Astronomy Test 2

The animation shows a collapsing cloud of interstellar gas, which is held together by the mutual gravitational attraction of all the atoms and molecules that make up the cloud. As the cloud collapses, the overall force of gravity drawing the cloud inward __________ because __________. (Blank 1) gradually becomes stronger (Blank 1) gradually becomes weaker (Blank 1) stays constant at all times (Blank 2) the strength of gravity follows an inverse square law with distance (Blank 2) the mass of the cloud increases as it collapses (Blank 2) the total gravitational force is a conserved quantity

(Blank 1) gradually becomes stronger (Blank 2) the strength of gravity follows an inverse square law with distance

As the cloud shrinks in size, its central temperature __________ as a result of __________. (Blank 1) stays constant (Blank 1) decreases (Blank 1) increases (Blank 2) gravitational potential energy being converted to thermal energy (Blank 2) kinetic energy being converted to radiative energy (Blank 2) thermal energy being converted to radiative energy

(Blank 1) increases (Blank 2) gravitational potential energy being converted to thermal energy

As the cloud shrinks in size, its rate of rotation __________ because __________. (Blank 1) slows down (Blank 1) speeds up (Blank 1) stays constant at all times (Blank 2) the force of gravity strengthens as the cloud shrinks (Blank 2) its total energy is conserved (Blank 2) its total angular momentum is conserved

(Blank 1) speeds up (Blank 2) its total angular momentum is conserved

Which one of the following describes an object that is accelerating? A car traveling on a straight, flat road at 50 miles per hour. A car traveling on a straight uphill road at 30 miles per hour. A car going around a circular track at a steady 100 miles per hour.

A car going around a circular track at a steady 100 miles per hour.

Which of the following scenarios involves energy that we would typically calculate with Einstein's formula E=mc2? A burning piece of wood produces light and heat, therefore giving off radiative and thermal energy. An object accelerated to a great speed has a lot of kinetic energy. A mass raised to a great height has a lot of gravitational potential energy. A small amount of the hydrogen in of a nuclear bomb becomes energy as fusion converts the hydrogen to helium.

A small amount of the hydrogen in of a nuclear bomb becomes energy as fusion converts the hydrogen to helium.

According to the laws of thermal radiation, hotter objects emit photons with _________. a lower average frequency a shorter average wavelength a lower average energy a higher average speed

a shorter average wavelength

Study the graph of the intensity of light versus wavelength for continuous spectra, observing how it changes with the temperature of the light bulb. Recall that one of the laws of thermal radiation states that a higher-temperature object emits photons with higher average energy (Wien's law). This law is illustrated by the fact that for a higher temperature object, the graph peaks at __________. a shorter wavelength a longer wavelength a higher intensity

a shorter wavelength

If you heat a rock until it glows, its spectrum will be: a thermal radiation spectrum. an absorption line spectrum. an emission line spectrum.

a thermal radiation spectrum.

If we say that a material is opaque to ultraviolet light, we mean that it _________. absorbs ultraviolet light reflects ultraviolet light emits ultraviolet light transmits ultraviolet light

absorbs ultraviolet light

If we say that a material is opaque to ultraviolet light, we mean that it _________. emits ultraviolet light absorbs ultraviolet light reflects ultraviolet light transmits ultraviolet light

absorbs ultraviolet light

What type of visible light spectrum does the Sun produce? an emission line spectrum an absorption line spectrum a continuous spectrum

an absorption line spectrum

The absorption line spectrum shows what we see when we look at a hot light source (such as a star or light bulb) directly behind a cooler cloud of gas. Suppose instead that we are looking at the gas cloud but the light source is off to the side instead of directly behind it. In that case, the spectrum would __________. appear as a continuous rainbow of colors appear completely dark still be an absorption spectrum be an emission spectrum

be an emission spectrum

If the Moon were closer to Earth, high tides would: be higher than they are now. be lower than they are now. occur three or more times a day rather than twice a day

be higher than they are now.

As an interstellar gas cloud shrinks in size, its gravitational potential energy: stays the same at all times. gradually transforms into other forms of energy. gradually grows larger.

gradually transforms into other forms of energy.

Suppose you are in an elevator. As the elevator starts upward, its speed will increase. During this time when the elevator is moving upward with increasing speed, your weight will be __________. greater than your normal weight at rest equal to your normal weight at rest less than your normal weight at rest

greater than your normal weight at rest

The spectra of most galaxies show redshifts. This means that their spectral lines _________. have wavelengths that are longer than normal have a higher intensity in the red part of the spectrum have wavelengths that are shorter than normal always are in the red part of the visible spectrum

have wavelengths that are longer than normal

Blue light has higher frequency than red light. Thus, blue light has: higher energy and shorter wavelength than red light. higher energy and longer wavelength than red light. lower energy and shorter wavelength than red light.

higher energy and shorter wavelength than red light.

When a spinning ice skater pulls in his arms, he spins faster because _________. his angular momentum must be conserved, so reducing his radius must increase his speed of rotation there is less friction with the ice there exists an unbalanced reaction force there is less friction with the air

his angular momentum must be conserved, so reducing his radius must increase his speed of rotation

Which forms of light are lower in energy and frequency than the light that our eyes can see? visible light infrared and ultraviolet infrared and radio ultraviolet and X ray

infrared and radio

Compared to an atom as a whole, an atomic nucleus: is very tiny but has most of the mass. is quite large and has most of the mass. is very tiny and has very little mass.

is very tiny but has most of the mass.

Suppose you know the frequency of a photon and the speed of light. What else can you determine about the photon? its temperature its wavelength and energy its acceleration the chemical composition of the object that emitted it

its wavelength and energy

Suppose you are in an elevator that is moving upward. As the elevator nears the floor at which you will get off, its speed slows down. During this time when the elevator is moving upward with decreasing speed, your weight will be __________. greater than your normal weight at rest equal to your normal weight at rest less than your normal weight at rest

less than your normal weight at rest

In the illustration of the solar spectrum, the upper left portion of the spectrum shows the __________ visible light. lowest speed highest speed brightest highest frequency lowest frequency

lowest frequency

A net force acting on an object will always cause a change in the object's _________. direction momentum mass speed

momentum

Newton showed that Kepler's laws are _________. seriously in error natural consequences of the law of universal gravitation the key to proving that Earth orbits our Sun actually only three of seven distinct laws of planetary motion

natural consequences of the law of universal gravitation

Consider Earth and the Moon. As you should now realize, the gravitational force that Earth exerts on the Moon is equal and opposite to that which the Moon exerts on Earth. Therefore, according to Newton's second law of motion __________. the Moon has a larger acceleration than Earth, because it has a smaller mass Earth has a larger acceleration than the Moon, because it has a larger mass the Moon and Earth both have equal accelerations, because the forces are equal

the Moon has a larger acceleration than Earth, because it has a smaller mass

Notice that the Sun's spectrum appears brightest (or most intense) in the yellow-green region. This fact tells us __________. the chemical composition of the Sun that the Sun should appear yellow-green to our eyes the approximate temperature of the Sun's surface that the Sun's surface consists of a layer of cooler gas above a hotter interior

the approximate temperature of the Sun's surface

What does temperature measure? the average mass of particles in a substance the total amount of heat in a substance the total potential energy of particles in a substance the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance

the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance

If you are standing on a scale in an elevator, what exactly does the scale measure? your mass the force you exert on the scale the gravitational force exerted on you by Earth

the force you exert on the scale

Compared to its angular momentum when it is farthest from the Sun, Earth's angular momentum when it is nearest to the Sun is: less the same greater

the same

Suppose that two objects collide. Which of the following things is NOT the same both before and after the collision? the total momentum of the objects the total angular momentum of the objects the total energy of the objects the total temperature of the objects

the total temperature of the objects

Any particular location on Earth experiences __________. two sets of high and low tides in the ocean, but only one set on land one high tide and one low tide each day two high tides and two low tides each month two high tides and two low tides each day one high tide and one low tide each month

two high tides and two low tides each day

We divide the electromagnetic spectrum into six major categories of light, listed below. Rank these forms of light from left to right in order of increasing wavelength. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.

Shortest to longest wavelength: gamma rays x rays ultraviolet visible light infrared radio waves

Which of the following best describes the origin of ocean tides on Earth? Tides are caused on the side of the Earth nearest the Moon because the Moon's gravity attracts the water. Tides are caused by the 23.5-degree tilt of the Earth's rotational axis to the ecliptic plane. Tides are caused by the difference in the force of gravity exerted by the Moon across the sphere of the Earth. The Moon's gravity pulls harder on water than on land, because water is less dense than rock.

Tides are caused by the difference in the force of gravity exerted by the Moon across the sphere of the Earth.

Which of the following best describes the fundamental difference between two different chemical elements (such as oxygen and carbon)? They have different numbers of electrons. They have different names. They have different numbers of protons in their nucleus. They have different atomic mass numbers.

They have different numbers of protons in their nucleus.

wavelength×frequency= (?)

speed of light

In which position(s) of the Moon do we experience the highest high tides? 1 2 3 4 1 and 3 2 and 4

1 and 3

In which position(s) of the Moon do we experience the lowest low tides 1 2 3 4 1 and 3 2 and 4

1 and 3

Imagine another solar system, with a star of the same mass as the Sun. Suppose a planet with a mass twice that of Earth (2MEarth) orbits at a distance of 1 AU from the star. What is the orbital period of this planet? 2 years. 1 year. It cannot be determined from the information given. 6 months.

1 year.

Which of the following describes a speed, according to an astronomer? 10 light-years per 1 million years 40 revolutions per hour 5 light-years 20 meters per second, headed north

10 light-years per 1 million years

The diagram above shows a planet at four positions in its orbit. At which position does it have the greatest gravitational potential energy? 2 4 3 1 The gravitational potential energy is the same at all four positions.

3

Suppose that the Sun were to collapse from its current radius of about 700,000 km to a radius of only about 6000 km (about the radius of Earth). What would you expect to happen as a result? A tremendous amount of gravitational potential energy would be converted into other forms of energy and the Sun would spin much more slowly. The Sun would gain more energy and more angular momentum. Both the total amount of energy and the rotation rate would remain exactly the same. A tremendous amount of gravitational potential energy would be converted into other forms of energy and the Sun would spin much more rapidly.

A tremendous amount of gravitational potential energy would be converted into other forms of energy and the Sun would spin much more rapidly.

Rank the forms of light from left to right in order of increasing speed. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.

All lights have the same speed. radio waves, ultraviolet, x rays, visible light, gamma rays, and infrared overlap.

Suppose you look at a spectrum of visible light by looking through a prism or diffraction grating. How can you decide whether it is an emission line spectrum or an absorption line spectrum? An emission line spectrum consists of bright lines on a dark background, while an absorption line spectrum consists of dark lines on a rainbow background. The only way to decide is to make a graph of the intensity of the light at every wavelength, and then analyze the graph carefully. The emission line spectrum is produced by electrons jumping up in energy level, while the absorption line spectrum is produced by electrons jumping down in energy level. An emission line spectrum consists of a long bright line, while an absorption line spectrum consists of a long dark line.

An emission line spectrum consists of bright lines on a dark background, while an absorption line spectrum consists of dark lines on a rainbow background.

If you actually performed and compared the two trials chosen in Part C, you would find that, while the basketball and marble would hit the ground at almost the same time, it would not quite be exact: The basketball would take slightly longer to fall to the ground than the marble. Why? Because gravity has a greater effect on the smaller ball. Because gravity has a greater effect on the larger ball. Because air resistance has a greater effect on the smaller ball. Because air resistance has a greater effect on the larger ball.

Because air resistance has a greater effect on the larger ball.

Why are astronauts weightless in the Space Station? Because the Space Station is moving at constant velocity Because the Space Station is traveling so fast Because there is no gravity in space Because the Space Station is constantly in free-fall around the Earth

Because the Space Station is constantly in free-fall around the Earth

You have found that tides on Earth are determined primarily by the position of the Moon, with the Sun playing only a secondary role. Why does the Moon play a greater role in causing tides than the Sun? Because the gravitational attraction between Earth and the Moon varies more across Earth than does the gravitational attraction between Earth and the Sun Because the Moon orbits Earth faster than Earth orbits the Sun Because the gravitational force between Earth and the Moon is stronger than the gravitational force between Earth and the Sun

Because the gravitational attraction between Earth and the Moon varies more across Earth than does the gravitational attraction between Earth and the Sun

Which of the paths shown represent unbound orbits? 1 only 3 only 2 only Both 2 and 3 There is no such thing as an unbound orbit.

Both 2 and 3

Assume you have completed the two trials chosen in Part A. Which of the following possible outcomes from the trials would support Newton's theory of gravity? Neglect effects of air resistance. The two balls take different amounts of time to reach the ground. The more massive ball takes longer to reach the ground. The less massive ball takes longer to reach the ground. Both balls fall to the ground in the same amount of time.

Both balls fall to the ground in the same amount of time.

At which lunar phase(s) are tides most pronounced (for example, the highest high tides)? Both new and full moons New moon only Both first and third quarters Full moon only Third quarter moon only

Both new and full moons

Suppose you drop a 10-pound weight and a 5-pound weight on the Moon, both from the same height at the same time. What will happen? The 5-pound weight will hit the ground before the 10-pound weight. Both weights will float freely, since everything is weightless on the Moon. The 10-pound weight will hit the ground before the 5-pound weight. Both will hit the ground at the same time.

Both will hit the ground at the same time.

Which of the following represents a case in which you are not accelerating? Driving in a straight line at 60 miles per hour Slamming on the brakes to come to a stop at a stop sign Driving 60 miles per hour around a curve Going from 0 to 60 miles per hour in 10 seconds

Driving in a straight line at 60 miles per hour

Sublimation is the process by which: solid material enters the gas phase. liquid material enters the gas phase. solid material becomes a liquid.

solid material enters the gas phase.

Each of the following lists two facts. Which pair of facts can be used with Newton's version of Kepler's third law to determine the mass of the Sun? Earth is 150 million km from the Sun and orbits the Sun in one year. Earth rotates in one day and orbits the Sun in one year. The mass of Earth is 6 x 1024 kg and Earth orbits the Sun in one year. Mercury is 0.387 AU from the Sun and Earth is 1 AU from the Sun.

Earth is 150 million km from the Sun and orbits the Sun in one year.

Suppose that the Sun shrank in size but that its mass remained the same. What would happen to the orbit of the Earth? Earth's orbit would expand, and it would take more than one year to orbit the Sun. The size of Earth's orbit would shrink, and it would take less than one year to orbit the Sun. Earth's orbit would be unaffected. Earth would change from a bound orbit to an unbound orbit and fly off into interstellar space.

Earth's orbit would be unaffected.

According to the law of universal gravitation, what would happen to Earth if the Sun were somehow replaced by a black hole of the same mass? Earth would be quickly sucked into the black hole. Earth would slowly spiral in to the black hole. Earth's orbit would not change.

Earth's orbit would not change.

If you want to make a rocket turn left, you need to: Fire an engine that shoots out gas to the left. Fire an engine that shoots out gas to the right. Spin the rocket clockwise.

Fire an engine that shoots out gas to the right.

Suppose you are aboard a rocket that is orbiting Earth in the low, circular orbit shown. If you want to escape from Earth and head to the Moon or Mars along the "escape" path shown, what do you need to do? The only way to end up on the "escape" path is to first return to Earth, then launch your rocket with escape velocity. Throw some excess supplies overboard, so that your rocket becomes less massive. Turn the rocket around, and fire the engine so that you lose speed. Fire the rocket engine in your direction of travel, so that you gain speed.

Fire the rocket engine in your direction of travel, so that you gain speed.

As shown in the animation, Earth has two tidal bulges at all times. Approximately where are these bulges located? One is over the Atlantic Ocean, and one is over the Pacific Ocean. Both are on lines perpendicular to the Earth-Moon line. One faces the Moon, and one faces the Sun. One faces the Moon, and one faces opposite the Moon.

One faces the Moon, and one faces opposite the Moon.

Why is Newton's version of Kepler's third law so useful to astronomers? It allows us to calculate distances to distant objects. It explains why objects spin faster when they shrink in size. It tells us that more-distant planets orbit the Sun more slowly. It can be used to determine the masses of many distant objects.

It can be used to determine the masses of many distant objects.

Which of the following statements about the force attracting these two galaxies is true? It is a force unlike any force that we ever experience on Earth. It is a mysterious force, whose nature remains completely unknown to scientists. The force will get weaker as time passes. It is the same force that causes an apple to fall to the ground.

It is the same force that causes an apple to fall to the ground.

Suppose you are in an elevator that is traveling upward at constant speed. How does your weight compare to your normal weight on the ground? It is greater. It is less. It is the same. You are weightless.

It is the same.

Which statement must be true in order for a rocket to travel from Earth to another planet? It must carry a lot of extra fuel. It must be launched from space, rather than from the ground. It must attain escape velocity from Earth. It must have very large engines.

It must attain escape velocity from Earth.

Suppose that two asteroids are orbiting the Sun on nearly identical orbits, and they happen to pass close enough to each other to have their orbits altered by this gravitational encounter. If one of the asteroids ends up moving to an orbit that is closer to the Sun, what happens to the other asteroid? It will also end up on an orbit that is closer to the Sun. It will end up on an orbit that is farther from the Sun. It will stay on its original orbit. It will become much cooler.

It will end up on an orbit that is farther from the Sun.

As you watch the animation, notice that the size of the tidal bulges varies with the Moon's phase, which depends on its orbital position relative to the Sun. Which of the following statement(s) accurately describe(s) this variation? Select all that apply. Low tides are lowest at both full moon and new moon. Low tides are highest at both full moon and new moon. High tides are highest at both full moon and new moon. High tides are highest at first- and third-quarter moon. Low tides are highest at full moon and lowest at new moon. High tides are highest at full moon and lowest at new moon.

Low tides are lowest at both full moon and new moon. High tides are highest at both full moon and new moon.

Rank the forms of light from left to right in order of increasing energy. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.

Lowest to highest energy: radio waves infrared visible light ultraviolet x rays gamma rays

Rank the forms of light from left to right in order of increasing frequency. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.

Lowest to highest frequency: radio waves infrared visible light ultraviolet x rays gamma rays

Consider again the experimental trials from Part A. This time, you wish to test how the size of an object affects the rate of its fall. Which pair of trials should you compare?

Mass= 0.5kg Size= basketball Height= 30m Mass= 0.5kg Size= marble Height= 30m

Each diagram shows a single experimental trial in which you will drop a ball from some height. In each case, the ball's size, mass, and height are labeled. Note that two diagrams show a basketball, one diagram shows a bowling ball of the same size but larger mass, and one diagram shows a much smaller marble with the same mass as the basketball. You have a timer that allows you to measure how long it takes the ball to fall to the ground. Which pair of trials will allow you to test the prediction that an object's mass does not affect its rate of fall?

Mass= 5.0kg Size= bowling ball Height= 20m Mass= 0.5kg Size= basketball Height= 20m

Which of the following procedures would allow you to make a spectrum of the Sun similar to the one shown, though with less detail? Pass a narrow beam of sunlight through a prism. Photograph the Sun through a powerful telescope. Take a photograph of the Sun and then use image-processing software to change the Sun's shape into a long, thin strip. Compare the relative amounts of light that the Sun emits as infrared, visible light, and ultraviolet light.

Pass a narrow beam of sunlight through a prism.

When space probe Voyager 2 passed by Saturn, its speed increased (but not due to firing its engines). What must have happened? Saturn must have lost a very tiny bit of its orbital energy. Saturn's rotation must have sped up slightly. Saturn must have captured an asteroid at precisely the moment that Voyager 2 passed by. Voyager 2 must have dipped through Saturn's atmosphere.

Saturn must have lost a very tiny bit of its orbital energy.

Einstein's theory, like Newton's, predicts that, in the absence of air resistance, all objects should fall at the same rate regardless of their masses. Consider the following hypothetical experimental results. Which one would indicate a failure of Einstein's theory? Scientists dropping balls on the Moon find that balls of different mass fall at slightly different rates. Scientists dropping balls from the Leaning Tower of Pisa find that balls of different mass but the same size fall at slightly different rates. Scientists dropping balls from the Leaning Tower of Pisa find that balls of different size but the same mass fall at slightly different rates.

Scientists dropping balls on the Moon find that balls of different mass fall at slightly different rates.

The diagram above shows a planet at four positions in its orbit. At which position does it have the greatest angular momentum? 3 4 1 2 The angular momentum is the same at all four points.

The angular momentum is the same at all four points.

Which of the following best explains why the Moon's orbital period and rotation period are the same? The Moon was once closer to Earth, but the force of gravity got weaker as the Moon moved farther away. The equality of the Moon's orbital and rotation periods is an extraordinary astronomical coincidence. The law of conservation of angular momentum ensured that the Moon must have the same amount of rotational angular momentum as it has of orbital angular momentum. The Moon once rotated faster, but tidal friction slowed the rotation period until it matched the orbital period.

The Moon once rotated faster, but tidal friction slowed the rotation period until it matched the orbital period.

Suppose the Sun were suddenly to shrink in size but that its mass remained the same. According to the law of conservation of angular momentum, what would happen? The Sun would rotate faster than it does now. This could never happen, because it is impossible for an object to shrink in size without an outside torque. The Sun's angular size in our sky would stay the same. The Sun's rate of rotation would slow.

The Sun would rotate faster than it does now.

Which of the following best describes why the Sun's spectrum contains black lines over an underlying rainbow? The Sun produces a continuous rainbow of color, while the black lines are caused by imperfections in the instruments used to record the spectrum. The Sun produces a continuous rainbow of color, while the black lines are caused by atoms and molecules in Earth's atmosphere. The rainbow colors represent emission by particular chemical elements, while the black lines represent gaps where no element can emit light. The Sun's hot interior produces a continuous rainbow of color, but cooler gas at the surface absorbs light at particular wavelengths.

The Sun's hot interior produces a continuous rainbow of color, but cooler gas at the surface absorbs light at particular wavelengths.

Suppose that a lone asteroid happens to be passing Jupiter on an unbound orbit (well above Jupiter's atmosphere and far from all of Jupiter's moons.) Which of the following statements would be true? The asteroid's orbit around Jupiter would not change, and it would go out on the same unbound orbit that it came in on. There is no way to predict what would happen. Jupiter's gravity would capture the asteroid, making it a new moon of Jupiter. Jupiter's gravity would suck in the asteroid, causing it to crash into Jupiter.

The asteroid's orbit around Jupiter would not change, and it would go out on the same unbound orbit that it came in on.

Suppose you kick a soccer ball straight up to a height of 10 meters. Which of the following is true about the gravitational potential energy of the ball during its flight? The ball's gravitational potential energy is greatest at the instant it returns to hit the ground. The ball's gravitational potential energy is greatest at the instant the ball leaves your foot. The ball's gravitational potential energy is always the same. The ball's gravitational potential energy is greatest at the instant when the ball is at its highest point.

The ball's gravitational potential energy is greatest at the instant when the ball is at its highest point.

Which person is weightless during the activity shown?

The diver in free-fall.

As you found in Part A, your weight will be greater than normal when the elevator is moving upward with increasing speed. For what other motion would your weight also be greater than your normal weight? The elevator moves upward with constant velocity. The elevator moves downward with constant velocity. The elevator moves upward while slowing in speed. The elevator moves downward while slowing in speed. The elevator moves downward while increasing in speed.

The elevator moves downward while slowing in speed.

A rock held above the ground has potential energy. As the rock falls, this potential energy is converted to kinetic energy. Finally, the rock hits the ground and stays there. What has happened to the energy? The rock keeps the energy inside it in the form of mass-energy. The energy goes into the ground, and as a result, the orbit of the Earth about the Sun is slightly changed. The energy goes to producing sound and to heating the ground, rock, and surrounding air. It is transformed back into gravitational potential energy.

The energy goes to producing sound and to heating the ground, rock, and surrounding air.

Imagine another solar system, with a star more massive than the Sun. Suppose a planet with the same mass as Earth orbits at a distance of 1 AU from the star. How would the planet's year (orbital period) compare to Earth's year? The planet's year would be longer than Earth's. The planet's year would be the same as Earth's. An orbit at a distance of 1 AU would not be possible around a star more massive than the Sun. The planet's year would be shorter than Earth's.

The planet's year would be shorter than Earth's.

Suppose you watch a leaf bobbing up and down as ripples pass it by in a pond. You notice that it does two full up and down bobs each second. Which statement is true of the ripples on the pond? They have a frequency of 4 hertz. We can calculate the wavelength of the ripples from their frequency. They have a frequency of 2 hertz. They have a wavelength of two cycles per second.

They have a frequency of 2 hertz.

One tidal bulge faces toward the Moon because that is where the gravitational attraction between Earth and the Moon is strongest. Which of the following best explains why there is also a second tidal bulge? The second tidal bulge is a rebound effect, created when water on the side facing the Moon falls back down and thereby pushes up the water on the opposite side of Earth. The second tidal bulge arises because gravity weakens with distance, essentially stretching Earth along the Earth-Moon line. The second tidal bulge is created by the centrifugal force caused by Earth's rapid rotation. The second tidal bulge is created by the Sun's gravity.

The second tidal bulge arises because gravity weakens with distance, essentially stretching Earth along the Earth-Moon line.

The diagram above shows a planet at four positions in its orbit. At which position does it have the greatest total orbital energy? (Orbital energy is the sum of the planet's kinetic and gravitational potential energy.) 1 4 3 2 The total orbital energy is the same at all four positions.

The total orbital energy is the same at all four positions.

Suppose you heat an oven to 200°C (about 400°F) and boil a pot of water. Which of the following explains why you would be burned by sticking your hand briefly in the pot but not by sticking your hand briefly in the oven? The oven has a higher temperature than the water. The water can transfer heat to your arm more quickly than the air. The water has a higher temperature than the oven. The molecules in the water are moving faster than the molecules in the oven.

The water can transfer heat to your arm more quickly than the air.

Suppose the Moon's orbit were unchanged, but it rotated faster (meaning it did not have synchronous rotation). Which of the following would be true? The Moon would go through its cycle of phases (from one new moon to the next) in less time than it does now. We would no longer always see nearly the same face of the Moon. Tides would be stronger; that is, higher high tides and lower low tides. High tides would occur more frequently than they do now. All of the above are true.

We would no longer always see nearly the same face of the Moon.

Which of the following statements is not one of Newton's Laws of Motion? In the absence of a net force acting upon it, an object moves with constant velocity. For any force, there always is an equal and opposite reaction force. The rate of change of momentum of an object is equal to the net force applied to the object. What goes up must come down.

What goes up must come down.

Which of the following correctly shows tidal bulges on Earth when the Moon is in the position shown?

When Earth is in the center of a horizontal oval. Notice that there are two tidal bulges, one facing the Moon and one on the side of Earth opposite the Moon.

Most people are familiar with the rise and fall of ocean tides, but do tides also affect land? No, tides only affect the oceans. No, tides can only affect liquids and gases, not solids. Yes, though land rises and falls by a much smaller amount than the oceans. Yes, land rises and falls with tides equally as high (and low) as the oceans.

Yes, though land rises and falls by a much smaller amount than the oceans.

Suppose you visit another planet: Your mass and weight would be the same as they are on Earth. Your mass would be the same as on Earth, but your weight would be different. Your weight would be the same as on Earth, but your mass would be different.

Your mass would be the same as on Earth, but your weight would be different.

Suppose you lived on the Moon. Which of the following would be true? Both your weight and your mass would be the same as they are on Earth. Your mass would be less than your mass on Earth, but your weight would be the same as it is on Earth. Both your weight and your mass would be less than they are on Earth. Your weight would be less than your weight on Earth, but your mass would be the same as it is on Earth.

Your weight would be less than your weight on Earth, but your mass would be the same as it is on Earth.

The planets never travel in a straight line as they orbit the Sun. According to Newton's second law of motion, this must mean that _________. The planets are always accelerating. The planets will eventually fall into the Sun. The planets have angular momentum. a force is acting on the planets

a force is acting on the planets

Radio waves are: a form of sound. a form of light. a type of spectrum.

a form of light.

The set of spectral lines that we see in a star's spectrum depends on the star's: atomic structure. chemical composition. rotation rate.

chemical composition.

Compared to the Sun, a star whose spectrum peaks in the infrared is: cooler hotter larger

cooler

According to the universal law of gravitation, if you triple the distance between two objects, then the gravitational force between them _________. increases by a factor of 3 decreases by a factor of 3 increases by a factor of 9 decreases by a factor of 9

decreases by a factor of 9

Click "show" for the emission line spectrum, then click "choose gases" and study the emission line spectrum for neon. The neon "OPEN" sign appears reddish-orange because __________. neon atoms emit only yellow and red photons the yellow and red photons emitted by neon travel much faster than the blue and violet photons and so reach our eyes first neon atoms emit many more yellow and red photons than blue and violet photons each yellow and red photon emitted by neon carries more energy than each blue and violet photon emitted.

neon atoms emit many more yellow and red photons than blue and violet photons

Thermal radiation is defined as _________. radiation with a spectrum whose shape depends only on the temperature of the emitting object radiation that is felt as heat radiation produced by an extremely hot object radiation in the form of emission lines from an object

radiation with a spectrum whose shape depends only on the temperature of the emitting object