ART TEST 3

Define what a collage is. What does collage mean in French? Make the connection between the art form and history of the word.

A collage is a work of art formed by pasting together fragments (parts) of printed matter, cloth, or other lightweight materials on surface. In French, the word collage means, "to glue". When creating a collage, an artist pastes, or glues, together materials, just like the terms means. Artwork arranged from cut out or torn material pasted onto a surface is defined as a collage.

Pigment is the ____________________ a. ground up solids that contain color. b. surface a painting is created on. c. mixture of hue and water. d. liquid substance used in paint and other media to bind particles of pigment together.

a. ground up solids that contain color.

All of the following are useful blending tools when creating pencil drawings, except which? a. gum c. shammy b. eraser d. tortillians

a. gum

Mosaics and collages are similar in that they both _________________ a. involve combining pieces to create a final product. b. use a cement base to paste the objects or pieces on. c. create unique and colorful works of art. d. can be dated back to ancient historical times.

a. involve combining pieces to create a final product.

An advantage of using dry media is __________________ a. its ability to be erased and/or corrected. b. its durability throughout the years. c. the high cost of materials used. d. the permanency.

a. its ability to be erased and/or corrected.

If a pencil's H# is decreased, then ______________ a. the level of clay used increases. b. the texture of the graphite becomes harder. c. the lines produced will be lighter. d. the cost of the pencil increases.

a. the level of clay used increases.

Which of the following statements does not define what art is? a. Art combines balance, proportion, composition, and imagery. b. Art is appreciated by all individuals when examined carefully. c. Art is a reproduction of reality, emotions, or circumstances. d. Art is controversial because many people do not share the same appreciation of art.

b. Art is appreciated by all individuals when examined carefully.

Woodblock printing originated in _______________ during the 14th century. a. United States c. Japan b. China d. France

b. China

__________ is a form of artwork arranged from cut out or torn material pasted onto a surface. a. Mosaic c. Stained glass b. Collage d. Dada

b. Collage

Which of the following is true about charcoal? a. It is made by mixing carbon and clay. b. It has been a main medium used by Japanese artists throughout history. c. Charcoal is difficult to work with and expensive. d. There are two forms of charcoal that are popularly used.

b. It has been a main medium used by Japanese artists throughout history.

Which of the following is not true about the above work of art? a. It was painted by a German artist, as a reflection of its nation's turmoil. b. It was created using modern printing techniques. c. This piece is called, To the Unknown Paint. d. The artist painted the piece on burlap.

b. It was created using modern printing techniques.

Silverpoint is _____________ a. a technique using the blackish residue of impure carbon obtained by removing water from animal and vegetation substances. b. a technique involving the use of a metal point, and a thin silver wire, popular in the 14th and 15th Centuries. c. a printmaking technique born from crayon manner that imitates the appearance of chalk lines. d. a technique used since the 16th century involving a stick filled with either colored or black graphite, a heated mixture of carbon and clay.

b. a technique involving the use of a metal point, and a thin silver wire, popular in the 14th and 15th Centuries.

Artists who were a part of the Dada movement created artwork that was intended to be ____________. a. representative c. meaningful b. nonsensical d. cultural

b. nonsensical

This artwork by Don Turner, entitled, Skull III, was creating using ___________________ a. charcoal c. chalk b. silverpoint d. pencil

b. silverpoint

All of the following are examples of popular paint brushes used by artists to create different affects and results, except which? a. round brushes c. pointed brushes b. spiral brushes d. detail brushes

b. spiral brushes

Medium is ____________________ a. a way in which an artist creates a work of art. b. the material of a work of art. c. the use of more than one tool to create a work of art. d. made from ground up solids that contain color the color in paint.

b. the material of a work of art.

Proportion is ________________ a. the all-encompassing reproduction of a person or thing. b. the relative size of an object as compared to another, or as compared to the other elements in the piece. c. the arrangement of visual elements in a piece, which helps to create understanding and convey the artist's message. d. the arrangement of elements in order to create equilibrium and a piece that is aesthetically pleasing.

b. the relative size of an object as compared to another, or as compared to the other elements in the piece.

In painting, medium is ____________________ a. the choice of liquid or gas that is added to a pigment. b. the substance that is added to a color in order to help application. c. a media that consists of natural or synthetic mineral or plant substances. d. the pigment that mixed with a binder of hot wax and fixed with a heat application.

b. the substance that is added to a color in order to help application.

A disadvantage to creating a fresco painting is that __________________ a. the paint dries very slowly. b. the surface painted on dries very quickly, so the artist has to plan his/her work carefully. c. once the color is applied, it cannot be painted over with another color. d. the supplies are costly because the vehicle can only be found in one region of the world.

b. the surface painted on dries very quickly, so the artist has to plan his/her work carefully.

____________ adjusts the viscosity of the paint. a. binder c. pigment b. vehicle d. arabic

b. vehicle

The three components of painting media are ________________________. a. pigment, vehicle, and media. b. vehicle, binder, and pigment. c. binder, media, and water. d. vehicle, arabic, and pigment.

b. vehicle, binder, and pigment.

Gouache painting is a form of ________________, in which white pigment is added to create a duller effect and tinted feel. a. oil painting c. tempera b. watercolor d. fresco

b. watercolor

Explain the process of creating a linocut. How is it effective? Why is it criticized?

A linocut is created by cutting away an image from linoleum, a soft synthetic material. It is effective because it creates images that are bold and striking, in which the designs are highly contrasting. The process is critiqued because it is relatively simple to create and perfect, when comparing it to other techniques in art. This was invented by Pablo Picasso. Essentially, this involves taking a synthetic material called linoleum, which we use a lot of times for things like kitchen floors, and we cut the design out of that and then we'll apply the ink the same way as with a woodblock and then press it on to something. A lot of artists criticize this as not being fine art because they don't feel like it has the same technique and difficulty that things like woodblock are engraving have. However, a lot of modern artists have use this to great effect. And it's particularly well suited to things that have very bold, high contrast designs.

Explain how woodblock printing is done. Where, and when, did it originate?

A technique in which images are carved on the surface of wooden blocks before being printed on paper is called woodblock. Woodblock printing was used in China, beginning as early as the fourteenth century. Woodblock printing is done using a keyblock. On the keyblock, the artist marks registration points so that they can line up the different blocks with the correct color. It originated in China and was popularized during the 14th century. These are woodcut or woodblock, wood engraving, and linocut. Now, a woodblock printing was used originally in China. Some of these are as old as thousands of years ago, but they really became popular in the 14th century and were later imported into Japan. Now, this is essentially where the artists will create what's called a key block, where they're carving away different parts on a block where they want the design to appear. And then what they do, is they have registration points on this key block so that they can line up the different blocks that have the different colors applied. And so when the artist had different colors applied to the key block, he could line the block up in the same place each time to make sure that the right color got printed in the right place.

Explain the differences between vine charcoal, compressed charcoal, and powdered charcoal.

A technique using the blackish residue of impure carbon obtained by removing water from animal and vegetation substances is called a charcoal. Vine charcoal is created by burning sticks of wood into soft, medium, and hard consistencies. Compressed charcoal is charcoal powder mixed with gum binder compressed into round or square sticks. The amount of binder determines the hardness of the stick. Powdered charcoal is charcoal powder in its raw form, and is often used to "tone" or cover large sections of a drawing surface.

List two examples of dry media, two examples of liquid media, and two examples of mixed media from the lesson.

An example of dry media is chalk. Now dry media are usually natural or synthetic minerals or things the ground up into a powdered form or compressed. Another example of dry media is a pencil. It could also be pastel or silverpoint. Silverpoint can be used in drawings or sketches. So some examples of dry media, an important one is charcoal things like this. This is a compressed charcoal block. Now this is a medium that has been around for a long time. People even use this to create cave paintings. They tend to be less expensive than liquid media counterparts and so forth. Two examples of liquid media are ink and paint. Ink was widely used in East Asia. Two examples of mixed media are vellum and encaustic.

Define the following terms: - crayon manner - pastel manner - chalk

Another instance of drawing is what's called a pastel and crayon manner. Crayon manner is defined as a printmaking technique from the beginning of the 18th Century used for the reproduction of red or brown chalk drawings. Pastel manner is a printmaking technique born from crayon manner that imitates the appearance of chalk lines. Chalk is a soft, calcium based medium made from pulverized minerals and fossilized shells mixed with gum or resin. Crayon manner and pastel manner are very similar printmaking techniques. It essentially involves creating a duplicate drawing on the surface, sort of carving in the areas where values in the drawing existed, and then filling that with ink, and then pressing a page on top of this and sort of letting the page pick up that ink.

Explain how oil paint is made. What is the vehicle?

Another type of paint media, on the other hand, is what's called oil paint. Now oils contain pigments that are suspended in a slowdrying oil base. Basically, when you buy an oil base, it's going to have oil and the binder, and then you're adding that to the oil medium to help apply it to the surface. Now oil dries very slowly and it can be very difficult to work with, but the slow drying allows you to mix things while they're on the canvas and so forth. So you can create some special effects that way. Oil, however, has the advantage of being very long lasting. It wears very well and it also has very bright vibrant colors. Because of this, we can look at paintings like this one by Mary Cassatt from almost 100 years ago and it still looks just as a bright and vibrant as it did the day that she painted it. Oil painting is a medium in which pigments are held together using oils, usually linseed oil. The vehicle is the oil used.

What drawing technique is each the artworks below an example of? How is the medium made that is used for each technique? Picture 1: Picture 2:

Charcoal is a soft, calcium based medium made from pulverized minerals and fossilized shells mixed with gum or resin. This drawing is an example of vine charcoal. Vine charcoal is is made by sort of burning down plant material into a charcoal substance. Bamboo charcoal is one example of this sort of charcoal. The medium used to create vine charcoal drawings is made by burning plant material, such as bamboo, into different consistencies. This is a chalk drawing. Chalk is a soft calcium based drawing medium made from ground minerals and fossilized shells that are mixed with a gum or resin. Now, chalk, like pastel or crayon, can come in a variety of colors. Because of the materials that it contains, it has a nice, soft finish when it's done. And it can have nice contrasty appearance.

Which artist invented the collage art form, and in what year? What are artists doing, or what principle are they following, when they create a collage?

Collage has been used for many years, but was officially reinvented as a form of art by Pablo Picasso in 1912. Artwork arranged from cut out or torn material pasted onto a surface called a collage. Means "to glue" in French. It's basically an arrangement of cutout materials that have been glued on to a ground surface. The thing to keep in mind when you're creating collage is that it's not like drawing, where you're sort of creating forms from nothing. But rather you're taking things that already exist somewhere else. And the art is in how you arrange these objects on the finished piece. Artists follow the principles of the Dada Movement. The Dada movement was important for collages. And the idea behind this movement was that pieces of art were supposed to be sort of nonsensical or confusing. And so collage was the perfect vehicle for Hoch to express these ideas. Because as you can see, she's collected a variety of very disparate images and created a very interesting arrangement of these images on the page. The thing to keep in mind when you're creating collage is that it's not like drawing, where you're sort of creating forms from nothing. But rather you're taking things that already exist somewhere else.

Define the following terms: - pigment - vehicle - binder

Ground up solids that contain color the color in paint is called pigment. Something like cadmium, or ochre, or burnt umber, or whatever. These can be a natural substance or synthetic substance that's meant to emulate the natural pigment. Vehicle is defined as adjusts the viscosity of the paint. Binder is the liquid substance used in paint and other media to bind particles of pigment together. These are the three main components of painting media. Now the vehicle or binder is the liquid in which the pigment is suspended that helps us supply the pigment to the ground. Now sometimes the vehicle and the binder are the same thing and sometimes they're different.

How is collage unique to other forms of art?

Collage is defined as an artwork arranged from cut out or torn material pasted onto a surface. It means "to glue" in French. Romare Bearden was highly recognized for his narrative collages. Collage is one of the methods of arranging visual elements on a flat surface. This was an art form that is relatively new and was, in fact, invented by Pablo Picasso in 1912. The example that you see here to the right is by Hannah Hoch and is called Cut With the Kitchen Knife. It is unique because it comes from an artistic movement called the Dada movement. And the idea behind this movement was that pieces of art were supposed to be sort of nonsensical or confusing. And so collage was the perfect vehicle for Hoch to express these ideas. Because as you can see, she's collected a variety of very disparate images and created a very interesting arrangement of these images on the page. The thing to keep in mind when you're creating collage is that it's not like drawing, where you're sort of creating forms from nothing. But rather you're taking things that already exist somewhere else. And the art is in how you arrange these objects on the finished piece. With collage, you are taking pieces or objects that are already finished, and combining them. The art is in the arrangement, rather than in the creation of the pieces or objects.

What are the two primary functions for drawing?

Drawing can serve a purpose, or can exist as works of art in their own right. Drawings may be preparation for a more durable, complex work such as a painting or sculpture. As works of art, they can be illustrations for a text, a cartoon, a book, or a myth, or they can be pieces of art to be presented. Now, drawings can serve a purpose, like to be a sketch or be a study or something like that. They could be the works of art themselves. You've probably seen drawings of portraits, people's faces, or animals or landscapes or whatever. An example of important drawings are from Pablo Picasso. The painting on the right is called Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. And on the left, what you see is sort of a preparatory sketch that Picasso made before he began the painting. The idea was he wanted to sort of figure out what the different forms might look like. Now, if we look at this, you can see some of the different things that he did when he moved from the sketch to the finished drawing.

Why was drawing so important early on in history?

Drawing was one of the only ways to capture life and people before the invention of cameras and the development of photography. Drawing was also very influencial in religions, monarchs, or cultures. And so that's sort of naturally why it developed and why it's been so popular and why it's been around for so long. Now, drawings are created on a surface which is referred to as the ground. This is a term that you'll hear a lot, because different types of ground can produce different effects.

Explain how fresco paintings are created. What are advantages and/or disadvantages of fresco?

Fresco paintings are created by combining color pigments with water and then applying the substance to a plaster support, usually a wall or a ceiling. There are many beautiful examples of fresco art, however they are difficult to plan and create because the plaster dries quickly. Fresco is defined as where pigments are mixed with water and then applied to a plaster support, usually a wall or a ceiling. A disadvantage of fresco is that is very difficult and there is a time constraint. This has been around for thousands of years. This is a painting that typically existed on walls where they would actually mix the pigments in with wet plaster while it was drying on the surface. So when you think about a wall when you finish it and you apply plaster to it, you have this wet plaster and you're mixing the pigments in so that the painting becomes part of the wall while it's being built. The part of the problem with this, is that these are very difficult to plan because you have to work very quickly because the plaster will dry if you don't do it. So a lot of times, artists would create a cartoon drawing, is what they would call it, on the wall before they start. So they have an idea of the arrangement of all of the figures and shapes, so that while the plaster's drying they can quickly start working in different sections. And then, once that section is finished, move onto another section. So they finish the wall in parts. It can be very advantageous because you don't need a canvas. You could also have a very broad surface to work with and space to display your work.

Explain how gouache is created. How does the paint used for gouache usually come and what must be added to it before it is used?

Gouache is a type of watercolor in which white pigment is added, creating a duller effect and a tinted feel with a smooth finish. The paint usually comes in tubes, with which the artist must add the vehicle (water). A type of watercolor in which white pigment is added creating a duller effect, and a tinted feel is called gouache. Gouache tends to dry a different value then when it is wet. Gouache is usually going to come in little tubes like this and it already has all of the pigment and binder mixed in but you're going to add water yourself; the vehicle to this. And this is similar to watercolor but the paints have had some white pigments added to them. This can give it a very washed out or tinted feel.

How would you define human anatomy? Why is human anatomy important to art?

Human anatomy is the human body structure, including all its bones, muscles, and organs. In order to create accurate artworks of human subjects, an artist must understand how the body works and consider all parts of it. Human anatomy's importance in art can be seen in Leonardo Da Vinci's art. He studied human anatomy in detail through his drawings in order to better understand how the human body worked, and to improve the accuracy of the anatomy in his finished pieces. This is just one of the many functional purposes of drawing that exist outside of creating pieces of artwork that we'll be discussing as we move forward in this lesson with the following objectives.

Picture 1: Picture 2: Look at the two drawings above. Describe the techniques used by each artist in each drawing.

In the first piece of art, the artist has used broad, striking strokes to create the hair, ensuring lost of dark values. To create the softness, shading, and flow of the face, the artist has used softer lines and incorporated blending techniques. The artist that created the second silverpoint drawing used light pressure to create subtle forms, while still using a degree of shading and shadowing. This artist however chose to make the values of the entire piece much lighter. These two pieces are examples of silverpoint art.

What is liquid media? What are the advantages and disadvantages of liquid media?

Liquid media is defined as the use of a material in liquid form. Media is defined as a way in which an artist creates a work of art. Now liquid media is to sort of any medium that exists in a liquid form. Now advantages to this is that it tends to be more durable. It holds up better over time. You can't really smudge it. And it has better archival qualities. It's also much more vibrant. If you think about a painting, you can have really bright colors in it. Now the disadvantages, though, are the liquid media tend to be very expensive, especially in comparison to dry media. They are also more complex. They're more difficult to work with. Things like oil paints are much harder to work with than something like charcoal, for example.

Define the following terms: - registration - press - keyblock

Making a copy of an image using a printing plate, a press, and a piece of paper is called print. Works printed from a single plate are called an edition. Registration is a method of correlating color separation so that the colors line up correctly. Registration involves being very precise in measurement. Press is a device used to transfer an image. The printing press was first developed in Germany in 1439 by Johann Gutenberg. Keyblock is a printing block that is used to create a black outline before the color is added, and usually has the most detail. The key block image is the first step in the printing process.

What is dry media? What are the advantages and disadvantages of using dry media?

Media is a way in which an artist creates a work of art. Dry media consists of natural or synthetic mineral or plant substances that deposit crystalline or splinterlike fragments in the paper fibers. An advantage to dry media is that it can be easily erased to make corrections. A disadvantage is that smudges can be easily made, which can make a piece appear messy and unprofessional. The material of a work of art is called the medium. Now dry media are usually natural or synthetic minerals or things the ground up into a powdered form or compressed. And then we deposit those on the ground. So this can be things like pencil or chalk or pastel and so forth. So the advantages to this is that you're usually able to erase and correct these very easily. They tend to be less expensive than liquid media counterparts and so forth. A disadvantage, however, is that they can usually smudge. Unless you somehow mat or frame a drawing for instance if you run your finger over it, the oils in your fingers will smudge that drawing on the page. So they don't really have what are called archival qualities.

What is the medium of a work of art?

Medium is the material of a work of art. Medium is the art material that is used in a work of art such as clay, paint or pencil. Describing more then one art medium is referred to as media. In painting, medium can also refer to any substance added to color to facilitate application or to achieve a desired effect. So one medium can be sculpture. And a subset of that we could have stone sculpture or clay sculpture. Just to specify what is the material that the artist is using to create the piece. Other media can include paint or pencil or spray paint even, perhaps. So when we're talking about multiples of this one or more medium, we use the word media. So in painting the word medium also has another meaning. It's the substance that's added to a color that helps achieve a desired affect or helps it adhere to the surface on which it is painted.

How are mosaics, like the one shown above, created? Look at the mosaic closely. How did the artist create this mosaic? Where are mosaics usually used?

Mosaics are images made by arranging stones or tiles and embedded with a filler to connect colored shapes. This mosaic was created using dark blue tiles as the background, and then placing a variety of white tiles with other dark tiles of various colors and shades to create the images and patterns. Mosaics are usually used for floors, ceilings, or wall surfaces. Mosaics date back to the 4th Century BC where they were used to decorate Hellenistic and Roman villas. But what it does have is some of the oldest examples of Byzantine mosaics that we know of. So this is an instance of something that we would consider to be a very beautiful work of fine art that may not fall within our conventional understanding of what fine art is. This would be one of the things that we're looking at as we move forward in this lesson with the following objectives. Mosaics are usually used in things like floors or ceilings or wall surfaces. And they're similar to collages in as much that they are an arrangement of shapes. We're not actually carving out shapes necessarily, but we're finding things that fit and make the forms that we want. And the art is in how we choose to arrange these. Whether it's to make a pattern or to make figures, like we can see here. The artist created this mosaic using smaller colored stones. He used diamond shaped to border the mosaic. The blue background of the inner part of the mosaic are rectangular shapes. These blue and indigo shapes are alternated to create a contrast in the background. The little people were created with a mix of brown and tan stones cut into those types of shapes.

Forms of art depend upon _____________________ a. the message the artist wants to convey and the culture. b. the artist's tastes and the message the artist wants to convey. c. current trends and available materials. d. the money the artist can get from pieces sold.

NOT A

Traditionally, stained glass was ___________________ a. found in Gothic Cathedrals in Western Europe. b. used to create ceilings and walls in Eastern European Protestant churches. c. arranged with broken pieces of glass imported into Europe. d. used to bring light to important government structures in Western Europe.

a. found in Gothic Cathedrals in Western Europe.

Why is painting more often associated with art than any other media? What type of painting do you find most interesting? Why?

Painting is one of the oldest forms of art. It is long lasting, and often very eye catching with the artists' usage of color and details. We also tend to see painting in museums and other public centers, more than any other type of art. Paint is also a liquid media that has the archival element that makes it last for years, centuries even. There are many types of paintings I find interesting. I especially like frescos and oil paintings. I like oil paintings because usually they look very realistic. I like frescos because I like Michelangelo's fresco "The Creation of Adam."

Answer the following questions about pencil drawing: - When were pencils first used? - What is graphite? - What is an HB pencil? - What happens when the H# is increased?

Pencils have been used since the 16th century. Graphite is a mix of carbon and clay that is combined by being heated in an oven. An HB pencil is the basic pencil most people use for everyday tasks. When the H# is increased, there is less clay. This makes the texture harder and creates a very light sketch. A pencil is defined as a technique used since the 16th Century involving a stick filled with either colored or black graphite, a heated mixture of carbon and clay. Most artists begin with a pencil to sketch their ideas on paper.

Name the artist that created the two pieces of artwork. Explain why the two pieces are similar, the order in which they were created, and the purpose of each.

Picasso created the two pieces of artwork. The pieces of artwork are similar, because the picture on the left is a sketch for the completed work of art shown on the right, Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. Picasso drew the image on the left first, preparing a strong visual concept before beginning work on the final version. By creating sketches, artists can sort out ideas and vary the arrangement of visual art elements and design principles, allowing adjustments to be made before beginning a final piece. Also, drawing is a relatively inexpensive form of art, so it can be beneficial for the artist to work out details in a sketch before beginning a final piece, which usually requires much more expensive materials.

Picture 1: Picture 2: What method was used to create each image above? Compare and Contrast the two examples above. Provide at least 3 observations.

Picture 1 is an example of a linocut. Picture 2 is an example of a wood engraving. Observations may vary, but could include the following: Picture 1 has a lot of dark values, bold lines, and nondetailed images. With picture 1, there is either black or white, and the values are created by the thickness of the lines. With picture 2, the values change based on the detail of the engraving and the amount of ink applied. Picture 2 includes a lot of details and is a realistic portrayal of the subject (owl). The subjects in both pictures are visible and definable. Picture on is of a bull ring, with Spanish matadors and picture 2 is of an owl in a tree. Neither picture uses color.

Picture 1: Picture 2: Determine from the lesson which painting media was used to create each image above. What vehicle and binder were used for each?

Picture 1: It is an example of tempera. The vehicle used is water and the binder is egg yolk. And tempera is very old and it exists by blending egg yolks with water, pigments, and sometimes other materials to help hold them together. It's relatively inexpensive to work with and it dries relatively quickly. Picture 2: It is an example of gouache. The vehicle is water and the binder is gum arabic. You can see that the second painting gives off a watercolor look. And this is similar to watercolor but the paints have had some white pigments added to them. This can give it a very washed out or tinted feel. But it also makes the paints have a nice, smooth finish. Gouache is usually going to come in little tubes like this and it already has all of the pigment and binder mixed in but you're going to add water yourself; the vehicle to this.

How did the use of printmaking change the world of art?

Printmaking allowed pieces of art to be shared with more than just the artist themselves. It allowed art to be reproduced and circulated both quickly and inexpensively. Printmaking allows artists to create multiple copies of their designs in a faster way. Artists like Picasso created linocut. Woodblock has been used for generations in China and later imported to Japan. Some of these are as old as thousands of years ago, but they really became popular in the 14th century and were later imported into Japan. Now, this is essentially where the artists will create what's called a key block, where they're carving away different parts on a block where they want the design to appear. It had changed the world by minimizing the work needed to create art.

Define printmaking. What are the two main types of printmaking? Define both types.

Printmaking is the process of taking a design or image and adding ink to it to make a copy using a printing plate, a press, or a piece of paper. The two types of printmaking are relief printing and intaglio. Relief printing is done by outlining an image on a surface, and then carving along the outline. The artist then applies the raised areas with ink, to be pressed on to a surface. Intaglio is similar, but the ink is added to the grooves, rather than the raised surfaces.

What is silverpoint and when was it first used? What are its advantages and disadvantages?

Silverpoint is a technique that uses a thin silver wire in a stick to create a drawing. It was first used during the 14th and 15th centuries. It can create unique and beautiful pieces of art, but is also difficult to work with and expensive. Silverpoint is a very old technique, older than the pencil. This predated the pencil. And in fact, silverpoint was sort of like a pencil. It basically had a thin metal rod in a wooden stick. So it was like a pencil, but instead of having graphite, it had a little silver piece in it. It was very expensive compared to the pencil. It was also difficult to use because you had to build up the color and darkness. It was much more difficult to work with than a pencil.

Which of the following statements best describes James Audubon's intentions when he painted, Wild Turkey? a. He intended to portray the bird realistically, and yet also show its unique and beautiful qualities. b. He intended to change people's perception of the wild turkey, by showing how beautiful it can be when looked at through an artistic eye. c. He intended to show the gracefulness of a wild turkey in motion. d. He intended to do all of the above through his painting, Wild Turkey.

a. He intended to portray the bird realistically, and yet also show its unique and beautiful qualities.

The artist who painted this piece of modern art focused mainly on __________ and __________. a. balance; design c. symbolism; design b. balance; proportion d. imagery; arrangement

a. balance; design

How is stained glass made? Historically, where was stained glass typically used?

Stained glass is glass that has been colored by metallic salts are pieced together like a collage, and are joined by leading. Now stained glass is created by taking pieces of colored glass and putting what's called leading in between them. And so this leading dries to form sort of a frame inside of the base of structural frame that holds the whole piece together. Now the arrangement of these colored pieces of glass helps create an interesting effect when light enters through a building. These were used typically in a lot of Gothicstyle cathedrals throughout Western Europe. This example here, for instance, comes from the Chartres Cathedral in France. What you can see is how light coming through from behind this creates a very colorful and illuminating impression. And this is what people wanted to experience when they entered these tall church buildings. They wanted the light to enter and create colorful scenes that people could see and understand. Stained glass is made by taking pieces of colored glass and putting leading between them, which dries and form a frame that is connected to a baseframe.

Define the term, technique, and its relation to media. Why is the technique and media used important?

Technique is the way in which an artist creates a work of art, using the media he/she decides to use. The technique and media the artist uses will change the finished results, and the messages and/or feelings it conveys to the viewer. Technique is very important when you want to convey a specific message or feeling. Now another important thing that's worth discussing especially with respect to dry media is what's called technique. Now whereas media refers to the actual supplies that we choose to use, pencil silverpoint, charcoal, pastel, chalk, whatever, technique refers to how we use that material. So if we take a look at these two drawings you can see examples of two very different techniques. In the face on the right, we can tell that the artist used sort of very broad gestural strokes to create things like the hair in the background and then used very soft blending techniques to create the shading on the face. Now on the left, we can see that the artist had a very light hand and wanted to create very subtle rendered forms. And so this is just a matter of how the artist used the tool in question.

How is tempera paint made? Why are there many examples of tempera throughout history?

Tempera is a waterbased painting medium made by blending egg yolks with water, or sometimes other materials such as glue. It is often used to paint frescos and panels, and is popular because it is relatively inexpensive and dries quickly. A water based painting medium made with egg yolk, often used to paint frescos and panels is called tempera. And tempera is very old and it exists by blending egg yolks with water, pigments, and sometimes other materials to help hold them together. It's relatively inexpensive to work with and it dries relatively quickly. And so you see a lot of examples from it in history and maybe even in your own art classes you have access to tempera paint.

Describe the factors that influence the character of the lines in a painting? How?

The factors that influence the character of the lines in painting include both the pressure of the artist's hand and the width of the brush. The amount of pressure the artist uses will determine the amount of paint that gets deposited, and therefore the width of the line. The brush width also changes the size of the line. If the brush is turned so the thick side touches the canvas, then the line will the thick, and it the brush is turned so the thin side touches the canvas, the opposite will occur. An artist could also switch between the thin and thick side while drawing a line, which would make a line that slowly changes size.

List and describe the tools used to make relief prints.

The gouge is a triangular shaped printmaking tool used to produce a rounded line. Graves are also used for scraping out the wood. Another tool used is a knife. Some commonly used types of knives include: hangit (Japanese), mat, palette, and xacto. Leather pads, chalk, and brayers. Lastly, paper and ink is also used. Gouge is a triangular shaped printmaking tool used to produce a rounded line. A printing block that is used to create a black outline before the color is added, and usually has the most detail is a key block. A printing process where the artist cuts away an image from linoleum, a soft synthetic material is a linocut. This print was invented by Pablo Picasso. Essentially, this involves taking a synthetic material called linoleum, which we use a lot of times for things like kitchen floors, and we cut the design out of that and then we'll apply the ink the same way as with a woodblock and then press it on to something. A lot of artists criticize this as not being fine art because they don't feel like it has the same technique and difficulty that things like woodblock are engraving have. However, a lot of modern artists have use this to great effect. A device used to transfer an image is a press which is used to make relief prints. Making a copy of an image using a printing plate, a press, and a piece of paper is print. A method of correlating color separation so that the colors line up correctly is called registration. Registration involves being very precise in measurement. A flat surface with layers of material cut away to create an image is relief printings. Technique in which images are carved on the surface of wooden blocks before being printed on paper is woodblock. Relief printmaking process in which an image is carved onto the surface of a wooden block by cutting away the parts that are not to be printed is woodcut. And we can also see leather pads, chalk, nd important tools here like a palette knife and a brayer, which you would use to actually roll the ink over the surface of the piece of wood after you've made the engraving or carved out the shapes that you want. So let's talk specifically about some of these materials. A gouge, as we've said, this is straight or bent and it produces a rounded line. This lets us carve out part of the wood. Then we have different types of knives, things like Xacto knives, or Mat knives, or hangit knives. And we also have paper and ink, of course. And ink is what we're going to roll onto the woodblock or a piece of linoleum and then we're going to press it onto a piece of paper. And basically the choice of ink, and the color ink, and the type of paper, all influence the finished product.

What is the ground? Why is the choice of ground important? Provide three examples of ground.

The ground is the surface the drawing is created on. The ground chosen by an artist influences the finished result and the ease and success experience while using the medium. Examples of ground could include, wood, paper, canvas, etc. Ground can be something like a piece of wood or a panel, canvas or paper, whatever. In drawing, we're typically using some kind of paper. Now, the choice of ground is important because it can affect how easy it is to work with the medium as well as what the finished result will look like. For instance, a very smooth ground, something like newsprint, is very easy to work with.

Look closely at the image above entitled, Morning View of Nihonbashi. Describe the scene, specifically the composition, line, detail, and color. What type of relief printing is it an example of? Where were its registration points most likely located?

The image is an Asian artwork, specifically a Japanese ukiyoe scene. In the image there are men carrying either some type of cargo in boxes or baskets of food, across a bridge. Most of the men pictured are walking in two rows, in a sort of procession. Houses are visible in the background. Orange, blue, and yellow are the main colors used. There isn't much variation in the width of the lines. The shapes are fairly geometric. The image is framed on either side by what appears to be a gate or fence. This is an example of a woodblock print, also called a woodcut. Its registration points were likely located in the corners of the woodblock.

The surface a drawing is created on is called the ______________. a. ground c. finish b. canvas d. media

a. ground

Name the painting above and its artist. What media was used to create this piece? Why do you think the artist chose to use this media for this piece?

The painting is by Winslow Homer, and is entitled, The Adirondak Guide. It was created using watercolors. Opinion on the artist choice of media (watercolor) will vary, but should be backed with at least one reason for their answer. Pigment that is mixed with arabic and gum, and mostly water before it is applied to the paper is called watercolor. This is an example of a painting media. Watercolor can also be very difficult to work with but for different reasons. Now based on how much water you add to the water color paint, it'll be lighter when you apply it. So you typically have to apply this in layers, where you're applying your lightest watercolor first and then you're applying things that have deeper hues and darker values on top of that. And so because of this, you can't really paint over things. If you paint green down and then you decide you want yellow to go over it, it won't work that way, the same way that something like oil, or acrylics, or tempera might work. However, a finished watercolor piece has a very nice appearance to it.

What does the photograph above show? Describe any known history or information you recall about this structure/piece of art.

The photograph is of a Basilica, specifically the Basilica di San Vitale. It doesn't have any examples of paintings or murals, as we might normally think of when we think of art, but instead it has some of the oldest known examples of Byzantine mosaics, visible on the ceiling and walls. So this is an instance of something that we would consider to be a very beautiful work of fine art that may not fall within our conventional understanding of what fine art is.

Why must the artist choose his/her tools, products, and method carefully? Explain your answer.

The tools, paper, ink, and method of relief printing will influence the final product and the effect it produces. Certain methods/techniques, tools, and products serve different purposes, whether it be detailed, color, design, etc. They choose their tools carefully to fit the mode of the medium that they will work on. They want to make sure that everything that they prepared including the approach, the tools and other factors fit well with what they are going to create. Every relief print needs different types of tools and methods to achieve certain art styles. Linocut is a relief print that needs to use linoleum. Gouges are used only to scrap out the wood and the surface. This tool may only be applied to certain methods. And we can also see leather pads, chalk, and important tools here like a palette knife and a brayer, which you would use to actually roll the ink over the surface of the piece of wood after you've made the engraving or carved out the shapes that you want.

Name the art piece above, its location, and the technique the artist used to create it. What can be observed about this piece and the technique used?

This is a stained glass piece, found in the Chartres Cathedral in France. We can see how light coming through behind creates a colorful and illuminating image. What you can see is how light coming through from behind this creates a very colorful and illuminating impression. And this is what people wanted to experience when they entered these tall church buildings. They wanted the light to enter and create colorful scenes that people could see and understand. These were used typically in a lot of Gothicstyle cathedrals throughout Western Europe. And so this leading dries to form sort of a frame inside of the base of structural frame that holds the whole piece together. Now the arrangement of these colored pieces of glass helps create an interesting effect when light enters through a building.

Name the above art work, its artist, and the technique used to create it. Which artistic movement was this artist and piece a part of? Why is it an example of this artistic movement?

This is an example of a collage called "Cut with the Kitchen Knife Collage". It is by Hannah Hoch. The artist created this piece as an example of the Dada movement. It is an example of Dada because although it is nonsensical, it is still an interesting and engaging display. It comes from an artistic movement called Dada movement. And the idea behind this movement was that pieces of art were supposed to be sort of nonsensical or confusing. And so collage was the perfect vehicle for Hoch to express these ideas. Because as you can see, she's collected a variety of very disparate images and created a very interesting arrangement of these images on the page. The thing to keep in mind when you're creating collage is that it's not like drawing, where you're sort of creating forms from nothing. But rather you're taking things that already exist somewhere else. And the art is in how you arrange these objects on the finished piece.

Name the artist who painted this painting. What medium did the artist choose for this painting? What advantages and disadvantages might the artist have considered before using this medium?

This painting is by Mary Cassat. She chose to use oil paints. When Cassat chose to use oil paints, she most likely considered that oil paints are slow drying which can make them difficult to work with, but can also allow got mixing and blending of colors to created various affects. She also would have considered that oil paints are longlasting and retain their vibrancy over time. Oil is a painting medium where pigments are binded using oils, usually linseed oil. Oil can be hard to work with because it dries very slowly so that is one disadvantage. It can be time consuming if you way to layer on your paint. It can be very is easy to work with because it is easier to blend compared to acrylic paint. Oil paint is also more expensive compared to other painting media.

Look at the piece above. What type of medium was used to create this piece? How were the different values achieved? What makes this medium challenging?

This piece is an example of silverpoint. The values in a silverpoint work are created by using a thin wire that is held by a cylinder shaped holder. The artist must slowly build up scratches overtime, in order to created darker values. The greater the etching or scratching, the darker the value. This medium is challenging because it cannot be erased and it takes a long time. Silverpoint can be tricky. It can be difficult to achieve a darker value. You have to work up the silverpoint to make it darker. Use a lighter hand when you want to achieve a lighter shade.

The liquid substance used in paint and other media to bind particles of pigment together is called the ______________. a. binder c. pigment b. vehicle d. medium

a. binder

Choose the answer to fill in the blank, which best completes the sentence. Choice of medium allows the artist to ________________ a. convey different messages. b. experiment with combining materials to create new media. c. reconnect with old forms of art. d. improve realism in art, particularly with portraits.

a. convey different messages.

Name this piece and its artist. What technique was used to create this piece? What comes to your mind when you look at this piece? How does it make you feel? Do you like this piece? Why/why not?

This piece is by Gaudi, and its entitled "Serpentine Bench". It is a mosaic. It can be found in Guell Park in Barcelona. There are a variety of interesting sculptures like this in this park, because Gaudi was a master of things like colorful mosaic. So get out and look at the world around you, and see if you can't find some examples of fine art that you might not immediately recognize. Images made by arranging stones, or tiles embedded with a filler to connect the colored pieces are called mosaic. These are images that are made by arranging small colored stones or tiles into a surface and filling them together. So you can create colored shapes in this manner. Mosaics are something that have been used throughout time. And in this instance here you can see how the artists have used blue tiles to create a background. And then a variety of white tiles, with darkcolored filler in between them, to create the other shapes. Mosaics are usually used in things like floors or ceilings or wall surfaces. And they're similar to collages in as much that they are an arrangement of shapes. I can see a serpentine in this mosaic. The intricate details remind of those Chinese Dragons you see during Chinese New Year. These details remind me of the mosaic called "Lady in Blue". It has a lot of colors in common. It makes me feel very happy. I like this piece because of its intricacy. I also like it because of its many colors. I also like how the different shades of yellow contrast with the different shades of blue.

Name the piece of art above and its artist. What media did the artist choose for this piece and why?

This piece is by German artist Anselm Keifer, and is entitled, Heath of the Brandenburg March. The artist chose to use a mixed media of oil, acrylic, and shellac, which he painted onto burlap. The artist was coming to grips with his country and its past. He wanted to create a piece that was rough and would convey a message of anguish. He used an array of media. He also utilized the different elements of art. Used the different media he used to create a rough texture to also express the meaning he wanted to convey. Rough texture can create a beautiful chaos and vibe in the piece.

Define the two main types of mixed media and their purpose(s).

Vellum is created by painting on a type of parchment material or on a surface made from the skin of a young calf that has been stretched out. It was particularly used to create illuminated manuscripts, but isn't used much today. Encaustic is created by mixing pigment with hot wax. The artist sculpts the material into place, and can reheat it if it harden and he/she wants to make changes. Now vellum is something that we don't typically use anymore. But it was especially important for creating illuminated manuscripts. This was typically an animal skin that had been stretched out. Encaustic on the other hand, is a type of painting where we mix the paint with wax. And so when we paint this heated wax onto the surface, we're sculpting it into place as well as applying it. So if you think about it, it's sort of like paint that you can paint on and then sort of scoot around to make the shapes that you need to create.

How is watercolor made? How is it applied? What makes watercolor unique?

Watercolor is a mixture of water with gum arabic, which are usually applied to paper. Watercolor is applied in layers, applying the lightest colors first, and then adding the darker colors. Watercolor is unique because it cannot be painted over, such as an artist could if he/she was using oil, tempera, or acrylic. Pigment that is mixed with arabic and gum, and mostly water before it is applied to the paper is called watercolor. However, a finished watercolor piece has a very nice appearance to it. You can see this example here by Winslow Homer, which is called The Adirondack Guide. So you typically have to apply this in layers, where you're applying your lightest watercolor first and then you're applying things that have deeper hues and darker values on top of that. And so because of this, you can't really paint over things. If you paint green down and then you decide you want yellow to go over it, it won't work that way, the same way that something like oil, or acrylics, or tempera might work.

How are mosaics and collages similar? How are they different? List at least two similarities and two differences.

When creating a mosaic or a collage, the artist is combining pieces to created an arrangement, whether it be a specific image, a pattern, or some other desired combination. With both, the art is not in the components, but in the arrangement of the components. They are different however, in that collages tend to be less specific in the types of objects used to create the final piece and the surface it is placed on. Mosaic are most often created with tiles or some type of stone. They are also usually embedded in some type of concrete, rather then using a glue or other adhesive to paste the objects. mosaics are normally a part of floors, ceiling, or walls, rather than portable pieces of art. And they're similar to collages in as much that they are an arrangement of shapes. We're not actually carving out shapes necessarily, but we're finding things that fit and make the forms that we want. nd the art is in how we choose to arrange these. Whether it's to make a pattern or to make figures, like we can see here. They are different because of the materials used. Mosaics use colorfuls stones to create the shapes and figures in the artwork. While in collages, materials are cut out or torn and pasted onto a surface. When creating a mosaic or a collage, the artist is combining pieces to created an arrangement, whether it be a specific image, a pattern, or some other desired combination. With both, the art is not in the components, but in the arrangement of the components. They are different however, in that collages tend to be less specific in the types of objects used to create the final piece and the surface it is placed on. Mosaic are most often created with tiles or some type of stone. They are also usually embedded in some type of concrete, rather then using a glue or other adhesive to paste the objects. mosaics are normally a part of floors, ceiling, or walls, rather than portable pieces of art.

Explain how wood engraving is done, including its primary benefit. Which artist perfected this type of relief printing?

Wood engraving is the process of carving into the hard side of a piece of wood. It is useful if the artist wants to add a lot of fine detail to the image, rather than color for instance. It was perfected by Thomas Bewick. And you can see this example of a barn owl here. And this was particularly popular during the 18th and 19th centuries. Basically, the way that this differs from woodblock printing, is that he's actually using new tools to carve into the hard side of the wood so that he could get very detailed elements in the final engraving. So you can see this example here, just how detailed all the little bark texture and feathers are on this barn owl example. A primary benefit of wood engraving is that it is can be used to create very detailed elements in the final engraving. It is useful if the artist wants to add a lot of fine detail to the image, rather than color for instance.

___________ is a media that consists of natural or synthetic mineral or plant substances that deposit crystalline or splinter-like fragments in the paper fibers. a. Dry media c. Silverpoint b. Ink painting d. Liquid media

a. Dry media

Choose the word to fill in the blank, which best completes the sentence. When we see something that exists in real life, there are many different ways to display imagery and importance using art. What the artist _____________ depends on what he/she wants to communicate. a. emphasizes c. visualizes b. paints d. outlines

a. emphasizes

______________ means to enclose something tightly, such as is done with stones or tiles, and a filler, when creating mosaics. a. Pasting c. Embedding b. Impacted d. Leading

c. Embedding

What is the most common purpose for composition in art? a. It helps the artist create a meaningful experience. b. It provides guidelines for artists, so that their pieces can be understood by the public. c. It provides an understanding of, and agreement among, all the elements. d. It ensures a realistic, proportional reproduction of a piece of art.

c. It provides an understanding of, and agreement among, all the elements.

Look closely at the image above. Which of the following is not true? a. This is an example of a gouache painting by Joseph Solman. b. As with watercolor, to create this painting, the artist combined water with pigment. However, he/she also added white pigment in order to produce a tinted feel. c. The man in the image is the artist himself. This is easily recognized because the artist painted his back, which is common when artists created self-portraits. d. Although there is a hazy look to the man in the picture, the artist did used definitive, strong lines throughout the piece.

c. The man in the image is the artist himself. This is easily recognized because the artist painted his back, which is common when artists created self-portraits.

Art is often controversial because __________________ a. artists use the elements of art in creative ways, which often offend the public. b. art is almost always based on religious beliefs or cultural circumstances. c. artists and observers have varying ideas of what art is. d. art is no longer a respected profession.

c. artists and observers have varying ideas of what art is.

The image above, entitled, Self-Portrait with Two Pupils, is an example of an artist's use of ____________. a. encaustic c. liquid media b. mixed media d. artistic tools

c. liquid media

The piece of art above is an example of a ___________. a. collage c. mosaic b. stained glass d. structure

c. mosaic

This drawing by Pablo Picasso is an example of a _________________. a. silverpoint c. sketch b. charcoal d. print

c. sketch

For which painting media is egg yolk combined with water? a. gouache c. tempera b. watercolor d. fresco

c. tempera

In French, the word collage means _______, according to the information presented in the lecture. a. to combine c. to glue b. to hold d. to arrange

c. to glue

The court case Constantin Brancusi v. United States determined that ____________ was a piece of art, and not a kitchen utensil as U.S. customs believed it to be. a. Wild Turkey c. Pigeon Stance b. Birds in Flight d. Bird in Space

d. Bird in Space

________________ is a printmaking technique from the beginning of the 18th Century used for the reproduction of red or brown chalk drawings. a. Chalk c. Charcoal b. Pencil d. Crayon

d. Crayon

Which of the following is true of mixed media? a. Mixed media is the use of one medium in a work of art. b. A disadvantage to using mixed media is its cost and the limitations it places on creativity. c. Mixed media is the a relatively new technique in the art world. d. One form of mixed media was commonly used to create illuminated manuscripts.

d. One form of mixed media was commonly used to create illuminated manuscripts.

The main purpose of artists studying the human body is to ________________ a. understand its parts and functions, so they can more accurately portray it. b. create images for medical journals and textbooks. c. improve the movement and rhythm of art scenes in which people are moving or performing an activity, creating more life-like images. d. accomplish all of the above, depending on the purpose of a drawing.

d. accomplish all of the above, depending on the purpose of a drawing.

The purpose of using stained glass in many cathedrals was to _________________ a. offer an image for people to focus on during worship. b. bring light to the cathedral, while conveying religious messages and stories. c. produce colorful images of figures and stories that could be easily understood d. accomplish all of the above.

d. accomplish all of the above.

Painting is commonly thought of as synonymous with art because _____________ a. we see many examples of it in everyday life and in museums. b. many are eye-catching with the use of vibrant colors and details. c. painting is long-lasting, so there are many example from the past. d. all of the above are true.

d. all of the above are true.

Brancusi's well-known sculpture of a bird was intended to ____________ a. display the physical qualities of a bird.. b. emphasize the relative size of birds to humans. c. show the calming attributes of birds. d. emphasize the graceful qualities of a bird.

d. emphasize the graceful qualities of a bird.

To create watercolor, water is mixed with ____________. a. white pigment c. egg yolks b. plaster d. gum arabic

d. gum arabic

Mosaics are __________________ a. images made with glass that has been colored by metallic salts are pieced together like a collage, and are joined by leading. b. images made by arranging colored pieces on a flat surface, which are held using leading. c. artwork created by arranging cut out or torn material pasted onto a surface. Means "to glue" in French. d. images made by arranging stones or tiles that are then embedded with a filler to connect the colored pieces.

d. images made by arranging stones or tiles that are then embedded with a filler to connect the colored pieces.

The metal that is used to hold stained glass pieces together is called __________. a. cement c. paste b. framing d. leading

d. leading

____________ works of art are created on frosted parchment-like material or surface, which can be made from young calf skin that is stretched out. a. Encaustic c. Silverpoint b. Ink d. Vellum

d. Vellum