Asto Final

According to Section 6.1 of the Magli 2016 reading on Scientific Foundations, which of the following might be an example of "cognitive archaeoastronomy?" a.Efforts to understand how stars and constellations were perceived in the minds of an ancient people b. The identification of a building alignment with the direction of summer solstice sunrise c. The discovery of a rock art representation of a comet or meteor d.Recording native stories about the stars as told by elders of current indigenous American tribes

a.Efforts to understand how stars and constellations were perceived in the minds of an ancient people

According to the lecture slides, what happens if one establishes the location of the vernal equinox by counting the number of days between the winter and summer solstices and halving that number? a.You get a calculated equinox position of the sunrise azimuth that is actually 4 days after the actual vernal equinox b. You find the exact position of the vernal equinox sunrise c.You get a calculated equinox position of the sunrise azimuth that is actually 6 days before the actual vernal equinox d.You get a calculated equinox position of the sunrise azimuth that is actually 12 days after the actual vernal equinox

a.You get a calculated equinox position of the sunrise azimuth that is actually 4 days after the actual vernal equinox

the angle from the horizon to the star

altitude

Define Enthoastronomy Give example

anthropological study of skywatching in contemporary societies ex. constellation legends

The time it takes Earth to complete one rotation about its axis with respect to fixed stars

sidereal day

The time it takes Earth to rotate about its axis so the sun appears in the same position in the sky

solar day

this angle measured as east of north to the point at which a vertical circle passing thru the object and point directly overhead intersects the horizon

azimuth

According to the reading by Magli, Venus extreme declinations have a cycle of how many years? a. 15 years b. 8 years c. 2 years d. 3 years

b. 8 years

Archaeoastronomy is considered to part of which disciplines? a. Geology and Astronomy b. Archaeology and Anthropology c. Environmental Science and Paleontology d. Anthropology and Paleontology

b. Archaeology and Anthropology

When are Navajo ceremonials held? a. On the winter solstice b. As needed c. On the summer solstice d. On the equinoxes

b. As needed

Which culture originated the sexagesimal system we use today for angles? a. Egyptian b. Babylonian c. Greek d. Canaanite e. Roman

b. Babylonian

What did the first people emerging on to earth's surface have to do to bring order into the world? a. Place the stars b. Build the first hooghan c. Make the Sun d. Banish Coyote e. Cook a meal

b. Build the first hooghan

What is the name of the North American material culture consisting of the projectile points found on the North American continent that was long thought to be the earliest evidence of human habitation, and what its approximate age? a. Folsom, 11,500 BP b. Clovis, 11,500 BP c. Archaic, 8,000 BP d. Monte Verde, 12,500 BP e. Meadowcroft, 14,000 BP

b. Clovis, 11,500 BP

According to the encyclopedic entry on Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli, which of the following is a Mayan ruin that shows evidence for alignment with the extreme declination setting position of Venus? a. Fajada Butte b. El Caracol c. Casa Rinconada d. Chimney Rock e. El Chankillo

b. El Caracol

What are the two purposes of Puebloan sun watching? a. Predict optimal times for war and establish the religious ceremonial calendar b. Establish the religious ceremonial calendar and set the times for specific crop plantings c. Determine the gender of unborn children and establish the optimal times for hunting d. Set the times for specific crop plantings and establish the optimal times for hunting

b. Establish the religious ceremonial calendar and set the times for specific crop plantings

How did Black God demonstrate his power to the other gods of creation? a. He flung stars randomly into the heavens b. He stamped his foot 4 times until a small group of stars lodged along his temple c. He chased the seven sisters until they climbed Devil's Tower which grew in height and spirited them into the sky d. He set a star in the far south opposite the "North Fire"

b. He stamped his foot 4 times until a small group of stars lodged along his temple

The Star People and specific constellations can also be depicted in sandpaintings in which form? a. Animal b. Human c. Bird d. Water e. Weather

b. Human

Which of the following refers to an imaginary line going from north to south and directly overhead? a. Celestial Pole b. Meridian c. Nadir d. Zenith e. Azimuth

b. Meridian

Indigenous Americans can be subdivided into which of the following groups of immigrant populations on the basis of dental features and linguistic analysis? a. Aboriginal, Polynesian, and Siberian b. Na-Dene, Eskimo-Aleut, and Amerind c. Athabaskan, Aztec, and Nordic d. Inuit, Pre-Puebloan, and Mayan

b. Na-Dene, Eskimo-Aleut, and Amerind

Define Archeoastronomy Give example

study of how people in the past have understood and used the phenomena in the sky ex. star alignments with buildings

According to the encyclopedia entry on Tlahuizcalpantechuhtli and the lecture slides, which two ancient Mesoamerican gods represented each aspect of Venus (morning & evening)? a. Ometecuhtli & Tlaloc b. Quetzalcoatl & Xolotl c. Xolotl & Tezcatlipoca d. Mixcoatl & Ometecuhtli e. Quetzalcoatl & Chalchiuhtlicue

b. Quetzalcoatl & Xolotl

What color does the moon appear during a total lunar eclipse? a. White b. Red c. Blue d. Green e. Purple

b. Red

Which best describes Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) anisotropies? a. Big changes in density in the CMB at different locations b. Small changes in temperature in the CMB at different locations c. Big changes in the color of the CMB at different locations d. Small changes in chemical composition in the CMB at different locations e. Small temporal fluctuations in CMB intensity

b. Small changes in temperature in the CMB at different locations

What kind of evidence reveals that the ancient Mayans studied the incidence of eclipses, according to the reading on Pre-Columbian Cultures from Magli 2016? a. Pyramid alignments that would highlight eclipse events b. Sophisticated tables in Mayan books c. Petroglyphs of eclipse events d. Corpses from sacrificial deaths with Carbon 14 dates that match historic eclipses

b. Sophisticated tables in Mayan books

According to the lecture slides, the Chaco Canyon Sun Dagger had light cut through the (exact) center of the main spiral on which day? a. Every Day b. Summer Solstice c. Spring Equinox d. Winter Solstice e. Fall Equinox

b. Summer Solstice

Venus takes about 584 days to go through a cycle in which it reappears in its initial configuration as seen from Earth. According to reading by Magli 2016 and the lecture slides, this is called which of the following? a. Sidereal Period b. Synodic Period c. Secular Period d. Orbital Period e. Synoptic Period

b. Synodic Period

According to the lecture slides, Aztec legend traces the origin of the Sun and the Moon to which place? a. Cusco b. Teotihuacan c. Tlacopan d. Tenochtitlan e. Texcoco

b. Teotihuacan

What did Edwin Hubble's observations show? a. That galaxies outside the Milky Way are systematically moving closer to us with a speed proportional to their distance to us. b. That galaxies outside the Milky Way are systematically moving away from us with a speed proportional to their distance to us. c. That the Cosmic Microwave Background is only visible at night and in the direction of the Milky Way. d. That the Higgs boson existed near the time of the Big Bang

b. That galaxies outside the Milky Way are systematically moving away from us with a speed proportional to their distance to us.

Which of the following is the best explanation for Earth's Seasons? a. Earth's distance from the Sun changes as it moves through its orbit. Summer occurs when Earth is closer, Winter when it is most distant b. The Earth's axis is tilted compared to its orbital axis and the hemispheres alternately point toward and away from the Sun in the course of its orbit c. The Sun alternately gets hotter and cooler during the course of a year d. Global Circulation of warm and cool currents have an annual cycle

b. The Earth's axis is tilted compared to its orbital axis and the hemispheres alternately point toward and away from the Sun in the course of its orbit

What did the Turtle represent to the Iroquois? a. The sky and kinship with the heavens b. The earth and kinship with the natural world c. The sea and kinship with sea creatures d. The mountains and kinship with the elements e. An island in a sacred lake

b. The earth and kinship with the natural world

Which of the following elements is NOT part of the Navajo emergence story compiled in the 1970's? a. First Man and First Woman come into existence when pairs of clouds touch each other b. The lowest underworld is a kind of paradise, but greed begins to cause problems c. The first world is called Black World d. The first world is inhabited by ands and insect people e. People emerge into the present fourth world through a reed

b. The lowest underworld is a kind of paradise, but greed begins to cause problems

Which best describes the cycle of sunspot activity? a. The number of spots is constant with random bouts of activity b. The number of spots increases to a maximum and the declines to a minimum over a time period of 11 years c. There are no spots most of them time, but they reappear for a brief period every 22 years d. The spots are usually absent, but suddenly appear during the onset of a magnetic storm

b. The number of spots increases to a maximum and the declines to a minimum over a time period of 11 years

According to the lecture slides, which of the following is a Mesoamerican deity associated with Venus that throws darts at people? a. Nohochacyum b. Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli c. Quetzlcoatl d. Xamaniqinqu e. Kinich Kakmo

b. Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli

What is the (translated) name of a 365-day period in Mayan culture? a. Ritual Year b. Vague Year c. Maya Number Sequence d. Calendar Round e. Sacred Round

b. Vague Year

The Hopi believe that the Sun has which two powers? a. War and Famine b. War and Fertility c. Fertility and Prosperity d. Prosperity and War

b. War and Fertility

According to the readings by Williamson and Williamson & Farrer, Venus and Mercury appear as morning and evening stars. The outer planets (Mars, Jupiter, Saturn) can be seen where? a. Only opposite the Sun b. Also as morning and evening stars c. Any other position along the ecliptic d. Only near the horizon at midnight

c. Any other position along the ecliptic

Dental Characteristics and DNA identification of genetic "haplogroups" imply which origin of Native Americans? a. Australasian b. Caucasoid c. Asian d. African

c. Asian

What is the place name of a Peruvian Archaeoastronomy site that determines the horizon rise position of the Sun with 13 regularly spaced towers, according to the reading on Pre-Columbian Cultures from Magli 2016 (see Figure 9.23)? a. Machu Picchu b. Cusco c. Chankillo d. El Caracol e. Chichen Itza

c. Chankillo

Who proposed that the Earth spins on its axis and moves around the Sun with the other planets? a. Eratosthenes b. Brahe c. Copernicus d. Ptolemy e. Bessel

c. Copernicus

According to the lecture slides, where was the capital of the Inca empire? a. Machu Picchu b. Talca c. Cusco d. Lima e. Quito

c. Cusco

Venus is at its furthest distance from the Sun setting behind it in the evening sky. According to the lecture slides, what position is this called? a. Inferior Superposition b. Opposition c. Greatest Elongation d. Inferior Conjunction e. Superior Conjunction

c. Greatest Elongation

When did "modern" (western) science began? a. 2,500 years ago in classic Greek times b. At the time of Christ c. Half a millennium ago at the time of the Renaissance d. Several hundred years ago during the Age of Enlightenment

c. Half a millennium ago at the time of the Renaissance

Which of the following is NOT a defining aspect of a Native American "Culture Area"? a. Geographic region b. Co-occurrence of cultural traits c. Membership in the same tribe

c. Membership in the same tribe

Approximately how many people belong to the more than 500 federally recognized Indigenous communities and nations? And approximately how many original Indigenous inhabitants of the land were there? a. Nearly 2 million & 20 million b. Nearly 5 million & 10 million c. Nearly 3 million & 15 million d. Nearly 10 million & 18 million

c. Nearly 3 million & 15 million

With whom did the idea of degrees, minutes, and seconds of arc originate to precisely specify angles? a. Hipparchus b. Pythagoras c. Ptolemy d. Plato e. Aristarchus

c. Ptolemy

For the Pueblo people the names of the moons/months are related to what? a. The color of the moon b. Times of war c. Seasonal phenomena and activities d. Stages of life e. Gods

c. Seasonal phenomena and activities

The traditional Navajo have a different relationship with the sky than their Pueblo neighbors. What did the Navajo depend on most heavily to regulate their calendar? a. Moon b. Sun c. Stars d. Planets e. Animals

c. Stars

Where is the Sun's energy generated? a. The Photosphere b. The Radiative Zone c. The Inner Core d. The Chromosphere e. The Corona

c. The Inner Core

Which of the following is true of the Moon's path against the background sky of fixed stars throughout its cycle of phases? a. The Moon follows the Ecliptic exactly b. The Moon follows the Celestial Equator exactly c. The Moon follows near to but not on the Ecliptic d. The Moon follows near to but not exactly on the Celestial Equator e. The Moon circles through the constellations near the North Celestial Pole

c. The Moon follows near to but not on the Ecliptic

By what route did Indigenous North Americans first arrive on the continent, according to western anthropologists? a. They came in boats from Polynesia to South America b. They came in boats from Nordic countries and landed in eastern Canada c. They came into Arctic regions from Siberia across a land bridge d. They crossed the Atlantic from South Africa to South America

c. They came into Arctic regions from Siberia across a land bridge

11. Where do Hopi believe they originated from? a. On the back of a turtle b. From a drop of blood given by Mother Sun c. Through a sipapu at the confluence of the Colorado and Little Colorado Rivers in the Grand Canyon d. From dirt under the fingernails of a diving duck

c. Through a sipapu at the confluence of the Colorado and Little Colorado Rivers in the Grand Canyon

What is the purpose of the Hopi "Soyal" ceremony? a. To honor the Kachinas as they return from their winter abode b. To honor the Sun and turn him back at Summer Solstice c. To honor the Sun and turn him back at Winter Solstice d. To honor the Kachinas as they leave Hopi to return to their winter abode e. To ask the kachinas for a prosperous harvest at the planting of bean seeds.

c. To honor the Sun and turn him back at Winter Solstice

How did Egyptians mark the passage of time at night? a. Viewing the position of the moon b. Viewing the rising time of particular constellations c. Viewing the position of selected stars d. Viewing the position of the Milky Way

c. Viewing the position of selected stars

What is the end-product of post-main- sequence evolution for stars like our Sun? a. Neutron Star b. Black Hole c. White Dwarf d. Brown Dwarf e. Red Dwarf

c. White Dwarf

According to the lecture slides, which of the following was a contribution of Johannes Kepler to understanding the motions of planets? a. They go around the Sun, not the Earth b. Their orbits are determined by the force of gravity c. They move on multiple circles, deferents and epicycles d. Their orbits are elliptical

d. Their orbits are elliptical

Which of the following best describes a "myth?" a. An untrue tale b. A popularly believed legend that is false c. A false religious belief d. A story which embodies a profound truth

d. A story which embodies a profound truth

What is problematic about continued reference to Tylorian "animism"? a. It assumes a 19th-century spiritual/material dichotomy in opposition to materialist science b. It assumes that "animists" understood the world childishly and erroneously, even though the concept still persists in modern philosophical circles c. It doesn't accurately describe indigenous beliefs in modern ethnographic terms d. All of the above e. None of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following was NOT associated with some of the tribes of the Southwest Culture Area? a. Farming corn, beans, squash and cotton b. Construction of apartment houses of adobe and stone masonry c. Fine pottery, basketry, and textiles d. Construction of tepees e. Combination of agricultural and hunger/gatherer lifestyles

d. Construction of tepees

Which of the following describes the prevailing Western scientific model of the origin of the moon? a. Creation in a "Big Bang" b. Co-accretion with Earth c. Moon was spun out of the proto-Earth by centrifugal force d. Early Collision between proto-Earth and a large Mars-sized object left behind a ring of material that coalesced into the Moon e. A sister planet was gravitationally captured into the Moon's orbit early in the history of the solar system

d. Early Collision between proto-Earth and a large Mars-sized object left behind a ring of material that coalesced into the Moon

According to the lecture slides, which of the following solar system models features the planets and Sun revolving around the Earth? a. Aristarchian Model b. Keplerian Model c. Copernican Model d. Geocentric Model e. Heliocentric Model

d. Geocentric Model

Which of the following is not part of Tylor's definition of Culture? a. Custom b. Art c. Knowledge d. Local Environment e. Belief

d. Local Environment

What is the coordinate that measures angular distances from east to west in units of time on circles of constant value that resemble Earth's longitude lines? a. Azimuth b. Elevation c. Declination d. Right Ascension e. Altitude

d. Right Ascension

What does Black God say is the reason for star patterns or "constellations?" a. To provide Navajo deities with a resting place in the sky b. b. To function as a clock at night-time c. None - they are random patterns d. To provide Humans on Earth with rules to live by e. To function as a calendar

d. To provide Humans on Earth with rules to live by

The Mayan Palace of the Governor at Uxmal shows alignments and iconography associated with which of the following planets, according to the lecture slides and the reading on Pre-Columbian Cultures from Magli 2016? a. Saturn b. Jupiter c. Mercury d. Venus e. Mars

d. Venus

According to the reading by Magli, what is the only planet for which any kind of connection with astronomically oriented buildings has been argued? a. Jupiter b. Saturn c. Mercury d. Mars e. Venus

e. Venus

Approximately how old is the universe according to modern science? a. 6,000 years b. 10,000 years c. 4.6 million years d. 4.6 billion years e. 14 billion years

e. 14 billion years

How do sunrise positions on the horizon change with seasons in the northern hemisphere? a. They rise from a due east position (azimuth angle 90 degrees) at equinox b. They rise from a position south of east (azimuth greater than 90 degrees) at summer solstice c. They rise from a position north of east (azimuth less than 90 degrees) at summer solstice d. A and B e. A and C

e. A and C

What was Coyote's contribution to the stars in the night sky? a. He strategically placed stars in constellations to provide lessons for humans b. He randomly scattered stars everywhere c. He placed a single star far to the South d. A and B e. B and C

e. B and C

Which effect(s) cause the temperature to drop in northern hemisphere winter? a. The Earth is farther from the Sun b. Nights are longer c. The Sun is lower in the sky d. A and B e. B and C

e. B and C

According to the lecture slides, who developed a model of planets going around the Sun on circular orbits? a. Galileo b. Kepler c. Brahe d. Ptolemy e. Copernicus

e. Copernicus

Which constellation is considered the most highly ordered constellation? a. Yikaisdaha b. Atse Etsoh c. Gah Hahat'ee d. Hastiin Sik'ai'ii e. Dilyehe

e. Dilyehe

Which tribe imagines the Sun created from a heated piece of turquoise? a. Hopi b. Zuni c. Hualapai d. Havasupai e. Navajo

e. Navajo

What is the term for a positional number notation that uses a base value of 60? a. Decimal b. Septagesimal c. Duodecimal d. Vigesimal e. Sexagesimal

e. Sexagesimal

When did the month begin for the Pueblo? a. Just after Full Moon b. First Quarter c. Sighting of the last visible crescent d. Full Moon e. Sighting of the first visible crescent

e. Sighting of the first visible crescent

According to the lecture slides, which of the following events is marked by cairns on the Big Horn Medicine Wheel? a. Vernal Equinox b. Autumnal Equinox c. Extreme Lunar Standstill d. Winter Solstice e. Summer Solstice

e. Summer Solstice

Which of the following is true of most indigenous origin stories? a. They explain how things came to be at the beginning of time b. They begin without explanation of how the primordial reality came to be c. They mark the boundaries of experience and internal structures of a culture, but not necessarily their chronological order d. a and c e. b and c

e. b and c

According to the lecture slides, the Sapa Inca (emperor) was the son of which astronomical entity? a. Venus b. Polaris c. Rigel d. the Moon e. the Sun

e. the Sun

The stars rise and set vertically at the

equator

The stars move horizontally over the course of the night in the

north or south pole

The point directly overhead

zenith

Approximately how many North Americans cannot see the Milky Way? a. 80% b. 95% c. 50% d. 60%

a. 80%

According to the lecture slides, the Aztec Pyramid of the Sun is oriented to sunset on which day? a. August 13, "the day the world began" b. June 21, summer solstice c. December 21, winter solstice d. February 20, "the day the world will end" e. October 2, "the day the world catches fire"

a. August 13, "the day the world began"

The Classic Period of Mayan History occupied what interval of time, according to the lecture slides and the reading on Pre-Columbian Cultures from Magli 2016? a. Between the third and ninth centuries AD b. From 900 to 1200 AD c. From the 10th century AD until the Spanish Conquest in the 16th century d. Between 1500 BC and AD 300

a. Between the third and ninth centuries AD

In Navajo culture, constellations are closely associated with what concept? a. Creation Stories b. Heroes c. Families d. Longevity

a. Creation Stories

The stars are made of crystal and the source of their shine is what? a. Each constellation has its own igniter star b. Reflected Moon light c. Coyote d. Each star is a hearth of a hogan e. Reflected Sunlight

a. Each constellation has its own igniter star

The Aboriginal peoples of Australia saw which animal in the dark cloud constellation of the Milky Way? a. Emu b. Dingo c. Kangaroo d. Wombat e. Koala

a. Emu

The Sun's energy is generated from Hydrogen being fused into which element? a. Helium b. Iron c. Oxygen d. Carbon

a. Helium

The planets follow a path very close to the ecliptic. According to the reading by Williamson, where do they appear in the sky? a. High in the night sky during the winter, lower in the sky during the summer b. Always near the Moon c. Low in the night sky during the winter, higher in the sky during the summer d. Always high in the sky e. Only visible in the summer months, high in the sky.

a. High in the night sky during the winter, lower in the sky during the summer

The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram contains a line around which the stars present are still burning hydrogen in their cores. What is this line called? a. Main Sequence b. Horizontal Branch c. Red Giant Branch d. White Dwarfs

a. Main Sequence

According to the reading by Magli 2016 and the lecture slides, what is meant by planetary retrograde motion? a. Planets appear to temporarily change direction in their movement against the background stars as seen from Earth b. Planets have a moon orbiting in the opposite direction from their rotational direction c. Planets evolve backward in time and temporarily appear younger d. Planets appear to suddenly stop in their orbit

a. Planets appear to temporarily change direction in their movement against the background stars as seen from Earth

According to the lecture slides, which of the following stars has a declination consistent with a rising point marked by cairns on the Big Horn Medicine wheel? a. Rigel b. Betelgeuse c. Canopus d. Polaris e. Antares

a. Rigel

According to the lecture slides, if Venus is at full phase directly behind the Sun as viewed from Earth, the configuration is referred to as which of the following? a. Superior Conjunction b. Inferior Conjunction c. Inferior Superposition d. Greatest Elongation e. Opposition

a. Superior Conjunction

According to Section 6.2 of the Magli 2016 reading on Scientific Foundations, which of the following constitutes a fundamental challenge for archaeoastronomy as an "exact science?" a. The impracticability of repeating archeological excavations as experiments b. Gross errors in age dating procedures c. Uncertainty in the worldviews of ancient astronomers d. Inaccuracy in predicting the positions of celestial bodies in the ancient past

a. The impracticability of repeating archeological excavations as experiments

What is a "Culture Hero"? a. The one responsible for bestowing on a given people their material and spiritual heritage b. A god or other spiritual being c. The one that establishes time d. The one who dives for earth to bring to the turtle

a. The one responsible for bestowing on a given people their material and spiritual heritage

In Navajo ceremonials, what is the more important aspect of the constellations? a. Their healing power b. Their exact size c. Their exact position d. Their exact configuration

a. Their healing power

Why are comets or shooting stars seldom used in ceremonies of healing? a. They were understood to be abnormal and acting contrary to the ordered laws of nature b. Their spirits were collaborating with known sicknesses c. They were known to be ineffective against most maladies d. They are working with Coyote to increase chaos in the world e. They are too infrequent to be reliable

a. They were understood to be abnormal and acting contrary to the ordered laws of nature

According to the lecture slides, Hovenweep Castle has small ports on the wall that were likely used for what purpose? a. To define a Solar calendar on the inside wall of the room b. Air ventilation c. To define a Lunar calendar on the inside wall of the room d. To observe enemies from afar

a. To define a Solar calendar on the inside wall of the room

For the Inuits, Venus is associated with the legend of the great seal hunter Nâlagssartoq. The dark, misanthropic narrative underscores which recurring theme of the Inuit? a. Wrong doers were transformed into luminous beings in the sky where they reside for eternity for their evil deeds to be recounted as a warning to successive generations. b. Criminals became wandering stars to tell the stars of their misdeeds. c. Good samaritans were transformed into luminous beings in the sky where they reside for eternity for their good deeds to be recounted as a lesson for successive generations. d. Seal hunting was a necessary, but violent activity for the Inuit.

a. Wrong doers were transformed into luminous beings in the sky where they reside for eternity for their evil deeds to be recounted as a warning to successive generations.

If the Moon is in full phase setting in the west, approximately what time is it? a. dawn b. noon c. sunset d. midnight e. not enough information

a. dawn

What is the order in which lunar phases occur in time, starting with "New Moon?"

New, Waxing Cresent, First Quarter, Waxing Gibbous, Full, Waning Gibbous, Last Quarter, Waning Crescent