Assessment - Ch 14: Skin, hair, & nails

A 72-year-old teacher comes to a skilled nursing facility for rehabilitation after being in the hospital for 6 weeks. She was treated for sepsis and respiratory failure and had to be on a ventilator for 3 weeks. The nurse is completing an initial assessment and evaluating the client's skin condition. On her sacrum there is full-thickness skin loss that is 5 cm in diameter with damage to the subcutaneous tissue. The underlying muscle is not affected. What is the stage of this pressure ulcer?

3 Explanation: A stage III ulcer is a full-thickness skin loss with damage to or necrosis of subcutaneous tissue that may extend to, but not through, the underlying muscle.

A client is diagnosed with a stage I pressure ulcer. Which diagram should the nurse use when teaching the client and family about this skin lesion?

A Stage I pressure ulcer has intact skin with non-blanchable redness of a localized area usually over a bony prominence. A Stage II pressure ulcer is a partial thickness loss of dermis presenting as a shallow open ulcer with a red-pink wound bed, without slough. This wound may also present as an intact or open/ruptured, serum-filled blister. A Stage III pressure ulcer has full-thickness tissue loss. Subcutaneous fat may be visible but bone, tendon, or muscle is not exposed. A Stage IV pressure ulcer has full-thickness tissue loss with exposed bone, tendon, or muscle. Slough or eschar may be present on some parts of the wound bed.

Recommended protective measures to avoid skin cancer include which of the following?

Avoiding sun exposure Explanation: While monthly self-examination and awareness of signs of skin cancer may aide in early detection, only avoiding sun will prevent and protect against skin cancer. Clinical examinations are recommended annually.

A 14-year-old boy has a rash at his ankles. There is no history of exposures to ill people or environmental agents. He has a slight fever. The rash consists of small, bright red marks. When they are pressed, the red color remains. What should the nurse do?

Consider admitting the client to the hospital. Explanation: Although this rash may not be impressive, the fact that they do not blanch with pressure is concerning. This generally means that there is pinpoint bleeding under the skin; while this can be benign, it can be associated with life-threatening illnesses like meningococcemia and low platelet counts (thrombocytopenia) associated with serious blood disorders like leukemia. The nurse should always report this feature of a rash immediately.

A nurse is working with a 13-year-old boy who complains that he has begun to sweat a lot more than he used to. He asks the nurse where sweat comes from. The nurse knows that sweat glands are located in which layer of skin?

Dermis Explanation: The dermis is a well-vascularized, connective tissue layer containing collagen and elastic fibers, nerve endings, and lymph vessels. It is also the origin of sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and hair follicles. The epidermis, the outer layer of skin, is composed of four distinct layers: the stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, and stratum germinativum. The outermost layer consists of dead, keratinized cells that render the skin waterproof.

The terms "generalized," "exposed surfaces," "upper arm," and "skin folds" are used to describe which major characteristic of skin lesions?

Distribution Explanation: The given terms denote anatomic location, or distribution, of skin lesions over the body.

A nurse cares for a client of Asian descent and notices that the client sweats very little and produces no body odor. What is an appropriate action by the nurse in regards to this finding?

Document the findings in the client's record as normal Explanation: Asians and Native Americans have fewer sweat glands than Caucasians and therefore produce less sweat and less body odor. Changes in sensation are not caused by alterations in sweat glands but are a circulation issue. Cystic fibrosis is an alteration in the exocrine glands that causes the production of thick mucus, especially in the lungs. Use of antiperspirants would be needed for excessive sweating, not a lack of sweating.

A client has a lesion as shown on the sacrum. For which health problem should the nurse expect this client to be assessed?

Osteomyelitis Explanation: This is a diagram of a stage IV pressure ulcer. Stage IV ulcers can extend into muscle and/or supporting structures, making osteomyelitis possible. This ulcer does not increase the client's risk for developing osteopenia, osteoporosis, or osteoarthritis.

When assessing a client's terminal hair distribution, the nurse inspects all the following areas except:

Palmar surfaces Explanation: The palms are one of the few areas not covered with hair, while the limbs, vertex, and eyebrows all have terminal hair present.

A young man comes to the clinic with an extremely pruritic rash over his knees and elbows, which has come and gone for several years. It seems to be worse in the winter and improves with some sun exposure. Examination reveals scabbing and crusting with some silvery scales. The nurse also notices small "pits" in the nails. What would account for these findings?

Psoriasis Explanation: This is a classic presentation of plaque psoriasis. Eczema is usually over the flexor surfaces and does not scale, whereas psoriasis affects the extensor surfaces. Pityriasis usually is limited to the trunk and proximal extremities. Tinea has a much finer scale associated with it, almost like powder, and is found in dark and most areas.

A client presents to the health care clinic with reports of changes in the skin. Which data should the nurse document as objective with regards to the skin?

Skin warm and dry to the touch Explanation: Objective data is data obtained by the nurse during the physical assessment using the techniques of inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation. The nurse would have observed that the client's skin is warm and dry to the touch. The client supplies the subjective data of a lesion that has been present for one month, no color changes to the skin, and skin is dry and flaky in the winter.

Which of the following is an important function of the skin?

Synthesis of vitamin D Explanation: A vital role of the skin is the synthesis of vitamin D. Carotene exists in sebaceous fat, and melanin deposits are a normal component of skin. Skin does not significantly contribute to pH maintenance.

The nurse is admitting a 79-year-old man for outpatient surgery. The client has bruises in various stages of healing all over his body. Why is it important for the nurse to promptly document and report these findings?

The client may have been abused. Explanation: Multiple ecchymoses may be from repeated trauma (falls), clotting disorder, or physical abuse.

A 4-year-old child presents to the health care clinic with circular lesions. Which of the following conditions should the nurse most suspect in this client, based on the configuration of the lesions?

Tinea corporis Explanation: In an annular configuration, the lesion is circular; an example is tinea corporis. In a discrete configuration, the lesions are individual and distinct; an example is multiple nevi. In a confluent configuration, smaller lesions run together to form a larger lesion; an example is tinea versicolor. In a clustered configuration, lesions are grouped together; an example is herpes simplex.

Mrs. Anderson presents with an itchy raised rash that appears and disappears in various locations. Each lesion lasts for many minutes. Which most likely accounts for this rash?

Urticaria or hives Explanation: This is a typical case of urticaria. The most unusual aspect of this condition is that the lesions move from place to place. This would be distinctly unusual for the other causes listed.

What light should the nurse use to inspect a lesion on the thigh of a client for the presence of fungus?

Wood's light Explanation: The nurse should inspect the lesion under Wood's light to confirm the presence of fungus on the lesion. Wood's light is an ultraviolet light filtered through a special glass that shows a blue-green fluorescence if the lesion is due to fungal infection. The lesion can be inspected in sunlight and artificial light, but it may not indicate the type of infection in the lesion. Lesions cannot be inspected properly using a flashlight.

The nurse is speaking to a group of seniors about health promotion and is preparing to discuss the ABCDEs of melanoma. Which of the following descriptions is correct for the ABCDEs?

a = asymmetry; b = irregular borders; c = color changes, esp. blue; d = diameter greater than 6 mm; e = evolution

The apocrine glands are dormant until puberty and are concentrated in the axillae, the perineum, and the

areola of the breast. Explanation: The apocrine glands are associated with hair follicles in the axillae, perineum, and areola of the breast. Apocrine glands are small and non-functional until puberty at which time they are activated and secrete a milky sweat.

To assess for anemia in a dark-skinned client, the nurse should observe the client's skin for a color that appears

ashen. Explanation: Pallor (loss of color) is seen in arterial insufficiency, decreased blood supply, and anemia. Pallid tones vary from pale to ashen without underlying pink.

What abnormal physical response should the nurse be prepared to manage after noting pallor in a client?

fainting Explanation: Pallor results from decreased redness in anemia and decreased blood flow, as occurs in fainting or arterial insufficiency. None of the remaining options present responses directly associated with pallor.

A 20-year-old client visits the outpatient center and tells the nurse that he has been experiencing sudden generalized hair loss. After determining that the client has not received radiation or chemotherapy, the nurse should further assess the client for signs and symptoms of

hypothyroidism. Explanation: Generalized hair loss may be seen in various systemic illnesses such as hypothyroidism and in clients receiving certain types of chemotherapy or radiation therapy.

When documenting that a client has freckles, the appropriate term to use is

macules Explanation: Macules are skin discolorations that are flat, circumscribed, discolored, and less than 1 cm in diameter. An example of a macule is a freckle.

While assessing an adult client, the nurse observes freckles on the client's face. The nurse should document the presence of

macules. Explanation: Freckles are flat, small macules of pigment that appear following sun exposure.

The nurse notes that a client's nails are greater than a 160-degree angle. What should the nurse assess as a priority for this client

pulse oximetry Explanation: A nail angle greater than 160 degrees indicates clubbing which is caused by chronic hypoxia. Measuring the client's pulse oximetry would be a priority. Heart sounds, bowel sounds, and body temperature will not provide information to determine the cause for the clubbed nails.

The nurse assesses a bed-bound older adult client in the client's home. While assessing the client's buttocks, the nurse observes that an area of the skin is broken. The wound is shallow and dry, and there is no bruising. The nurse should document the client's pressure ulcer as

stage II. Explanation: A stage II pressure ulcer is a partial-thickness loss of dermis presenting as either a shallow, open ulcer with a red-pink wound bed, without slough or as an intact or open/ruptured, serum-filled blister. The ulcer is shiny or dry, and there is no slough or bruising. A stage I pressure ulcer presents with intact skin with nonblanchable redness. A stage III ulcer involves full-thickness tissue loss, and subcutaneous fat may be visible. A stage IV ulcer exposes bone, tendon, or muscle.

The nurse assesses an older adult bedridden client in her home. While assessing the client's buttocks, the nurse observes that a small area of the skin is broken and resembles an erosion. The nurse should document the client's pressure ulcer as

stage II. Explanation: Stage II pressure ulcer is a partial thickness loss of dermis presenting as a shallow open ulcer with a red-pink wound bed, without slough. May also present as an intact or open/ruptured, serum-filled blister. Presents as a shiny or dry shallow ulcer without slough or bruising; bruising indicates suspected deep tissue injury. This stage should not be used to describe skin tears, tape burns, perineal dermatitis, maceration, or excoriation.

Connecting the skin to underlying structures is/are the

subcutaneous tissue. Explanation: Subcutaneous tissue, which contains varying amounts of fat, connects the skin to underlying structures.

An adult male client visits the outpatient center and tells the nurse that he has been experiencing patchy hair loss. The nurse should further assess the client for:

symptoms of stress. Explanation: Patchy hair loss may accompany infections, stress, hairstyles that put stress on hair roots, and some types of chemotherapy.

What role does oxyhemoglobin play in the physiological process that results in pallor?

the reduction of red pigment in the arteries Explanation: Oxyhemoglobin, a bright red pigment, predominates in the arteries and capillaries. An increase in blood flow through the arteries to the capillaries causes a reddening of the skin (e.g., with blushing), whereas the opposite change usually produces pallor. Hemoglobin circulates in the red cells and carries most of the oxygen of the blood. An increased concentration of deoxyhemoglobin in cutaneous blood vessels gives the skin a bluish cast known as cyanosis. The loss of blood from the circulatory results in hemorrhage and hypotension.

To assess an adult client's skin turgor, the nurse should

use two fingers to pinch the skin under the clavicle. Explanation: To assess turgor, gently pinch the skin over the clavicle with two fingers.

Short, pale, and fine hair that is present over much of the body is termed

Explanation: Vellus hair (peach fuzz) is short, pale, fine, and present over much of the body.

A client is diagnosed with a stage III pressure ulcer. Which diagram should the nurse use when teaching the client and family about this skin lesion?

A Stage III pressure ulcer has full-thickness tissue loss. Subcutaneous fat may be visible but bone, tendon, or muscle is not exposed. A Stage I pressure ulcer has intact skin with non-blanchable redness of a localized area usually over a bony prominence. A Stage II pressure ulcer is a partial thickness loss of dermis presenting as a shallow open ulcer with a red-pink wound bed, without slough. This wound may also present as an intact or open/ruptured, serum-filled blister. A Stage IV pressure ulcer has full-thickness tissue loss with exposed bone, tendon, or muscle. Slough or eschar may be present on some parts of the wound bed.

Upon assessing the skin, the nurse finds pustular lesions on the face. The nurse identifies that these could be what?

Acne Explanation: Pustular lesions include acne, furuncles and carbuncles. Varicella and herpes simplex are vesicular lesions and psoriasis are plaque lesions.

A 35-year-old archaeologist comes to the office for a regular skin examination. She has just returned from her annual dig site in Greece. She has fair skin and reddish-blonde hair. She has a family history of melanoma. She has many freckles scattered across her skin. From this description, which of the following is not a risk factor for melanoma in this client?

Age Explanation: The risk for melanoma is increased in people older than 50 years; this client is 35 years old. The other answers represent known risk factors for melanoma. Especially with a family history of melanoma, she should be instructed to keep her skin covered when in the sun and use strong sunscreen on exposed areas.

The student nurse learns that examining the skin can do all of the following except?

Allow early identification of neurologic deficits Explanation: Examination of the skin can reveal signs of systemic diseases, medication side effects, dehydration or overhydration, and physical abuse; allow early identification of potentially cancerous lesions and risk factors for pressure ulcer formation; and identify the need for hygiene and health promotion education.

The nurse preparing to conduct an integumentary assessment will include which interventions when preparing the client for this examination? (Select all that apply.)

Assisting the client to put on a gown. Providing adequate drapes. Wearing gloves when palpating lesions. Explanation: When conducting a physical examination of a client's skin, the nurse should take the time to ensure that the client wears a gown and is draped to facilitate close inspection of the hair, body surfaces, palms, soles, and spaces between the fingers and toes. The mnemonic OLDCART is used during the integument history to document concerning symptoms. The nurse should wear gloves when palpating lesions. A cotton ball is used to assess for sensation during a neurologic examination and not the examination of the skin.

A client asks a nurse to look at a raised lesion on the skin that has been present for about 5 years. Which is an "ABCDE" characteristic of malignant melanoma?

Asymmetrical shape Explanation: Malignant melanomas are evaluated according to the mnemonic ABCDE: A for asymmetrical, B for irregular borders, C for color variations, D for diameter exceeding 1/8 to 1/4 of an inch, and E for elevated.

The nurse prepares an educational program for the families of clients recovering from burns. On the diagram provided, select the area where fat cells, blood vessels, and nerves are located.

Beneath the dermis lies the subcutaneous tissue, a loose connective tissue containing fat cells, blood vessels, nerves, and the remaining portions of sweat glands and hair follicles.

Which layer of the skin contains blood vessels, nerves, sebaceous glands, lymphatic vessels, hair follicles, and sweat glands?

Dermis Explanation: The second layer, the dermis, functions as support for the epidermis. The dermis contains blood vessels, nerves, sebaceous glands, lymphatic vessels, hair follicles, and sweat glands, which support the nutritional needs of the epidermis and provide support for its protective function. the top layer of the skin is the dermis layer outermost skin layer, and serves as the body's first line of defense against pathogens, chemical irritants, and moisture loss. The subcutaneous layer provides insulation, storage of caloric reserves, and cushioning against external forces. Composed mainly of fat and loose connective tissue, it also contributes to the skin's mobility. The connective layer is a distracter to the question.

The nurse is beginning the examination of the skin of a 25-year-old teacher. She previously visited the office for evaluation of fatigue, weight gain, and hair loss. The previous clinician had a strong suspicion that the client has hypothyroidism. What is the expected moisture and texture of the skin of a client with hypothyroidism?

Dry and rough Explanation: A client with hypothyroidism is expected to have dry and rough skin. This is a good example of how the skin can give clues to systemic diseases.

During the integument health history, the nurse asks the client about both current and previous prescription medications, immunizations, and diagnosed illnesses. What is the primary benefit derived from the data provided by this questioning?

Existence of systemic diseases that have skin manifestations Explanation: One purpose of the integumentary health history is to identify systemic diseases that have skin manifestations. Questions to determine systemic diseases that the client may have include asking about prescribed medications, immunizations, and diagnosed illnesses. Such a history would provide little information regarding health promotion care, or risks for skin cancer or skin ulcer formation.

A client is diagnosed with a stage IV pressure ulcer. Which diagram should the nurse use when teaching the client and family about this skin lesion?

Explanation: A Stage IV pressure ulcer has full-thickness tissue loss with exposed bone, tendon, or muscle. Slough or eschar may be present on some parts of the wound bed. A Stage I pressure ulcer has intact skin with non-blanchable redness of a localized area usually over a bony prominence. A Stage II pressure ulcer is a partial thickness loss of dermis presenting as a shallow open ulcer with a red-pink wound bed, without slough. This wound may also present as an intact or open/ruptured, serum-filled blister. A Stage III pressure ulcer has full-thickness tissue loss. Subcutaneous fat may be visible but bone, tendon, or muscle is not exposed.

The nurse is preparing to perform a physical examination of a client who is an Orthodox Jew. Which of the following accommodations should the nurse be prepared to make for this client, based on his religious beliefs?

Have a nurse who is the same sex as the client examine him Explanation: Clients from conservative religious groups (e.g., Orthodox Jews or Muslims) may require that the nurse be the same sex as the client. The client must still undress and put on an examination gown. It is not likely that the client will want to pray before the examination, and it is not necessary to avoid asking questions regarding his lifestyle.

A client tells the nurse about a raised lesion on the client's leg. What is the nurse's first nursing action?

Inspect the area Explanation: If the client has a specific concern about the skin, the nurse should inspect the area/lesion first and ask other questions second. It would not be appropriate to ask further questions, document the statement, or move on to the next body system until the lesion has been inspected.

Which of the following assessment findings most likely constitutes a secondary skin lesion?

Keloid formation at the site of an old incision Explanation: A secondary lesion emerges from an existing primary lesion, such as the keloids that can emerge from the site of a healed wound. Acne and the lesions associated with psoriasis and herpes do not meet this criterion.

A nurse inspects a client's skin and notices several flat, brown color change areas on the forearms. What is the proper term for documentation of this finding by the nurse?

Macule Explanation: A macule is a flat, nonpalpable skin color change that may manifest as brown, white, tan, red, or purple. Freckles and port wine birthmarks are examples of a macule. A circumscribed elevated mass containing fluid is called a vesicle or bulla, depending on its size. A nodule is a solid, palpable mass. A papule is an elevated, palpable, solid mass that is smaller in diameter than a nodule.

Parents bring a child to the clinic and report a "rash" on her knee. On assessment, the nurse practitioner notes the area to be a reddish-pink lesion covered with silvery scales. What would the nurse practitioner chart?

Psoriasis Explanation: Psoriasis is characterized by reddish-pink lesions covered with silvery scales. It commonly occurs on extensor surfaces such as the elbows and knees but can appear anywhere on the body. Seborrhea is an inflammatory skin disorder characterized by macular lesions that may be pink, red, or orange-yellow and may or may not have a fine scale. Distribution is usually on the face, scalp, and ears. Contact dermatitis is an inflammatory response to an antigen that has contact with exposed skin. Initial contact causes stimulation of the histamine receptors, which results in the classic erythematous and pruritic lesions. Eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis, is characterized by itchy, pink macular or papular lesions, commonly located on flexural areas such as the inner elbows or posterior knees. Eczema can occur anywhere on the body.

A nurse assesses a client for past history of nail problems. The nurse should ask questions about which of these conditions?

Psoriasis, fungal infections, trauma Explanation: Additional nail problems include psoriasis, fungal infections, and trauma. Vitiligo, vitamin deficiency, eczema, melanoma, and herpes zoster are skin conditions. Hirsutism and alopecia are hair conditions. Vitamin deficiencies and chemotherapy can cause problems with many body systems.

An adult client is having his skin assessed. The client tells the nurse he has been a heavy smoker for the last 40 years. The client has clubbing of the fingernails. What does this finding tell the nurse?

The client has chronic hypoxia Explanation: Clubbing of the nails indicates chronic hypoxia. Clubbing is identified when the angle of the nail to the finger is more than 160 degrees. Melanoma does not present with the symptom of clubbing. The scenario described does not give enough information to indicate that the client has COPD or asthma.

Which area of the body should a nurse inspect for possible loss of skin integrity when performing a skin examination on a female who is obese?

Under the breast Explanation: The nurse should inspect the area under the breast for skin integrity in obese clients. The area between the skin folds is more prone to loss of skin integrity; therefore, the presence of skin breakdown should be inspected on the skin on the limbs, under the breasts, and in the groin area. Perspiration and friction often cause skin problems in these areas in obese clients. The areas over the chest and abdomen and on the neck are not prone to skin breakdown.

Hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands originate from the

dermis. Explanation: The dermis is a well-vascularized, connective tissue layer containing collagen and elastic fibers, nerve endings, and lymph vessels. It is also the origin of sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and hair follicles.

The only layer of the skin that undergoes cell division is the

innermost layer of the epidermis. Explanation: The innermost layer of the epidermis (stratum germinativum) is the only layer that undergoes cell division and contains melanin (brown pigment) and keratin-forming cells.