Assessment

high stakes testing increases

school drop-out

According to a study sanctioned by the College Board, college student success in the first year can be best predicted by examining:

scores on admissions exams and high school GPA

individual achievement tests are often used as:

screening instruments

Tests that are administered by examinees reading the instructions themselves and then taking the test are _______________ tests.

self-administered

Tom is a counselor conducting an interview as part of his client Henry's clinical assessment. Tom asks a list of standardized, predetermined questions about Henry's family background, about parents, siblings, divorces, grandparents, etc. When Henry answers "yes" to a question regarding a family history of mental disorders, counselor Tom decides to ask Henry additional questions, and they talk about this matter for around 5 minutes. What type of interview strategy is Tom most likely using?

semi-structured

On aptitude and achievement tests, a flat profile indicates:

similar levels of performance in all areas being measured

Universal features of standardized tests:

sound psychometric qualities, nationally representative norm groups, uniform administration & scoring procedures

The Bruininks-Osertsky Test of Motor Proficiency assesses all EXCEPT: fine motor skills manual dexterity balance spatial perception

spatial perception

You are reading about reliability of a test in the test manual and notice that the researchers report using a Spearman-Brown coefficient. You can infer that internal consistency reliability was measured using:

split-half reliability

Z scores, T scores, and deviation IQs are examples of:

standard scores

In a follow-up study, a researcher reported that the correlation is .85. In the initial study, the correlation was .78. This means there is a/an:

stronger correlation between the variables in the follow-up study

Karen is a mental health counseling student who is working on a research project with one of her professors. As part of this research, she is required to interview prospective participants. Karen has a list of fifteen specific questions that she must ask in the same order with each participant. What type of interview is Karen most likely using?

structured

colleges and universities often use these tests to determine advance placement, credits, and admission

subject area tests

individuals' future performance may be predicted using

subject area tests

A researcher is concerned with measuring internal consistency reliability and has decided to use the Kuder-Richardson Formulas with a Likert scale test; this is a problem because the:

test does not have dichotomous test items

Which of the following is most likely to be concerned with using the results of a test to make therapeutic decisions? Test user Test developer Test reviewer Test publisher

test user

You are attempting to account for a time sampling error and decide to administer the test a second time. In discussing reliability, you report this as what method of estimating reliability?

test-retest

Complaints about test use include all:

testing is an invasion of privacy, Tests are gender-biased and use inappropriate language, examples, and illustrations, and Tests are culturally biased; they are unfair and discriminate against minority groups.

Assessment results are of direct interest to:

the clients/examinee

Louis Thurston particularly challenged the notion of:

the general intelligence factor

Denise took an aptitude test that was first taken by a large group of male engineers, on whom the test was standardized. Denise is a nurse. What might be a concern when interpreting her test scores?

the norm group is not relevant

What is the most frequent type of interview used by practicing counselors?

unstructured

Validity coefficients greater than __________ are considered in the very high range.

0.50

The teacher has a small class with only 7 students. The teacher grades their homework and reports scores of: 10, 7, 8, 12, 9, 11, and 13. What is the median?

10

According to William Stern, a child with a mental age of 10 and a chronological age of 10 would have a mental quotient of:

100

The teacher calculates the highest score as being 97 and the lowest score as being 75. What is the range?

22

A T score has a fixed mean of __________ and a fixed standard deviation of __________.

50; 10

If the researcher knows that the mean is 60 and the standard deviation is 6, then the majority of the scores falling between +1 or -1 standard deviation of the mean fall between:

54 and 66

The variance is determined to be 36. What would be the standard deviation?

6

If the reliability coefficient of a test is determined to be .27, what percentage is attributed to random chance or error?

73%

The teacher grades the papers and determines the following set of scores: 90, 85, 87, 85, 92, 90, 83, 85, and 98. What is the mode?

85

The SEM for an achievement test is 2.45. Johnny scores 100 and we assume that 68% of the time his true score falls between + 1 SEM; this means the confidence interval would be between:

97.55-102.45

A student with a specific learning disability is defined as one who may be experiencing difficulties in:

reading comprehension

Which of the following is the best example of a non-standardized test? A multiple-choice test created by a teacher to assess how well his/her students learned the material covered throughout the semester. An intelligence test used to assess for gifted placement in schools. The Graduate Record Exam (GRE) used for admission to graduate school. A well-researched depression inventory (e.g., Beck Anxiety Inventory) used to assess for anxiety in clients.

A multiple-choice test created by a teacher to assess how well his/her students learned the material covered throughout the semester.

Scoring performance assessments typically involve:

A scoring rubric

To purchase a(n) ________________ instrument, a practitioner must have a bachelor's degree in psychology, human services, education, or a related discipline; training or certification relevant to assessment; or practical experience in the use of assessment instruments.

A-level

Which of the following best describes "visuospatial skills?"

Ability to mentally manipulate 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional objects.

All of the following organizations were involved with the preparation of the Code of Fair Testing Practices in Education EXCEPT: American Psychological Association National Association for School Psychologists National Council on Measurement in Education American Association for Counseling and Education

American Association for Counseling and Education

The first group intelligence test used in the United States military service was the:

Army Alpha Test

Which of the following statements is the most accurate? Assessment begins directly after the first face-to-face meeting with a client. Assessment occurs only in the first meeting with a client. Assessment occurs throughout the course of the helping relationship. Assessment is only used to measure progress in treatment.

Assessment occurs throughout the course of the helping relationship.

Allowing the examinee to nod, point or otherwise indicate the answer in a nonverbal manner is an example of good practices for:

Assessment of individuals with communication disorders.

Within the context of writing assessment reports, the use of "understandable language" refers to

Avoiding the use of overly-technical jargon and providing logical explanations of results.

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is considered a(n):

C-level instrument

Grade equivalents are useful because they:

Can easily provide a basis of comparison of a student's performance with other students at a given grade level.

The landmark case of Griggs vs. Duke Power Company in 1971 represents a violation of employees' rights as indicated by Title VII of the:

Civil Rights Act

When assessing individuals with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, all of the following should be completed EXCEPT a: Parent/caregiver interview Client interview Direct observation Cognitive assessment

Cognitive assessment

According to the text, multicultural assessments effectively assess individuals of different multicultural backgrounds. Multicultural assessment can be defined as:

Competencies and standards used to assess individuals from different cultural backgrounds.

All of the following are included in the American Counseling Association's ethical emphasis on assessment EXCEPT: Counselors should use assessment instruments that they are most comfortable using. Prior to assessments, counselors should explain the purpose of testing to the client. Counselors should consider the validity and reliability of the assessment being used. Counselors should be cautious when selecting assessments for culturally diverse populations.

Counselors should use assessment instruments that they are most comfortable using.

A type of standard score with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15 is:

Deviation IQ

The key function of clinical assessment is to:

Diagnose mental disorders.

If examiners study behavior from within a culture, using criteria relative to the internal characteristics of that culture, they are using a(n) _______________ perspective.

Emic

Early interest in measuring intelligence dates back to the late 19th century when _______________ applied Darwin's evolutionary theory to attempt to demonstrate a hereditary basis for intelligence.

Francis Galton

According to early psychometric research, _______________ is the concept that governs performance on all tasks and abilities.

General intelligence factor

Lack of qualifications in assessments can lead to:

Harm to client

A teacher who tailors his/her educational practices in a way that assesses multiple types of intelligence, such as bodily/kinesthetic intelligence, or interpersonal intelligence, is likely to be influenced by the theory of:

Howard Gardener

According to the text, in which section of the assessment report is it particularly important for the assessor to remember that other individuals, such as parents/spouses of the examinee, case managers, attorneys, and even the examinee themselves, may read the report?

Reason for referral

In using the Bender-Gestalt to screen for "emotional indicators," or emotional-behavior problems in children, which of the following pairs is CORRECT?

Second attempt at drawing designs: impulsivity and anxiety.

After a successful feedback session, the client should ultimately be able to:

Incorporate the information into their daily decision making.

In clinical assessment via informal observation, according to the text, the first element of the observation process is the:

Initial handshake between the clinician and client.

How did Philip Vernon's model come to be viewed as a way to reconcile Spearman's and Thurston's theories?

It accounts for both a general intelligence factor and other specific factors.

What is the primary reason the DSM-5 is used to diagnose mental disorders?

It is standardized for use across disciplines and across treatment settings.

Test taker bias may center around all EXCEPT: Reading level Language Cultural differences Level of acculturation

Level of acculturation

_______________ is an assessment method that involves watching and recording the behavior of an individual in a particular environment.

Observation

When assessing individuals with hearing disabilities examiners should do all the following EXCEPT: Avoid visual distractions, especially if the examinee is reading lips. Have more than one assessment approach to measure the construct in question. Assess if individuals with problems speaking or understanding spoken language have a hearing evaluation. Provide all clients with an interpreter to help communicate with the examiner.

Provide all clients with an interpreter to help communicate with the examiner.

These norms are used when comparing the performance of individuals with disabilities to their peers with the same disabling condition:

Special norms

Which type of normalized standard score is widely used in education and categorizes test performance in nine broad units?

Stanines

Rachel presents with the following symptoms: excessive worry, constantly feeing "tense," and sleep disturbances. She further reports smoking marijuana occasionally to help her relax. Which combination of tests would probably be most appropriate as part of Rachel's initial clinical assessment?

Symptom Checklist 90-Revised, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory.

Which of the following statements about feedback sessions is TRUE? -They are scheduled approximately 90 days after the assessment is completed. -The clinician should focus on the examinee's thoughts and feelings about their assessment results. -The examinee should not be present for the session because assessment results can be troubling. -A minor examinee should not participate in the discussion of test results because they are unqualified to interpret assessments.

The clinician should focus on the examinee's thoughts and feelings about their assessment results.

A distinction between Jean Piaget's theory and other theories of intelligence includes an emphasis on:

The development of intellectual abilities in individuals.

Which of the following is true about an unstructured interview? The interview does not follow an agenda. It has strong reliability and validity. It relies on a set of specified questions. The interviewer is free to ask questions about whatever he or she feels is relevant.

The interviewer is free to ask questions about whatever he or she feels is relevant.

Which statement concerning the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale is true? -The FSIQ, VIQ, and NVIQ have composite scores with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 1. -The subtests are organized into five cognitive factors in both the verbal and nonverbal domains. -The test was normed on a small, nonstratified group of individuals. -The test is appropriate for individuals aged 18 and older.

The subtests are organized into five cognitive factors in both the verbal and nonverbal domains.

What is the primary purpose of a structured interview?

To determine whether or not the client meets diagnostic criteria for a specific mental disorder.

Charles Spearman defined intelligence as comprised of:

Two factors, including a general intelligence factor and specific factors.

The first question to ask when evaluating and selecting an assessment instrument is:

What is the purpose of the instrument?

Counselor Karen is communicating negative assessment results to Jill that are potentially damaging to Jill's self-concept. What might Karen need to do in this situation?

Work with Jill on extending her level of acceptance prior to the feedback session.

A student conducting a research study was told by her professor to use a scatterplot in conjunction with calculating the correlation coefficient. She discovered that the data points clustered along a straight line; this means that:

a linear relationship exists among the variables

aptitude tests are assessments used to assess and individual's

ability to perform in future tasks

A test used by a school to measure skills learned over the course of a year would be classified as a(n):

achievement test

Testing began in the United States:

around 100 years ago

Tests that are non-evaluative are most likely to measure an individual's:

attitudes

One important method mandated by IDEA in determining students with learning disabilities in qualifying them for special education is:

response to intervention

In written reports, _______________ is usually addressed in both school and mental health settings with regard to the examinee?

behavioral concerns

The best way for a counselor to familiarize himself/herself with a test is to:

review the procedures and actually take the test

An instrument is considered _______________ if differences in results are attributable to demographic variables (e.g., gender, race, ethnicity, culture, age, language, geographic region, etc.) rather than to the construct being measured.

biased

A test that discriminates against a particular group based on gender, race, ethnicity, or even disability is considered a/an:

biased test

standardized achievement tests are developed to cover

broad content area

When interviewing test takers who had taken an achievement test on three different occasions, participants reported that they had remembered some of the answers from the previous test administration; this is known as:

carryover effect

A researcher wants to measure content-sampling error with a Likert scale test. Which of the following methods would be best?

coefficient alpha

The primary function of feedback sessions is to?

communicate assessment results

The following is an excerpt from Tom's written MSE of a new client: "The client presented as somewhat disheveled and unkempt, but was cooperative and friendly. The client was aware of date, time, and place, and reported no hallucinations or delusions." All of the following MSE categories were noted in this excerpt EXCEPT:

concentration and attention

The tripartite view of validity includes content validity, criterion validity, and:

construct validity

_______________ are concepts, ideas, or hypotheses that cannot be directly measured or observed.

constructs

A professor wants to assess students' knowledge of material taught through lectures. However, the professor asks questions that were not discussed during class lectures. This may result in problems with _______________ validity.

content

In reviewing a newly developed test instrument, the evaluator noticed that some of the items did not appear to reflect the construct being measured; he reported there was:

content-sampling error

_______________ is calculated by correlating test scores with the scores of tests or measures that assess the same construct.

convergent validity

A raw score can be transformed into any type of standard score by first:

converting the raw score to a Z score

According to Raymond Cattell, a test of verbal comprehension would draw on _______________, whereas a test involving memory span and spatial thinking would reflect _______________.

crystallized intelligence; fluid intelligence

achievement tests are useful in measuring an individual's

current knowledge and skills

To evaluate a content validity evidence, test developers may use:

expert judges

All of the following are examples of practical issues that should be considered when evaluating and selecting assessment instruments, EXCEPT:

ease of purchase

Sue, a school counselor, is observing a student's behavior in the classroom. She is monitoring how often the student gets out of his seat while working on a class activity. In order to record this behavior, Sue makes a check mark on a tally sheet to count how many times the student got out of his seat. Which observation recording method is Sue using?

event recording

All of the following statements are examples of accommodations for individuals with disabilities developed by the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 EXCEPT? Extending testing time Exemption from all standardized tests Providing interpreters Using assistive devices

exemption from all standardized tests

A group of researchers is attempting to design an instrument that will measure self-esteem. The researchers have an extensive list of traits that may contribute to this construct. Which analysis may assist the research team in narrowing the list of traits into a few dimensions?

factor analysis

In terms of accurate prediction of a criterion variable, a person who is predicted to do well during the first semester of college (based on an SAT score) and then does poorly would fall into the _______________ quadrant.

false positive

The Purdue Pegboard Test assesses

finger dexterity

Jim is considered a high-suicide-risk client. He is single, suffers from depression and alcoholism, is giving away prized possessions, is lonely and isolated, and has a family history of suicide. Which of these factors is considered a warning sign for suicide?

giving away prized possessions

when assessing individuals' appreciation of great art, one of the main criticisms was that

great art is indefinable

Differential Item Functioning (DIF) is a method used to:

identify biased test items

The first step in the process of selecting assessment methods is to:

identify the type of information needed

A researcher determines that there is a positive correlation between sleep and test scores; this means that as the amount of sleep is increased, then test scores will:

increase

advantages to using computer administered assessment instruments:

increased delivery, Potential time savings, and the ability for items to be adapted or tailored based on the test taker's response to a previous item.

A test that measures and individual's verbal ability, abstract reasoning, and memory would be best described as a(n):

intelligence test

A(n) _______________ to interpreting assessment results involves examining score variations across the individuals who took the same test.

interindividual approach

Clerical Aptitude assesses all of the following except: interpersonal skills checking skills coding skills verbal reasoning skills

interpersonal skills

An administrator and the school psychologist were observing a child to assess for behavioral problems. An error may occur in reviewing what the two observers notice; this is reported as:

interrater differences

A client is assessed to determine a course of outcome that would improve his or her concerns or problems. In this situation, the purpose for assessment is:

intervention planning

The primary purpose of _______________ is to gather background information about the client relevant to the reason for assessment.

interviews

The ASVAB has evidence of criterion-related validity because

it can be predictive of individual success in related programming

teacher made achievement tests reflect

learning objectives to a particular course

When discussing the relationship between reliability and validity, which of the following is true?

low reliability always indicates low degree of validity

The Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT) includes: math computation listening skills sentence completion scientific analysis

math computation

Aptitude, intelligence, and achievement tests are all examples of:

maximum-performance tests

Tests written in English for individuals whose primary language is not English:

may become tests of language proficiency

In studying the correlation between the number of hours studied and scores on the comprehensive exam, the researcher found a correlation of .30. According to Cohen's guidelines, what would this mean regarding the strength of the relationship?

medium

Intellectual Disability was formerly known as:

mental retardation

What information is included on a Multitrait-Multimethod Matrix?

methods of assessment, traits examined, and correlations

The Code of Professional Responsibilities in Educational Measurement indicates that test users should communicate any:

misinterpretations

ethics can be viewed as

moral principles

Assessment involves selecting and utilizing _______________ of data collection.

multiple methods

The _______________ is characterized by assessing both convergent and discriminant validity evidence and displaying data on a table of correlations.

multitrait-multimethod matrix

Evadne, a teacher at an elementary school, is completing a rating scale for one her students. The teacher has often complained about the student to the school counselor, leaving a bad impression about the student on the school counselor. Which of the following rating scale errors is most likely to occur?

negative halo

In a test which results in a report that describes how well the test taker does in comparison with other individuals, it is important to consider whether the:

norm group is clearly defined

The primary purpose of an interview is to:

obtain relevant information and determine the interviewee's problem

the main psychometric component used when examining the results of an admissions tests is:

predicative validity

During a feedback session, all of the following may occur EXCEPT: -Acquiring additional information relevant to the assessment process. -Providing recommendations for future plans. -Educating the examinee (and family members) about what the assessment results mean. -Providing psychotherapy to the examinee and family members.

providing psychotherapy to the examinee and family members

Oscar is a carpenter whose business depends on his skill to build furniture. This skill involves precision, coordination, and strength, also known as:

psychomotor ability