ART114F Midterm-Final

Early Sunday Morning Edward Hopper (1930)

not a specific painter, darker side of American urban culture with a coolness and detachment -vision extends beyond the city into small-town American life. - interested in theater and cinema. - emphasis on light and time of day as a conveyor of mood -raming off center views which function as story boards Hopper does not fit into any stylistic category as a painter- student of Robert Henri

Regionalism

painting of Midwestern scenes or small town subjects that gave the farmer a sense of pride, American Scene Painters Many Midwestern artists, who had previously felt meaningful culture lay on the East coast, began looking at their own backgrounds and communities for worthy subjects to represent. The painting of Midwestern scenes or small town subjects that gave the farmer a sense of pride came to be known as Regionalism. The majority of FAP works were by Regionalists who looked toward the country as opposed to the city for inspiration. The ballad of the jealous lover of lone green valley, Thomas Benton

The Theater of Memory Bill Viola(1985)

"Duration is to consciousness as light is to the eye." - For Viola, video mimics the mind, the process of thought, not the eye or the ability to see. -His works become installations and include objects as well as video that capture a stream of consciousness. - interested in inner life, themes of birth, death, human relations, and the role of the individual are recurring motifs. -in his work "The Greeting" , you see three stills from a video loop that would be projected onto one wall in a gallery. - 45 second encounter slowed down to 10 minutes so that every subtle action and reaction of the individuals involved is recorded.- inspiration for this composition came from a postcard of a Renaissance painting that Viola had hanging on his studio wall. VIDEO ART

My Bed Tracey Emin (1988).

(b.1965) conceptual artist who uses photography, sculpture, performance (blurs line between public and private) art is revealing( makes the deeply personal public), parallels the rise in popularity of reality TV. - among four artists nominated for the prestigious Turner Prize 1991 , My Bed attracted the most media attention. -displayed her actual bed ( with unmade dirty sheets and underwear, KY Jelly, and a carton of Marlboro cigarettes) She lost and on live TV drunkenly stormed off the stage, adding to her rebellious and undignified reputation as an artist who lacks boundaries. -burst onto the scene with personal art work -had 102 names of all the people she ever slept w inside of a tent. On the floor , "With Myself, Always Myself, Never Forgetting." - destroyed in a 2004 warehouse fire along with two other works by Emin and over 100 pieces from the Charles Saatchi Collection. YOUNG BRITISH ARTIST

Color Field Painting

(sub-group Abstract Expressionist) a style of abstract painting characterized by simple shapes and monochromatic color-abstract color to make a statement. -were interested not in forms or gestural textures, but the lyrical and atmospheric effects of vast expanses of color. (Rothko, Newman, and Gottlieb) Vir Heroicus Sublimus Barnett Newman untitled (number 5068..49) Mark Rothko (1949)

Untitled (Portrait of Ross in L.A.) Felix Gonzalez-Torres (1991)

- Cuban-born artist and AIDS activist ( died of AIDS, 1996) -artwork is conceptual, theatrical engages the viewer. "I tend to think of myself as a theater director who is trying to convey some ideas by reinterpreting the notion of the division of roles; author, public, and director." -memorial to lover who died of AIDS in 1991.-glistening candy in bright colored wrappers was equal to Ross's body weight at the time. Viewers were encouraged to take a candy reflecting Ross's deterioration and loss of weight, however each day the candy was replenished so that the process could begin again. When Ross died, Gonzalez-Torres turned a photograph of their empty double bed into a poster that was shown on 24 billboards throughout New York. AIDS EPIDEMIC

Arte Povera (1962-1972) Poor art

- coined by art critic and curator Germano Celant in 1967 for a group of Italian artists. The late 1960s was a period of social upheaval in Italy with corruption and inefficiency catering to big business and Catholic Mores. The 1968 Workers Revolution, which began with students, unsettled the poor and there was a massive migration North. These artists who saw themselves as workers began to use simple, humble materials to counter the capitalist trend toward commodification. They attacked the values of established institutions, questioned whether art as a private expression still had an ethical reason to exist, and promoted a revolutionary art free from convention and the marketplace. Artists Shit, Piero Manzoni (1961)

Germany's Spiritual Heros, Anselm Keifer (1973)

- controversial when it was exhibited in the German Pavilion at the 1980 Venice Biennale-fearing that Nazi notions were re-emerging in West Germany, others believing that Kiefer was provoking a long-due confrontation with history. .-Unlike the experimental, abstract art that had prevailed after the war, this painting reflected the conventions of Nazi architecture and aesthetics: the large, empty, high- roofed structure, the flickering torches, and the inscribed names of German cultural figures all evoked the values of the Third Reich. - building recalls Valhalla, the mythical place of gods and heroes, as well as German concentration camps, but in actuality the space is modeled on Kiefer's former studio in a rural school house. -13 names written on the floor ) ie composer Richard Wagner, artists Joseph Beuys and Caspar David Friedrich, Holy Roman Emperor Friedrich II, Austrian writer Robert Musil, and medieval female mystic Mechthild von Magdeburg.) German painter and sculptor NEOEXPRESSIONISMk

performance art

- emerges along with Conceptualism in the 1960s. - use their own bodies as their medium to interact with the audience and in so doing remove art from the traditional museum or gallery setting, which challenges art's function as a commodity Cut Piece Yoko Ono (1964)

TV Bra for Living Sculpture, Nam Paik (1975)

- trained as a classical pianist and a composer of electronic music - collaborated with Charlotte Moorman, a classical cellist. As the tones changed during the performance so too did the images on the TV screens. "boob tube." - group exhibition "TV as a Creative Medium" in New York -Korean American"the father of video art," VIDEO ART

The Dinner Party , Judy Chicago (1979)

- with400 volunteers spent 5 years researching women throughout history and creating needlework runners and painted porcelain plates that honor 39 notable women along with 999 others whose names are written on the center tiles. - referenced Leonardo's Last Supper, art history's best known dinner party, by using 13 place settings on each side that form a triangle as a symbol of equality. - large-scale installation was first shown publicly in 1979 critics "nothing but vaginas on plates." -no permanent home for the piece, offered it to the University of the District of Columbia in 1990 where it sparked a major debate. Ultimately, the debate centered on whether a large enough space could be renovated to house the piece and because D.C. lacks statehood that budgetary decision had to be made in the House of Representatives. With the conservative newspaper the Washington Times running a virtual smear campaign many representatives who had never seen the work firsthand were swayed to believe that the piece was pornographic. Representative Robert Dornan called it "ceramic 3-D pornography," and California Republican Dana Rohrabacher called it "a spectacle of weird art, weird sexual art at that." Due to the politically charged environment and the lack of support in the House of Representatives, the work could not be accepted by UDC. -found a home in 2002 given as a gift by a museum trustee to the Brooklyn Museum of Art despite being threatened with the termination of city support by Mayor Rudolph Giuliani, who was offended by a painting shown there. In the Spring of 2007, The Dinner Party was placed on long-term exhibition in the museum's Elizabeth A. Sackler Center for Feminist Art. FEMINISM

The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living Damien Hirst, (1991)

-(b. 1965) overnight sensation with a great deal of criticism. (shocking and controversial art) - artist, curator, producer of commercial music videos, and opened a restaurant. -interest in decay, life, and death, blends the styles of Minimalism and Pop art. - has art -For the Love of God is a platinum cast of an 18th C. human skull covered with 8,601 diamonds (1,106.18 carats) with original human teeth. The piece cost $20 million to make and reportedly sold for close to $100 million.- joins a long tradition of Vanitas paintings, which include symbols that remind the viewer of their mortality and of the fleeting nature of worldly possessions. Cut flowers, a clock, a pocket watch, an hourglass, or skull are common reminders of death (also called a memento mori) and can be seen in Dutch artist Pieter Claesz' Vanitas Still Life, 1625 YOUNG BRITISH ARTIST

art informel

-Nongeometric, nonnaturalistic, formal preoccupations -Spontaneity, looseness of form, tends toward the gestural and expressive -Abstract Expressionism is often considered its American equivalent -Interest in the irrational umbrella term that encompassed an array of styles and artists who,, were not interested in movements but "in something much rarer, authentic Individuals.(European) -

untitled film still #35, Cindy Sherman (1979)

-photographs herself in costumes and situations inspired by pornography, advertising, film, and art history. -Rooted in Conceptualism, address questions of female identity and representation. - small, black-and-white, untitled film stills capture different female "types" in the film noir style of the 1940s and 1950s-her staged photographs are uncannily familiar because they seem to tap into a subconscious image bank that we all share. "The work is what it is and hopefully it's seen as feminist work, or feminist- advised work...But I'm not going to go around espousing theoretical bullshit about feminist stuff." "I am trying to make other people recognize something of themselves rather than me." -also created a series of History Portraits in which she disguises herself in a variety of costumes-among them those of a noblewoman, various mythological heroes, and a Madonna. (inspired by French and Italian old master paintings,) FEMINISM, MALE GAZE,

The Gate, Hans Hoffman (1960)

-preached strict formalism-attempted to show color as space, creating devices that affirm the flatness of the surface. - taught "push and pull," which noted that warm colors come forward while cool colors recede, interested in the construct of the pictorial surface based in Cubism- German, but lived and studied in Paris between 1903-14. In 1915, he opened a school in Munich, but in 1932 moved to the U.S. first to teach at Berkeley, then at New York's Art Students League, and finally at his own Hans Hoffman School of Fine Arts in New York.

The Forest (composition with seven figures and one head), Alberto Giacometti (1950)

-surrealist but then left, product of his experience, figures seem isolated, was from postwar ww2, rejected deep interpretations but they do fit a Swiss sculptor, painter, draftsman and printmaker.

The Advantages of Being a Woman Artist, Guerilla Girl (1988)

-working artists, founded in 1984 after the Museum of Modern Art in New York held its "International Survey of Contemporary Art" which included almost no women or minorities., found they got more attention when dressed as gorillas, - this artwrok wit and sarcasm to expose inequities of the art world. Do Women have to be naked? ( 1989_ A 1970 evaluation women = 50% population of working artists- 18% of commercial galleries in New York carried the work of any women at all. Of the 151 artists shown at 1969 Whitney Annual, 8 were women. - appropriated a classic female nude image by Ingres 19th century female nudes in Europe and the U.S. were made for 19th century men. Men were the privileged audience for such pictures, as the viewer's gaze completes the sexual exchange implied in the painting. In feminist theory, the male gaze is the act of depicting women and the world, in the visual arts and in literature, from a masculine, heterosexual perspective that presents and represents women as sexual objects for the pleasure of the male viewer. FEMINISM

Leap into the Void Yves Klein (1960)

NOUVEAU REALSIME part of Rosicrucian society- did judo, patented IKB blue color (international klein blue), its a prank picture -Yves Klein attacked many of the ideas of the art world that underpinned abstract painting, audience participation, and other approaches to making and viewing art. Also, he famously used a single color, the rich shade of ultramarine that he made his own, "International Klein Blue."

Harlem Renaissance (1920s)

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished Inspired The migration of the negro series Jacob Lawrence

psychic automatism

A process of generating imagery through ideas received from the unconscious mind and expressed in an unrestrained manner. ( letting go of reason and ration and embracing subconscious)

Micheal Jackson and Bubbles, Jeff Koons (1988)

American artist (b. 1955) examined (and exploited) art as a commodity, often appropriating images from pop culture or advertising and developing the idea of artist as brand, celebrity and kitsch -created at the height of the pop musician's fame and was based on an autographed photo Koons acquired. The nearly life-size work was then manufactured by porcelain artisans in Italy.life-size porcelain sculpture centerpiece for his 1988 exhibition "Banality. challenges the importance of the artist's touch by employing skilled craftspeople to fabricate appropriated images in traditional sculptural media such as porcelain, wood or stainless steel 1980's ART STARDOM

Surrealism

An artistic movement that displayed vivid dream worlds and fantastic unreal images - Dali, Kahlo, Ernst, Magritte, Oppentheim

Number 1 (lavender painting) James Pollock (1948)

ACTION PAINTING , made use of his intuition and embraced the accident, became an environment rather than something self-contained meant to be viewed. - from Wyoming by way of California and Arizona. He studied with Thomas Hart Benton at the Art Student's League in New York. -The 1939 exhibition of Picasso's work at MoMA was crucial to his development away from figuration toward pure abstraction-less interested in strict formalism and more taken with the Surrealist use of psychic automatism. -1940's paintings s are coarse and somewhat figurative implying a relationship to Picasso but filled with a nervous energy all their own. He begins with legible forms but works to make them more obscure. - "When your painting out of the unconscious, figures are bound to emerge." -During time in the Southwest became interested in Hieroglyphic writing and the ritual of Navajo sand painting, which will be more fully employed in the drip paintings. African sculpture and pre historic art were also inspirational and dealt with archetypal themes. - puts to use Jung's theory of the collective unconscious as a storehouse of ancient myths and universal types in his painting Male and Female.-Pollock's mural for Peggy Guggenheim's apartment is a reminder of his background as a WPA muralist, and his desire to create art "between the easel and the mural.'' (8' x 19' 10")In 1947, -began with the all over paintings and then drip and poured . "Action Paintings-1952, term by Harold Rosenberg art critic - ideas of Freud and Jung (through whose methods he sought therapy) began to pervade Pollock's style. The significance of the process became equal to the end product. -chief artistic adviser was Clement Greenberg whose theories were highly influential upon his art. - further distanced the conscious mind from the hand by removing the intermediary brush between the artist and canvas. - defined as an American Hero—a James Dean-like tragic figure. Life magazine "Jack the Dripper" "the greatest living painter in the U.S."

Artists Shit, Piero Manzoni (1961)

ART POVERA, questions the value of an artist by marketing 90 cans of artist's shit, which were sold for market price equivalent to each can's weight in gold,

Abstract Expressionism

An artistic movement that focused on expressing emotion and feelings through abstract images and colors, lines and shapes, and spontaneity The immigration of European artists to the U.S. during WWII made New York the new center of the avant-garde. Young American artists learned from the Modernists such as Hans Hoffman but yet created an entirely new art form. By the 1940s, Abstract Expressionism had emerged in New York City (New York School) as the dominant art form and the first major avant-garde movement in the U.S. Produced paintings that reflected the emotional state of mind. - inspired by Cubist formalism and Surrealist interest in Freudian psychoanalysis. (Surrealists tapped into the subconscious by with psychic automation (ie the. game such as the Exquisite Corpse that would encourage participants to allow their ideas to flow naturally rather than overthinking them. -interested in Carl Jung/collective unconscious

Running Fence, Christo and Jeanne-Claude (1972-1976)

NOUVEAU REALSME as much about the collaborative process as the finished product. - only installed for two weeks, but 4 years of negotiation with 59 private ranchers, a 45-page environmental impact statement, 18 public hearings and $3.2 million of the artist's own money raised through the sale of drawings, collages, books and films. - film Running Fence (1978 )

Vir Heroicus Sublimis, Barnett Newman, 1950-1951- Latin "Man: heroic and sublime" is massive at 8 feet in height and 18 feet across.

COLOR FIELD THEORY , ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM-painter, active writer and polemic theorist. - early works focus on primal forms taking shape, a theme he relates to religious experience. - represented themes that were mythological or religious in nature, but in a non- representational style. Vir Heroicus Sublimus shows the vertical line or "Zip," which appears as an opening in the picture's surface. These thin painted lines may represent the ultimate abstraction of the individual. Vir Heroics Sublimis,

untitled (number 5068..49) Mark Rothko (1949)

COLOR FIELD THEORY, ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONALIST part of the ten (indep artist group), ancient myths as symbols, forms became color shapes- - a Russian-Jewish immigrant who studied with the legendary, American Modernist Max Weber at the Art Student's League. Through his explorations of Nietzschean philosophy and Jungian psychoanalysis, he began experimenting with universal myths, legends and icons. - large-scale works were intended as a physiological experience and are hung low so that they inhabit the same space as the viewer.

Art History, John Baldessari (1970)

CONCEPTUAL ART about arts going to exhibitions w/ pics of their work, rejected, accepted the second time bc they were historical (hysterical) For John Baldessari's Cremation Project, 1970 he mounted an affidavit giving notice of the cremation of his works of art. Baldessari burned all of his unsold paintings made between 1953-66 and put the ashes in an urn as a work of conceptual art. Baldessari has been highly influential as an artist as well as a teacher

Remembering, Ai Weiwei (2009)

Chinese artists and political activist (b. 1957) - forced to relocate to the U.S. in 1981 by Communist government that suppressed his work. -returned to China in the 1990s, used the internet and social media to express human rights abuses and corruption in China, and has been forced to live in exile in Europe since 2015. - memorializes the children who died as the result of poor government construction of schools in the Sichuan region of China where a magnitude 8.0 earthquake struck in 2008, killing at least 60,000 people. Ai used the brightly covered backpacks to spell out "she lived happily on this earth seven years," a comment made by one grieving parent. As a result of this work, Ai was badly beaten, placed under house arrest, saw his Shanghai studio bulldozed, and spent 81 days in prison. GLOBAL CONTEMPORARY ART

Spiral Jetty (Great Salt Lake, Utah).Robert Smithson. 1970 .

EARTH ART -used a tractor with native stone to create the jetty-reappears and goes away depending on tide - jetties are supposed to be piers, but here it is in the middle of nowhere - the artist was very interested in the blood red color of the water due to the presence of the bacteria that live in the high salt content - the original environment must be fully intact to understand the work fully

Roden Crater James Turrell (1979)- Flagstaff, Arizona

EARTH ART explore how we see light, understand space in front of us, arizona, sometimes its clear, opaque, or a vault extinct cinder cone volcano-spent decades moving tons of dirt and building tunnels and apertures to turn this crater into a massive naked-eye observatory for experiencing celestial phenomena - does not consider himself an earthworks artist

Girl with a White Dog, Lucian Freud (1951-1952)

Freud's portraits are usually of friends or family and have autobiographical content to them. Kitty Garman, Freud's first wife, was the subject of numerous works between 1947-52. This final work of Kitty was painted in their home, with her wedding ring hand prominently placed on the mattress on the floor and the bull terrier, which had been a wedding present, to her right. Shortly after the work was completed the marriage ended.-The Queen's portrait The introspective nature of Freud's work has often been compared to that of Austrian painter Egon Schiele. painted in the Royal Collection's Friary Court picture conservation studio at St James's Palace between May 2000 and December 2001. Freud requested 72 sittings with the Queen wearing her famous diamond diadem in order to complete the work, which he then gave to her (or the Royal Collection) as a gift in 2001.

Synchromism

Method of using pure color in a purely abstract way to convey an emotion or sensation. Their style is very similar to, fellow Parisian painter, Robert Delaunay's method which he called Orphism developed by artists Stanton Macdonald-Wright and Morgan Russell while working in Paris.

Flag, Jasper Johns (1954-1955)

NEO DADA -idea came to in a dream -collage technique -painting of flag vs flag itself due to size -flag encompasses the entire space of the canvas -done in 1954-55 and was one of four works selected for purchase by New York's Museum of Modern Art.- not displayed as era of political conservatism-remained in the collection of MoMA trustee, architect Phillip Johnson, until it was donated to the museum in 1973 -makes palpable the link between art and commerce and the growing appropriation of everyday

Bed Robert Rauschenberg (1955)

NEO-DADA, merged elements of postwar abstract painting with found objects. - one of his first "combines= his mix of 3-dimensional objects or photographs with the painted surface- in this piece he doesnt have a canvas but a bedsheet and quilt which he flung paint in a Pollack manner American painter and graphic artist early works anticipated the pop art movement.known for his "combines" of the 1950s, in which non-traditional materials and objects were employed in various combination

SHE - A Cathedral Niki De Saint Phalle (1966)

NOUVEAU REALSME "Black Venus", collaborated with a sculptor, inside there is exhibition recounting father's sexual abuse- - a giant sculpture, a "cathedral" in the form of a pregnant woman lying on her back, which the audience could enter. -Inside was a aquarium full of goldfish, a two-seated sofa for lovers, a bar, an exhibition with paintings, a small cinema that showed a Greta Garbo movie, a slide for kids-. At the apex of the belly was a peephole where visitors could stick their head out and have an overview of the entire exhibition space -French-American[ sculptor, painter, and filmmaker-known for her social commitment and work.

Package, Christo (1962)

NOUVEAU REALSME christo and wife jeanne claude, lived in satellite nation then left -Bulgarian land and environmental artist, best known as one half of the married artist team -early work-knotted fabric on a wooden shipping pallet. -speaks to Christo's early life. Born in Bulgaria in 1935, he left the communist state as a young man, first for Vienna and Paris, and then for the United States. Package seems to speak of travel done not for pleasure, but for necessity, for freedom.

Cut Piece Yoko Ono (1964) performance art

PERFORMANCE ARTt, clothing cut by audience, wasn't in fluxus but did stuff similar to them, guy cut her strap and showed exploitation of women

Just what is it that makes today's homes so different, so appealing? Richard Hamilton (1956) Collage

POP ART adam and eve of commercialism, images were from contemporary magazines British, where pop art movement starts

Marilyn Monroe, Andy Warhol (1962)

POP ART focus on pop culture worked toward a goal of machine-like art devoid of emotional and social comment in a deadpan, cryptic style --used repetition to deconstruct the power of the individual image.- carefully timed his choice of subject matter, beginning the Marilyn series immediately after her suicide in August, 1962. Through mechanical production and silk screen, this icon of glamour is reduced to a superficial, garishly colored fleeting image -born to a working class Pittsburgh family -first worked as a commercial designer for prestigious firms -thought artist role should parallel a Hollywood celebrity.- all fame is equal and essentially meaningless in a a world of interchangeable images, which left viewers to contemplate the values of contemporary society. - self constructed anti-artist, who said, "if you want to know me look at the surface of my work." "I am a deeply superficial person." - coincided with the 1960s influence from advertisement., critiqued)mass culture, " overexposure to advertising or mass media dulls your senses" .

A Bigger Splash, David Hockney (1967)

POP ART, matisse influence, flat, luxury, used photography to explore, his self-image projected pop art, not so much his actual art

The Figure Five in Gold Charles Demuth (1928)

Precisionism , was interested in the Dada concept of "symbolic portraiture," which he employs for this painting. -a portrait of his friend, the poet, William Carlos Williams. At the top of the painting, part of the name "Bill" is visible, "Carlo" is on top of one of the buildings, and the initials WCW are at the bottom. The title comes from a poem written by Williams called The Great Figure Demuth was from Lancaster, Pennsylvania and sought out American subjects such as signs and buildings

Comedian, Maurizio Cattelan (2019)

Priced at $120,000 two sold on the first day of Art Basel in Miami in December 2019 Self-taught Italian artist (b. 1960) known for provocative and fuuny sculptures and installation -heir of Dada artist Marcel Duchamp and the Italian Arte Povera artists Piero Manzoni (Artist's Shit) -an actual banana duct taped to the wall -attracted media attention when it premiered at Art Basel in Miami. Two sold on the first day of the Art Fair , third was eaten by performance artist David Datuna in his piece Hungry Artist. -The gallery that sold the piece said that Comedian, which must be replaced with a fresh banana every two days, comes with a certificate of authenticity and an installation manual, but acknowledged that the collectors bought less of an object to be put on display and more of an idea. -may point out the absurdity of our consumerist culture of the contemporary art market. GLOBAL CONTEMPORARY ART

The ballad of the jealous lover of lone green valley, Thomas Benton (1934)

REGIONALISM, The Dust Bowl which plagued the Midwest in the 1930s was the result of drought and improper agricultural practice that caused the prairie winds to blow up the layer of top soil, making it impossible to farm.

Guernica, Pablo Picasso (1937)

SURREALISM when the small mountain town of Guernica in Northern Spain was bombed (4/26/1937) by Hitler's army at the request of General Franco. The bombing killed roughly 1,500 people and left the town in flames for several days. Picasso was shocked by the black and white photos of the events and used the same color scheme to express the somberness and newsworthiness of this horror in his mural "painting is not meant to decorate an apt"

Fluxus

The Fluxus artists organized happenings (performance art) Fluxus International movement began in Germany with the aim of upsetting routines-included guerilla theater and concerts of electronic music. - organized happenings in public, that used everyday actions as a source of absurdity, fun, and creativity in which art collided with life. Their Fluxkits available to the public, anyone had the potential to orchestrate a happening

The Blue Room, Suzanne Valadon (1923)

School of Paris,, Les Maudits , self-taught, inspired by impressionists, gave weight to her, self-portrait by a muse to many artists, The pose of Valadon's unconventional woman is like that of many other artists who have depicted the female nude. She painted still lifes, portraits, flowers, and landscapes that are noted for their strong composition and vibrant colors. She was, however, best known for her candid female nudes that depict women's bodies from a woman's perspective.\Her work attracted attention partly because, as a woman painting unidealized nudes, she upset the social norms of the time. -work has been of great interest to feminist art historians especially given her focus on the female form.- candid and awkward, often - her resistance to both academic and avant-garde conventions for representing the female nude

Migrant Mother, Dorothea Lange (1936) photograph Great Depression

She said they had been living on frozen vegetables from the surrounding fields, and from birds that the children killed. She...seemed to know my pictures might help her, and so she helped me, 8 kids, Paul Taylor, an economics professor at Berkeley, who began using her photographs in his reports to Washington on the housing conditions for California's farm workers. Lange's photographs caught the attention of the federal government and she was awarded with a job in the Historical Section of Roosevelt's Resettlement Administration (later the FSA).

The Passion of Saco and Vanzetti, Ben Shahn (1931-1932)

Social Realism, - storyteller and social activist.- leftist and proponent of the rights of the working class poor. Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian-American anarchists. Sacco, a shoemaker, and Vanzetti, a fish peddler, were arrested and charged with the murder of a paymaster and guard in Massachusetts in 1920. -their death sentences based on their ethnicity and political views.

Precisionism (1920s)

Style that is both realistic and abstract. There are smooth surfaces and recognizable subjects but often abstract forms like the prism that seems to overlay The Figure Five in Gold. (Charles Desmuth)

The cliff dwellers George Bellows (1913)

The irony is that the wealthy have absolutely no understanding of the plight of working class immigrants who live in crowded tenement conditions, was in socialist magazine - owned by LACMA, -was also created as a drawing for the socialist magazine The Masses. When it appeared in the magazine, it was accompanied by the caption, "Why don't they all go to the country for vacation?" Such a comment might have been made by one of the more well-to-do New Yorkers riding the streetcar through this lower East Side neighborhood. The irony is that the wealthy have absolutely no understanding of the plight of working-class immigrants who live in crowded tenement conditions. When Bellows titles his work on the right Cliff Dwellers, he is comparing their existence to that of Native Americans.

New York School (Abstract Expressionism)

The style of Abstract Expressionism developed with a group of painters working in New York in the 1940s who are also known as the New York School. These artists called for a new freedom from traditional social and aesthetic values which, in contrast to Social Realism and Regionalism, placed an emphasis on spontaneous personal expression. Abstract Expressionism is considered the first movement in the U.S. to develop independently of European examples, and the first American movement to influence European art, rather than vice-versa.

Carl Jung: Collective Unconscious

neo-Freudian philosopher who developed the theory of the collective unconscious, which is the idea that beneath one's private memories and experiences is a storehouse of feelings and symbolic associations common to all humanity. In his belief, myths and universal archetypes are understood by all people regardless of ethnicity

Pictorialism. (versus Straight Photography)

a movement in photography, which treated the medium of photography as if it were painting, emulating its compositions and manipulating negatives in the darkroom to give a 'painterly' effect, by stieglitz

Straight Photography (vs Pictoralism)

a position that pushed "truth to medium" without any darkroom manipulations of images, by stieglitz

Action Painting

an abstract painting in which the artist drips or splatters paint onto a surface like a canvas in order to create his or her work Number 1 (Lavender Mist), Jackson Pollack1 (1950) ("drip")

Minimalism

an art movement in sculpture and painting that began in the 1950s and emphasized extreme simplification of form and color Tilted Arc, Richard Serra, (1981) post minimalsim

earth art

an art movement in which landscape and the work of art are inextricably linked-American movement that uses the natural landscape to create site-specific structures Roden Crater James Turrell (1979) Spiral Jetty (Great Salt Lake, Utah).Robert Smithson. 1970 .

Pop Art

art based on modern popular culture and the mass media, especially as a critical or ironic comment on traditional fine art values. Just what is it that makes today's homes so different, so appealing? Richard Hamilton (1956) Marilyn Monroe, Andy Warhol (1962) A Bigger Splash, David Hockney (1967)

Clement Greenberg

art critic that promoted abtract expressionism 1940s as art that sprang from a "law of modernism" and evolved into art that was entirely self-referential and liberated from the reality of outside, historical events. - art should concentrate on the "purity" of the act and nature of paint - found a hero in Jackson Pollock. -felt that in great painting from Manet on, "flatness, two-dimensionality, was the only condition painting shared with no other art, and so Modernist painting oriented itself to flatness as it did nothing else." -published an essay in the Partisan Review (1939) titled "Avant-garde and kitsch" "Avant-garde imitates the process of art and kitsch imitates its effects." avant-garde = work of Abstract Expressionists kitsch =figurative, narrative painting now popular in Communist countries. Government officials felt modern art was Communist, Greenberg felt contrary and wrote: The main trouble with avant-garde art and literature, from the point of view of the fascists and Stalinists, is not that they are too critical, but that they are too 'innocent,' that it is too difficult to inject effective propaganda into them, that kitsch is more pliable to this end.

The Store, Claes Oldenburg (1961)

basically is for art that does something besides sit on its ass in a museum, soft-sculpture, space shift to a more gallery setting -opened a store in Manhattan selling his work, circumventing the l practice of selling through a gallery. -an eclectic array of objects- from lady's lingerie to rib eye steak-strangely proportioned- large scale,

Music Pink and Blue, Georgia O'Keeffe, (1919)

born in Wisconsin, first studied at the Art Institute of Chicago- first solo exhibition was the last show held at Stieglitz's Gallery 291 in 1917.- Married to Stieglitz (photographs her >300x). Stieglitz helps propagate the idea that her images, based on close-ups of flowers, were subtle references to female genitalia, she refuted it The title Music Pink and Blue suggests an influence from the Russian painter Vasily Kandinsky who, like Whistler, used titles derived from music. O'Keeffe merged representationalism and abstraction in a way that she asserted was instinctive rather than learned. Never studied in Europe, but seems to have absorbed the principals of European Modernism. Stieglitz viewed her work as the ultimate expression of femininity, declaring when he first saw her drawings, "Finally! A woman on paper." Stieglitz also helped to propagate the idea that her images, based on close-ups of flowers, were subtle references to female genitalia. O'Keeffe refused that interpretation saying, "The things they write sound so strange and far removed from what I feel of myself..." In addition to O'Keefe's denial of the sexualized interpretation of her flower series, she tried to avoid categorization, commenting that "the men liked to put me down as the best woman painter. I think I'm one of the best painters." To avoid misinterpretation of her work, O'Keeffe's later pieces became more figurative and architectural.refuted

Shapolsky et al., Manhattan Real Estate Holdings, A Real-Time Social System (as of May 1, 1971) Hans Hocke

conceptual art to moral art, basically listing the apts., showed that small group of owners were profiting from abject housing units, show was cancelled -artist's best-known and most controversial pieces. -Germany born, worked with the collective Zero early 1960s -using art to comment on—and influence political debate. -was to be part of the artist's solo exhibition at the Guggenheim Museum in the spring of 1971, but the show was cancelled six weeks before its scheduled opening.

Armory Show in New York (1913)

first major show of modern art to US, Ashcan school artists, and the Stieglitz circle was mainly American but European artists dominated In 1913 (ironically, with the Ashcan School artists Robert Henri and Arthur B. Davies), Stieglitz helped organize the International Exhibition of Modern Art at the 69th Regiment Armory in Manhattan (Armory Show) . The exhibition was meant to show the most recent developments in American art, primarily the Ashcan school artists and the Stieglitz circle. Yet despite the fact that three-quarters of the works in the show (1,300 in total) were by Americans, the European works dominated the press. Paintings by the French Impressionists, Post-Impressionists, Fauves, and Cubists received acclaim and the exhibition became a sensation with much criticism on both sides. 75,000 people attended in New York before the exhibition went on tour in Chicago and Boston. Although Stieglitz had shown many of the European Modernists at Gallery 291, this was the first large-scale exposure that Modern art had in the United States.

Social Realism (compare to Realism).

focused on the struggles between the rich and poor, confrontations that generally took place in urban settings, many of he artists had leftist political views. The passion of saco vanzetti, Ben Shahn (had leftist political views)

The migration of the negro series Jacob Lawrence (1941)

inspired by Harlem Renaissance. dynamic cubism, a series of colors and abstract patterns -The subtitle for the first work in the Migration of the Negro series reads, "During the World War there was a Great Migration North by Southern Negroes." Through a series of colors and abstract patterns we see the masses headed to various northern destinations. Jacob Lawrence moved to Harlem in 1927 when he was 10-years -series of 60 panels, -places the viewer above the scene works have captions that explain or aim at educating the audience.

conceptualism

late 1960s, believed that the "artfulness" of art lay in the artist's idea rather than with the final product or expression.-an anti-aesthetic movement inspired by the ideas of Dada and Marcel Duchamp. Art History, John Baldessari

Post Modernism

late 1970,s refer to art that favors inclusion rather than exclusion and contests the dichotomy between good and bad art. Whereas Modernism is a product of the industrial age and a faith in technological progress, Post-Modernism is a product of the electronic age and a capitalist society. Many Post-Modern artists challenge the notion of originality, drawing images from the media or art history and re-presenting them in new juxtapositions.

Laughing Child Robert Henri 1907

part of "The Eight" Ashcan School , beauty of mundane painter, author and teacher. -sought out working class subjects of American cities Henri studied first at the Pennsylvania Academy before moving to the Paris studio of Academic artist, -academically trained, Henri but taken with the work of the French Realist Edouard Manet, the loose brushwork of Spanish painter Diego Velazquez, and the everyday subject matter of 17th century Dutch painters such Frans Hals. Laughing Child was painted in Haarlem, Netherlands, the home of Frans Hals with whom he shared a sympathetic and comical view of humanity. By 1902, Henri had stopped painting urban scenes and focused exclusively on portraits, mostly of young people, which he felt would foster the ideas of progress and democracy. His subjects were working-class children many of whom were new immigrants to New York City. The working class had not been the subject or portraiture in the past, but Henri felt that by painting them others might view them with greater humanity and kindness. Henri asserted the beauty of the mundane in his book The Art Spirit "Art when really understood is the province of every human being. It is simply a question of doing things, anything, well. It is not an outside, extra thing. When the artist is alive in any person, whatever his kind of work may be, he becomes an inventive, searching, daring, self-expressing creature. Henri's ideas caught on with a group of younger like-minded artists "the Eight." -after several works by artists from this circle were rejected by the National Academy, the eight artists held an independent show at the Macbeth Gallery in 1908. Although the artists' work varied stylistically, the show received mixed reviews. The criticism was largely based on their choice of subjects which were drawn from the seedier side of New York life. The Eight and other similar painters were later dubbed the Ashcan School by critics in the 1930s for their depictions of the darker side of urban life and populations that had been overlooked. These painters were the visual equivalent of the literary "muckrakers." After the Eight exhibition, Henri started his own school of art where later artists such as George Bellows and Edward Hopper were students.

Extensialism

people were free and responsible for what they made of themselves and that there was not a higher power to determine one's fate. "Writing poetry after Auschwitz is barbaric" -Theodore Adorno 1949 As a result of the devastation of WWII artists and intellectuals began to explore the philosophy of existentialism as espoused by writers such as Soren Kierkegaard, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Jean-Paul Sartre, Martin Heidegger and Albert Camus. The existentialist argued that people were free and responsible for what they made of themselves and that there was not a higher power to determine one's fate. A sense of anguish and dread was attached to this responsibility. In 1944, Sartre wrote "in a word, man must create his own essence; it is in throwing himself into the world, in suffering it, in struggling with it, that little by little he defines himself."

Nouveau Realisme (New Realism)

refers to an artistic movement founded in 1960 by the art critic Pierre Restany and the painter Yves Klein -set out to prove the death of art's preciousness by considering reality their primary medium. Through a phenomenological reflection about the world around them, they would create works and happenings Leap into the Void Yves Klein (1960) SHE - A Cathedral Niki De Saint Phalle (1966) Package, Christo (1962) Running Fence, Christo and Jeanne-Claude (1972-1976)

Woman, I William de Kooning. (1950-1952)

series was inspired by pretty women in American advertising dismissed by the critics in 1953 for their vulgarity and misogyny -de Kooning was frustrated how paintings kept veering away from their origins-woman were sex symbol and fertility goddess. "the female painted through all the ages; all those idols." Trained in Rotterdam, de Kooning came to the U.S. in 1926 where he worked as a house painter and commercial designer before becoming a full-time artist. He first exhibited in 1948 and his work was quickly acquired by Museum of Modern Art. -worked between abstraction and figuration, saying "Even abstract shapes must have a likeness." The application of paint was not spontaneous but, for Woman I, took 18 months to complete, including scrapping off and reapplying.

Tilted Arc, Richard Serra, (1981)

steel,installed at Federal Plaza, NY Created a divide between pedestrians and the plaza - had to walk around it Following a public debate, s removed in 1989 as the result of a Federal lawsuit and has never been publicly displayed since, in accordance with the artist's wishes- Visual Artist Right Act (VARA) -Minimalist artists considered their audience as moving beings with changing perspectives, not static viewers. post minimalism Tilted Arc could seem like a lyrical curve from some vantage points and an imposing barrier from others.

neo-dada

style of art that melds painterly abstraction with Dada's emphasis on culture and society. unites painterly abstraction with objects from everyday life Johns and Rauschenberg became the link between Abstract Expressionism and Pop Art, by combining the personal, emotive style of Abstract Expressionism with the vernacular subjects of everyday life Flag, Jasper Johns (1954-1955) Bed Robert Rauschenberg (1955)

Portrait of a German Officer, Marsden Hartley, (1914)

symbolic portraiture, eulogy to his lover Karl von Freyburg( initials bottom left) who was a German soldier in WWI. - iron cross represents the prestigious award Von Freyburg received just one day before his death. The number 24 refers to the age at which he died and the 4 is the number of his regiment. The letter E may refer to Hartley's given name Edmund.

art brut

the French artist Jean Dubuffet coined the term Art Brut, or "raw art"; also known as Outsider Art,