Sea, looking for lost sheep. Finding a small crevice opening downward, he dropped a pebble to see how deep the cave might be. Instead of the expected "thunk," he heard the sound of broken pottery. What he had found shook the world. Sealed up in the cave, stored in jars and clay pots, were scrolls hidden away ever since 79 AD, when Titus and his Roman Legions destroyed the Jerusalem Temple. there are fragments here from every single book of the Old Testament, including significant portions of The Torah, 1st and 2nd Samuel, Isaiah and Habakkuk. There are also fragmentary manuscript copies of some of the New Testament Epistles

coliseum, rome

In A.D. 80, the opening event at this 50,000-seat elliptical arena was a weeks-long bloody combat between gladiators and wild beasts. Later shows kept upping the ante: Vestal Virgins from the temple screamed for blood, ever-more exotic animals were shipped in to satisfy jaded curiosities, the arena floor was flooded for not-so-mock naval battles. Bringing up the animals from the holding areas below the Colosseum floor A tarp covered the people during hot days.

mortuary temple of hatshepsut

It is a colonnaded structure, which was designed and implemented by Senemut, royal steward and architect), to serve for worship and to honor the glory of Amun. Djeser-Djeseru sits atop a series of colonnaded terraces, reached by long ramps that once were graced with gardens. It is built into a cliff face that rises sharply above it.

ramesses 2 temple of amun-mut-khonsu

It is claimed that Ramesses was the pharaoh most responsible for erasing the Amarna Period from history. He, more than any other pharaoh, sought deliberately to deface the Amarna monuments and change the nature of the religious structure and the structure of the priesthood, in order to try to bring it back to where it had been prior to the reign of Akhenaten.

emperer justinian and retainers (san Vitale)

Justinian, clad in purple with a golden halo, standing next to court officials, Bishop Maximian , palatinae guards and deacons. The halo around his head gives him the same aspect as Christ in the dome of the apse. Justinian himself stands in the middle, with soldiers on his right and clergy on his left, emphasizing that Justinian is the leader of both church and state of his empire. has a byzantine halo around his head

The great sphinx, giza

Limestone statue of a reclining sphinx (a mythical creature with a lion's body and human head). It is the largest monolith statue in the world, the oldest known monumental sculpture, and is commonly believed to have been built by ancient Egyptians of he Old Kingdom during the reign of pharaoh Khafra (c. 2558-2532 BC). Missing nose and beard - long rods or chisels were hammered into the nose, one down from the bridge and one beneath the nostril, then used to pry the nose off towards the south. Loss of the nose to iconoclasm (destroy art) by Muhammad Sa'im al-Dahr, a Sufi Muslim - AD 1378, upon finding the Egyptian peasants making offerings to the Sphinx in the hope of increasing their harvest, Sa'im al-Dahr was so outraged that he destroyed the nose, and was hanged for vandalism.

symbolism

Lion = symbol of death Bull = symbol of life force Snake-like dragon = underworld Bull / Bull - man (Minotaur) fertility & strength

nomadic

Moved from place to place to follow food sources - animals belief systems centering on magic and the supernatural They did not always live in caves. They made shelters and pit houses.

flying ancient minoan angels

Media included terra cotta (*often painted), glazed earthenware, ivory (often combined with gold), and a soft carving stone. Excellent workmanship. Pieces emphasized expressive movement and joy with curvilinear - and dynamic forms that were very small in size.

trefoil temple

Mediterranean sites only; a clover-leaf shaped temple with corbeled domes, usually 30-40 ft. in diameter per section and 10 to 15 ft. high. Tarxien, Malta.

stonehenge. salisbury, whitlshire, england

Megalithic monuments The outermost is a circle of sandstones about 13.5 ft.high connected by lintels; the second is a circle of bluestone menhirs (upright stones); the third is horseshoe shaped; the innermost, ovoid. Within the ovoid lies the Altar Stone. The Heelstone is a great upright stone in the Avenue, northeast of the circle. Was used to observe the motions of the moon as well as the sun. More recent speculation on the Neolithic ceremonial and cultural functions of Stonehenge has included its possible use as a center for healing and as a burial ground for a local ruling family. Among the burials near the site have been found remains of a man who was raised near the Alps and a teenage boy raised near the Mediterranean.

Pharaoh Tutankhamun's Coffins

Pharaoh Tutankhamun's Coffins (1)First Coffin - It is made of Cypress wood overlaid with gold foil (2)Second CoffinThis coffin of finer workmanship than the preceding, was also made of wood covered in gold foil (3)Third Coffin is made of solid gold and weights 110.4 kg. (4)The Mummy was decorated with nearly 150 amulets and jewels. The superb golden mask was inlaid with wonderful glass The Golden Canopic Chest held an alabaster sarcophagus. Inside the four chambers of the sarcophagus were four gold "coffins" that contained the mummified internal organs of Tutankhamen. 7 sarcophagus total in the tomb

ram in thicket, from UR

Ram rearing up against flowering tree animal = alive & energetic - gazes at us from between the branches of the symbolic tree tree is sacred to the god Tammuz embodies the male principal in nature TAMMUZ was called "leading goat of the land" in honor of generative powers TAMMUZ = Sumerian fertility god of flocks, herds, crops, vegetation. Association of animals with deities = carryover from Prehistoric is the active role they play in mythology as seen in soundbox of lyre

temple of amen-mut-khonsu

Ramesses II destroyed Akhenaten 's capital city to get rid of all traces of Akhenaten's rule and the belief of one god. Moses, from the Bible story, was his adopted brother and believed in one god.

the temple of portunus, rome

Represented a change in architecture for Romans, used tufa covered in stucco. development of concrete, however, that made dramatic changes in Roman architecture. Concrete is s mixture of mortar and pieces an aggregate such as tufa (a porous rock formed as a deposit from springs or streams), limestone or brick

ossuary

Scholars know that from 30 B.C. to 70 A.D., many people in Jerusalem would first wrap bodies in shrouds after death. The bodies were then placed in carved rock tombs, where they decomposed for a year before the bones were placed in an ossuary. Before the discovery of the Lost Tomb, James' ossuary was on display at the Royal Ontario Museum

burials in rome

Since you could not be buried in Rome itself within the city boundaries unless you were somebody like the emperor, you had to be buried around the perimeter of Rome. So, if you were of a noble family, you would have a tomb above ground, mausoleum-like tombs. If you were a slightly lower class, you would be buried below ground . The material below the ground outside Rome is called tufa (tu-ver) this is in a very soft volcanic rock, and as long as this volcanic layer is covered by dirt or earth, it stays very soft. As soon as you dig into it and it hits air, it hardens and thus becomes very stable to dig into.

senemut

Some Egyptologists have theorized that Senenmut (architect but of low life) was Hatshepsut's lover. Facts that are typically cited to support the theory are that Hatshepsut allowed Senenmut to place his name and an image of himself behind one of the main doors in Djeser-Djeseru, and the presence of graffiti in an unfinished tomb used as a rest house by the workers of Djeser-Djeseru depicting a male and female in pharaonic regalia engaging in an explicit sexual act.

cella

Sumerian Gypsum Alabaster Standing Male Worshipper The temple contained a cella which housed a votive figure (prayer statues). The shakhuru (waiting room) contained an image hall, storage rooms, and lining quarters flanking a corridor. Walls were blockish, massive, windowless, and sloped inward. Wall surfaces had vertical groves and niched for sculpture. Paint was used extensively on both interiors and exteriors. Glazed tiles and clay cones were attached to walls for colorful decoration in geometric patterns.

howard carter unwrapping the innermost of Tutankhamun's three nested coffins.

The 1922 discovery by Howard Carter and George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon, of Tutankhamen's nearly intact tomb received worldwide press coverage. George Herbert, Earl of Carnarvon died of an insect bite on the cheek, believed entering the tomb was a curse.

circus of ca-li-gula

The Circus of Ca-li-gula was built at the foot of the Vatican hill. Nero would scandalize the Roman nobility by driving his own chariot in races rigged for him to win Peter was crucified upside down (at his own request) on the spina of the circus of Caligula just south of the present Basilica. Just as likely, he was one of hundreds killed by the Roman mobs.

aegean art: cycladic or early minoan period (statuette of a women)

The Neolithic culture of the islands of the Aegean Sea, including the Cycladic Islands (small islands east of Greece) and Crete. ARCHITECTURE: Some Neolithic tombs in Megalithic style, before 2500 B.C. Very little architecture found. The few remaining works are stone tombs built in the Megalithic style. PAINTING: None found - was unimportant in this era. This New Stone Age culture had no written language and has left few traces of its existence.

sumerian

The Sumerian representational style, especially its use of simultaneous perspective (simultaneous profile) combines profile and frontal views of the figure Sumerian warrior hero embracing two-human headed bulls popular subject whose design has become a rigidly symmetrical, animals performing a variety of human tasks animated & precise fashion

cuneiform writing

The Sumerians were the first people to leave behind them not just artifacts but also words: The wedge- shaped marks that they pressed into damp clay to keep track of inventories and accounts developed over time into a writing system capable of recording language. Called cuneiform ( Latin for " wedge- shaped"),

venus de milo

The Venus de Milo depicts a S Curve body shapeThe figure's body and posture is depicted like a sinuous or serpentine "S"

church of san vitale centralized plan

The central plan (circular, polygonal, cruciform) . It was used for baptisteries, funeral chapels, mausolea (A large stately tomb or a building housing such a tomb or several tombs.), and martyria (A church or other edifice built at a site, especially a tomb, associated with a Christian martyr or saint).

lion hunt, from the palace complex of assurnasiral

The ceremonial hunt was probably carried out as it is pictured here, with armed guards releasing captive animals into an enclosure for the king to kill from his chariot. Slaying lions was viewed as a fitting demonstration of kingly power.

head of an akkadian ruler

The city-states of Summer, Mesopotamia were finally conquered by 2300 B. C. and unified by the ambitious Akkadians ruler, Sargon 1. He created the world's first empire, Akkad. Akkadian empire crumbled quickly - 180 years "Certainly the expensive material and the fine workmanship suggest that it represents a ruler of some kind."

Ancient egypt

The civilization of the ancient Egypt (gift of the Nile) arose in the fertile river valleys bordering on the river Nile. Before 3100 B.C., Egypt was divided into a Lower Kingdom which included the Nile delta, and Upper Kingdom which extended south of Memphis. These two kingdoms were first united into one land by King Na-r-mer who established his new capital at Memphis.

Pharohs burial

The pharaoh was then placed in a boat . The boat played a special part in funeral ceremonies in Ancient Egypt. Not only was a boa t required to carry the body across the Nile for burial, but it was a symbol of the journey of the soul in the Boat of Ra to be judged before Osiris in the underworld. Several boats were used in the ceremonies

frgment of a wall painting from the tomb of nebamun

The use of hierarchical scale tells us that the hunter, probably a nobleman, is the most important figure in the composition, because he is the biggest. Apart from clues provided by clothing, we know that he is a man and the figure at right is a woman. By convention, regardless of race or complexion, the Egyptians painted men darker ( reddish) and women lighter ( yellowish). A marsh is thus a site where life renews itself, just as the man will renew himself by rising from death.

mesolithic period (middle stone age)

There are traces of open-air camps, such as firepits, domestic debris, and bones. Prehistoric art in Africa. More animals and plants to eat year round. Emphasis on humans, not animals all the time. Paintings found around the Mediterranean coasts of Spain, Africa, Italy, and Sicily, but not in caves. They appear mostly on open-air-rock surfaces African Art, Art Galleries in South Africa

death pic royal cemetary of UR 2550

There were shafts leading down to the tombs and sunken courtyards built around the tomb or adjacent to it. The adjacent shafts and courtyards were filled with skeletons of retainers, most of them also dressed in jewels and carrying bowls. Over seventy individuals were buried here, neatly laid out, wearing jewels and carrying bowls or cups. dressed in finery and perhaps attending a banquet on the last day of their lives. They were killed at the top entrance of the shaft and then carried into the pit, laid on their side with knees bent The dead queen or king was placed in the tomb.

queen puabi

This ancient civilization acquired gold Queen Puabi's headdress discovered on Queen Puabi's body in her tomb at the Royal Cemetery of Ur, ca 2550 BCE. On a raised platform in the tomb, a skeleton of a middle aged woman lay wearing an elaborate gold, lapis lazuli and carnelian headdress. She wore a huge pair of crescent-shaped golden earrings, and her torso was covered with gold and semi-precious beads.

Bull lyre harp from the tomb of queen puabi meaning

Top is the hero, his arms around two bulls. celebration of life is in this place of death Wolf & lion carry food & drink to an unseen banquet Ass, bear & deer provide musical entertainment bull headed harp is the same type as the instrument to which the inlaid panel was attached scorpion-man & goat carry some objects they have taken form a large vessel Decorated with a strange scene in which the animals are given human characteristics believed to be celebrating the Sacred Marriage. Even the lion, the symbol of death, brings an offering for the marriage table. This may be the earliest known ancestors of the animal fable that flourished in the West

column of trajan

Trajan's Column is a Roman triumphal column in Rome, Italy, that commemorates Roman emperor Trajan's victory in the Dacian Wars. Trajan viewing his soldiers' ghoulish trophies.

sarcophagus

a burial box, the body is washed and wrapped in cloth and bandages before being placed the eye of horus was painted on the exterior of a burial box to allow the deceased to see out with spiritual vision

phi-di-as athena lemnia

a classical greek statue of the goddess athena. the original bronze was created by phidias classical greek style

grotto

a type of natural or artificial cave that is used by humans. Many religious shrines are in grottos) are made with ochre of different colors (from red-brown to light-purple) There are two types of figures or "hunters", surrounding a bull: figures in robes, expanded downwards, without bows and "tailed" figures - with raised and tightened bows. All the figures of the first type have some objects, projecting from under the robes: sticks with the ends turned up. ".

valley of the kings

a valley in Egypt where, for a period of nearly 500 years from the 16th to 11th century BC, tombs were constructed for the Pharaohs and powerful nobles of the New Kingdom. 63 tombs found.

mosaic depicting christ as pantokrator

all the scenes of the mosaic are created against a background of yellow-gold tiles

Akhenaten and His Family

an example of sunken relief the shape of the childrens heads is because they would bind babies heads to produce an oblong shape indicating a royal family member AKHENATEN and Queen Nefertit was murdered and his capital in the south was destroyed. King Tut and his sister were children and taken back to the old capital, Memphis, in the North. He married his sister.

insulae

apartment houses were four to six story, blockish structures for urban housing of the lower classes house of diana- a typical apartment building insula

empress theodora and her attendants

apse mosaic, san vitale san vital is decorated in glittering mosaics including portrayals of the emperor Justinian and the empress Theodora ( 15.8), under whose patronage the church was built.

the mosaic of the deesis

at Hagia Sophia — At the center of the composition, Christ is shown holding a closed Book of the Gospels and making the sign of the benediction (If a bishop or abbot is holding his crozier (A staff with a crook or cross at the end, carried by or before an abbot, bishop, or archbishop as a symbol of office) while making the benediction, he will raise his right hand and trace the Sign of the Cross with both his crozier and right hand The benediction gesture is a raised right hand with the ring and little finger fingers touching the palm, while the middle and index fingers remain raised.

the hall of bulls

axial gallery lascaux cave, france

toreadro fresco from the palace of knosses

bull jumping-sport and entertainment A young male acrobat vaults over the back of the racing bull; he will be caught in the waiting arms of the young woman at right. Another female player, at left, grasps the bull's horns; perhaps she is ready to take her turn somersaulting over the animal

spina of the circus

center of the spina of the Circus was a tall Egyptian obelisk from Heliopolis brought back to Rome by Caligula. That obelisk (tapering, four-sided shaft of stone, usually monolithic and having a pyramidal apex) now stands in the center of St. Peter's Piazza. South and east of the Circus were gardens and a villa belonging to Agrippina, the mother of Nero, and later to the Emperor Domitian.

pallette of narmer from hierakonpolis

earliest hierohlyphic inscriptions Palettes were typically used for grinding cosmetics, but this palette is too large and heavy (and elaborate) to have been created for personal use, and was likely a ritual or votive object, specifically made for donation to, or use in, a temple. unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the king Narmer. One side- White crown of Upper (southern) Egypt, and the other side depicts the king wearing the level Red Crown of Lower (northern) Egypt. The Palette was originally painted

fertility figures

female "full" figures. traces of color remain. made small portable sculptures It seems clear that the statuette was a fertility image, possibly meant to be carried around as an amulet, or good- luck charm ( the Venus is less than 5 inches tall). Only the features associated with childbearing have been stressed— the belly, breasts, and pubic area. Venus' face is obscured. Her arms, crossed above the breasts, are barely defined, and her legs taper off to nothing. If we take this figure literally, she could not see or speak or walk or carry. What she could do was bear and nurture children.

matriarchal religion

females are the dominant deity

the dying gual

formerly known as the dying gladiator, is an ancient roman marble copy of a lost hellenistic sculpture remarkable realism he lies on his fallen shield while his sword and other objects lie beside him

Horse cave painting in lascaux cave (france)

france c. 13,000 Until the discovery of the Chauvet cave in 1996 (Chapter One), the images at Lascaux were the oldest known paintings in Europe. The horse is apparently in a pregnant condition. The horse illustrated here has fascinated scholars because of its seemingly pregnant condition, the feathery forms near its forelegs, and the mysterious geometric symbol depicted above it. Thought Earth was a living organism -Caves were considered to be the bowels of the living earth.

ceramic water pipe from knossos

hot and cold water, sewers, indoor plumbing, windows, open air courts, two the three story structures were extremely advance for that time period. 2000 B.C. to 1400 B.C. The Romans did not produce these features until 1,500 years later. Wall construction to prevent falling during earthquakes - wooden studs, but thick like a beams, were placed horizontally and vertically to support bricks and stones so the walls would not fall during earthquakes

cave art of mermaid and humans

humans spearing mermaids and mermen Mermaid Cave Drawings legend of the mermaids in the karoo desert-mermen with spears

first civilizations

jericho spring located in the Palestinian territories ,has evidence of settlement dating back to 9000 BCE. Before Jericho was built there was a period of cold and drought. Permanent habitation of any one location was not possible. However, the spring at what would become Jericho was a popular camping ground for Natufian hunter-gatherer groups, who left a scattering of crescent microlith tools behind them. Around 9600 BCE the droughts and cold had come to an end, making it possible for Natufian groups to extend the duration of their stay, eventually leading to year round habitation and permanent settlement. Tell Abu Hureyra and Jericho were both in the Levant territory.

greek male statue

known as kouros Greek male and female statues emulated Egyptian statues poses. The male statues are known as "kouros".

hammurabis code

legacy of the Babylonian empire is not artistic but legal: a set of edicts and laws compiled under the ruler Hammurabi ( ruled c. 1792- 1750 B. C. E.). Known as Hammurabi's Code, it is the only complete legal code to survive from the ancient world Included in the Code of Hammurabi, this is a set of principles and rules of conduct for physicians and others who serve the people, composed during the reign of the Persian emperor Hammurabi (c.1800-1900bce). This code emphasized the physician's duty to preserve good health. It included rewards for success in this endeavor and drastic punishments, such as amputation of a hand for failure to prevent or cure disease of an important person. partial copies exist on a human-sized stone stele and various clay tablets. The Code consists of 282 laws, with scaled punishments, adjusting "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth" as graded depending on social status, of slave versus free man

niche of the pallia (christ as the sun)

located according to tradition right over peters grave the iconography of the Greek and Roman god Apollo, riding his chariot across the sky as the sun god. Grape leaves of the surrounding pattern were associated with the Greek god Dionysus, known to the Romans as Bacchus, the god of fertility and wine. Christians used the grape leaf as a symbol, for Christ had spoken of himself as the true vine, whose branches ( the faithful) would bear fruit ( the kingdom of God on earth).

meopotamia

means, in Greek, "between the rivers" (Tigris and Euphrates). The first cultures of the ancient Mediterranean : Mesopotamia and Egypt developed along the banks of mighty rivers— the Tigris and Euphrates in Mesopotamia and the Nile in Egypt. Rivers provided both a means of transportation and a source of water.

minoan period 2000-1400

minoan is the name of the culture of the island of crete Minoan culture reached its peak 1600 and was noted for its cities and palaces, extended trade contacts, and use of writing ( Linear A and Linear B). Post and Lintel construction was used exclusively. Palace ruins show evidence of paved streets and piped water They had open courtyards, terraces, light shafts, and windows that provided light, open interiors, The many earthquakes on the island of Crete had taught the people that wood did not crack and crumble like stone or marble, so they began to make their pillars out of wood. The trees were installed upside down, so that the thicker part of the tree would provide the base for the ceilings of the buildings.

double portrait of grat-i-di-a chrite and m gratidius libanus

naturalistic The husband is old, the creases in his face are well defined, his expression is patient -experience in the trials of the world and gentle resignation to those trials. Wife seems stronger, less marked by pain, and her supportive clasp of the husband's hand is touching.

snake goddess palace of knosses

no snakes on crete the minoans seem to have worshipped primarily goddesses. although there is some evidence of male gods, depictions of Minoan goddesses vastly outnumber depictions of anything that could be considered a Minoan god. Goddesses were their protectors - snakes, animals, weather, harvest, cities - no wars and not city walls.

Jericho skull

oldest known city Plastered skull: "Sprit traps" were impressive sculptured heads dating from 7000 B.C. and were actual human skulls whose faces have been "reconstituted" with tinted plaster, with pieces of seashell for the eyes. The Jericho heads are not intended to "create" life but to perpetuate it beyond death by replacing the flesh with a more enduring substance. They were displayed above ground while the rest of the body was buried beneath the floor of the house. Considered first portraits. Called "sprit traps" because they did not want the sprits haunting the house.

roman empire

republican period was between the abolition of monarchy (royal family) in 510 BC and the accession of the first emperor, Augustus, in 27 BC Most of the bronze statues were melted down for weapons and other uses equestrian portrait

atrium

roman house impluvian-a cistern or tank, set in the atrium or peristle to receive the water from the roof windows were not on the walls facing the dusty, noisy streets. they painted the walls with scenes and architectural elements, soemtimes a fake window

Chance resemblance

some cave rock formations implied an image and the artist enhanced these images- What image do you see? Just as we see images in some cloud formations. some cave rock formations implied an image and the artist enhanced these images- chance resemblance.

male musician sculpture

some male musician sculptures in "tubular" style. Male figures include: lyre players; standing flute players; non-musicians (extremely rare). red pain decorated most of the figures

chauvet cave

southeastern france Earliest forms of art- - oldest ever found. The Floor of the large cave room was covered the bones. The paintings at Chauvet are even more finely executed, and they must surely be the result of a long tradition whose origins go back even further in time. Otherwise, there are even older artworks not yet discovered. All prehistoric paintings in Europe have been found indeep recesses of the cave They placed their hands on the rock surface and blew powdered pigments through a hollow reed. Children also produced their hand prints using this process. Scholars believe that the "negative" handprints in prehistoric cave paintings were most likely signatures.

Human-headed winged lion. assyrian from nimrud

stable and long- lived Mesopotamian empire was established by the Amorites, who consolidated their rule over the region by about 1830 B. C. E. and established a capital at Babylon. Babylonian empire Built citadels to protect temple and town. The lion wears a horned cap indicating divine status. Its body has five legs, so that from the front it appears motionless but from the side it is understood to be walking. Visitors to the citadel were meant to be impressed— and no doubt intimidated— by these majestic creatures.

minoan column

tapered downward smaller at the bottom. the capital was cushion shaped. bright, intense colors -red, blue, yellow covered all surfaces at knossos the columns in the building were painted red and were made of tree trunks stone was used for massive walls, foundations and roofs. timber was used for columns, doorjambs, and beams. post and lintel construction was used exclusively

spirit-guardians

the bull (unicorn) in the base-relief on the ishtar gate in babylon

aqueduct, segovia spain

the city of rome had the largest concentration of aqueducts with water being supplied by eleven aquaducts constructed over a period of about 500 years. they served drinking water and supplied hte numerous baths and fountains in the city, as well as finally being emptied into the sewers where the once used gray water performed its last function in removing waste matter

sumer

the first cities of mesopotamia arose in the southernmost area, a region called sumer nanna ziggurat, present day Maqaiyir, Iraq

pit houses

the first man made shelters were built. they also produced sewn clothing, sculpture and painting originated prehistoric humans also built and lived in pit houses

cleopatra

the last of the macedonian rulers of egypt Cleopatra VII has been preserved in legend as a woman of formidable intellect and ambition who used her beauty and charm to advance Egypt's fortunes. When her father was briefly exiled following a rebellion, an older sister took the throne. Following their father's return and reclaim of the throne, the sister was put to death. The second of the three women in the family to carry the same name, Cleopatra VI, died around the same time as well; although the cause remains a mystery. This left Cleopatra the Seventh as the oldest child in her family, with a brother who was several years younger. About four years later, their father died and Cleopatra took control of the throne. She was only about 17 years old at the time. When he died in 47 B.C., her younger brother (also her husband) Ptolemy XIV succeeded him, both of whom she had killed. When Caesar, with whom she had a son, Caesarion, came to Alexandria, Cleopatra persuaded him to support her cause and she regained her throne and jointly ruled with their son Caesarion from 36 B.C. After Caesar's death, she joined Mark Anthony hoping that he would help to restore Egypt to its past glory by using Rome's power. Mark Anthony gave Cleopatra much of Rome's eastern possessions, . Anthony and Cleopatra withdrew to Alexandria where they committed suicide She was the only Ptolemaic ruler to learn to speak Egyptian. Caesar and Cleopatra's son, murdered and the rest of the children were brought up by his sister Octavia (Octavian's sister), who had previously been married to Marc Antony.

mycenaean art

the minoans exerted great influence on the mycenaean culture of the greek islands and mainland

architecture

the near east did not possess an abundant supply of building stone or timber. mud brick was used Temples were the most important structures except during the Assyrian and Persian eras.

mount vesuvius

the only active volcano in europe Since that time it has erupted about three dozen times, most recently in the period from 1913 to 1944. The area is heavily populated. Close to Naples

tomb of tutankhamun

the tomb of Tutankhamun contained three gilded shrines nested one inside the other in order of decreasing size. Inside the innermost shrine was a red quartzite sarcophagus which protected three anthropoid coffins (man-shaped). The first two coffins were made of gilded wood but the final coffin was made of solid gold. The solid gold coffin housed the mummy of King Tut and his fabulous golden death mask.

patricians

the upper class romans homes were single family homes, which in ancient Rome meant the great grandparents, grandparents, parents, and kids of one family lived in a home together. Many homes had running water

piazza navona

transformed into a highly significant example of Baroque Roman architecture and art during the pontificate of Innocent X, who reigned from 1644-1655, and whose family palace, the Palazzo Pamphili, faced onto the piazza.

le tuc d'audoubert, ariege france

two bison carving made of clay

dolmen

two or more vertical stones topped by a flat capstone

ziggyrat

was a meeting place for heaven and earth, where priests and priestesses communicated with the gods. Only kings or priests were permitted on the ziggurat or in the cella, and it was their responsibility to care for the gods and attend to their needs. The priests were very powerful members of Sumerian society. Nanna Ziggurat, Ur (present- day Maqaiyir, Iraq served to elevate the temple above the common ground, closer to heaven. It had a square base whose corners were oriented to the four points of the compass. There were city walls that enclosed and defended city-states. ziggurat -There was a spiral ramp leading to the top. It is said that "The Tower of Bable" was most likely a ziggurat .

hagia sophia, istanbul

was constantinople Hagia Sophia (Greek, meaning Holy Wisdom) is a former Orthodox basilica, later a mosque, and now a museum in Istanbul, Turkey.

tutankhamen

was the son of Akhenaten (formerly Amenhotep IV) and one of Akhenaten's sisters, or perhaps one of his cousins. As a prince he was known as Tutankhaten. He ascended to the throne in 1333 BC, at the age of nine or ten, taking the throne name of Tutankhamun. His wet-nurse was a woman called Maia, known from her tomb at Saqqara. When he became king, he married his half-sister, Ankhesenpaaten, who later changed her name to Ankhesenamun. They had two daughters, both stillborn. During his reign the traditional religion was restored . After he died, (murdered) while still in his teens, his name was among those stricken from the royal lists during the 19th dynasty,.

Narmer

wearing the red crown of lower egypt whose symbole was the papyrus he holds a mace and a flail, two traditional symbols of kingship Above them are the symbols for a ship, a falcon, and a harpoon, which has been interpreted as representing the names of the towns that were conquered.

ostrogoths

were a branch of the goths plus additional invader branches, adopted the roman culture and christianity theodoric was the king of the ostrogoths

basilicae

were administrative centers, court houses, and halls of records. They were rectangular structures with central nave and two side aisles. Colonnades separated the naves form the aisles. Semi-circular niches called "apses" enclosed both ends of the building.