AT Chapter 25

Match the complete lesions at spinal segment levels (in the left column) to their return of nerve root functions (in the right column).

-C4-C5 - Return of deltoid function -C5-C6 - Return of elbow flexion and wrist extension -C6-C7 - Return of elbow and finger extension and wrist flexion -C7 - T1 - Return of grip function

Match the consequences of incomplete spinal cord lesions (in the left column) to their symptoms (in the right column).

-Central cord syndrome - It results in complete quadriplegia with nonspecific sensory loss and in sexual as well as bowel-bladder dysfunction. -Brown-Sequard syndrome - It results in loss of motor function, touch, vibration, and position sense on one side of the body and loss of pain and temperature sensation on the other side. -Posterior cord syndrome - A person may experience difficulty in coordinating movement of the limbs. -Anterior cord syndrome - It results in loss of motor function and pain and temperature sensation.

Match the consequences of incomplete spinal cord lesions (in the left column) to their causes (in the right column).

-Central cord syndrome -Hemorrhage -Brown-Sequard syndrome - An injury to one side of the spinal cord

Identify the aspects of a technique that can be used to increase the stability of the spine and the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex. (Check all that apply.)

-Core stabilization -Dynamic abdominal bracing

Identify the basic mechanisms that cause injury to the spinal cord and nerve roots. (Check all that apply.)

-Hemorrhage and cervical cord neuropraxia -Contusion and shock -Laceration by bony fragments

Identify the causes of cervical spine stenosis. (Check all that apply.)

-Osteophytes -A congenital variation

Identify the true statements about the components of a neural arch. (Check all that apply.)

-Pedicles are bony processes that project backward from the body of the vertebrae and connect with the laminae. -Laminae are flat, bony processes occurring on either side of a neural arch.

Identify the hip flexors. (Check all that apply.)

-Sartorius -Rectus femoris

Match the type of injuries to the neck (in the left column) to their causes (in the right column).

-Serious injury - An axial load force to the top of the head -Subtle injury - A postural malalignment

Identify the major ligaments that join the various vertebral parts of the spine. (Check all that apply.)

-The supraspinous ligament -The anterior longitudinal ligament

Identify the questions that need to be asked to rule out cervical spine injury. (Check all that apply.)

-Were you knocked out or unconscious? -Are you unable to move your ankles and toes?

POLICE is used for _____ hours while whiplash injury is in the acute stage of healing.

48 to 72

_____ can produce more accurate results during posture screening.

A grid

Identify a scenario that may cause sacroiliac sprains.

A person twists with both feet on the ground.

_____ involves an anterior shifting of the entire pelvis that results in hip extension.

A swayback posture

Identify a true statement about the signs and symptoms of herniated lumbar disks.

An athlete has difficulty putting on shoes and socks.

_____ contusions rank third to strains and sprains in incidence.

Back

Identify a true statement about the signs and symptoms of herniated lumbar disks.

Backward bending reduces pain in a herniated lumbar disk.

_______ _______ _______is a syndrome characterized by a narrowing of the spinal canal in the cervical region that can impinge the spinal cord.

Cervical spine stenosis

_____ is the most inferior part of the vertebral column.

Coccyx

Identify a question that needs to be asked to know the nature of the problem once cervical spine injury is ruled out.

Do certain movements or positions cause more pain?

_____ sprain typically occurs when a patient bends forward and twists while lifting or moving some object.

Facet joint

True or false: Injuries to the thoracic region of the spine have a much higher incidence than do injuries to the cervical or lumbar region.

False

True or false: Maintenance of a neutral position has no effect on increasing the stability of the spine.

False

True or false: The spinal cord and nerve roots may be injured via hemorrhage that causes harmful effects in the musculature extradurally.

False

True or false: The thoracic and pelvic curves are convex anteriorly.

False

Identify a sport that has the highest incidence of cervical fracture.

Football

Identify a cause of coccygeal injuries.

Forcibly sitting down

Identify a true statement about lumbar sprain management.

Initial treatment should include POLICE to reduce pain.

Identify a true statement about spondylolysis.

It is more common among boys.

_____ is characterized by an increased curve in the lumbar spine and an increase both in anterior tilt of the pelvis and in hip flexion.

Lordotic posture

_____ is second only to foot problems in order of incidence in humans throughout their life span.

Low back pain

_____ may be prescribed to relieve pain and muscle spasm in a whiplash injury.

Mechanical traction

_____ individual bones of the vertebral column are classified as immovable.

Nine

Identify a true statement about the cause of sacroiliac sprains.

Overrotating a golf swing can cause sacroiliac sprains.

Identify a true statement about coccygeal injuries.

Patients with persistent coccyalgia should undergo rectal examinations.

_____ has the highest incidence of cervical fracture.

Rugby

_____ disease is characterized by kyphosis that results from wedge fractures of 5 degrees or greater in three or more consecutive vertebral bodies, with associated disk space abnormalities and irregularity of the epiphyseal endplates.

Scheuermann's

Dorsolumbar kyphosis is also referred to as _____.

Scheuermann's disease

Identify a true statement about the movements of the vertebral column.

Seventy-five percent of flexion occurs between L5 and S1.

Identify a true statement about the recommended sitting posture to prevent low back pain.

Sit with the low back positioned firmly against the back of a chair.

Identify a true statement about the recommended sleeping posture to prevent low back pain.

Sleep on the side with the knees drawn up.

_____ is considered a complication of spondylolysis.

Spondylolisthesis

_____ is a degeneration of the vertebrae and a defect in the pars interarticularis, which is the region between the superior and inferior articulating facets of a vertebra.

Spondylolysis

_____ is a term used to indicate brachial plexus neuropraxia.

Stinger

Identify a true statement about the position of a patient during palpation.

The head and neck of a patient should be slightly flexed.

_____ is the portion of the central nervous system that is contained within the vertebral canal of the spinal column.

The spinal cord

Identify a true statement about a major ligament of the spine.

The supraspinous ligament is referred to as the ligamentum nuchae in the cervical region.

_____, resulting from stretching or compression of the brachial plexus, is the most common of all cervical neurological injuries.

Transient neuropraxia

_____ individual bones of the vertebral column are classified as movable.

Twenty-four

Identify a true statement about the management of back contusions.

Ultrasound is effective in treating the deep muscles.

The neck can be seriously injured by _____.

a lateral flexion force

To ensure accuracy of observation in posture evaluation, _____ may be of use.

a plumb line

The _____ forms the periphery of an intervertebral disk.

annulus fibrosus

Each intervertebral disk is composed of the _____.

annulus fibrosus and the nucleus pulposus

Symptoms of herniated lumbar disks are worse in the morning with _____, such as when a patient gets out of bed.

axial loading

Care for a strain of the neck or upper back usually includes the use of rest, ice, compress, and elevate (RICE) immediately after the strain occurs and the application of a(n) _____.

cervical collar

The ________ and ________ curves are convex anteriorly.

cervical, lumbar

Back problems are most often the result of either _______ or _______ causes.

congenital, idiopathic

Follow-up management for acute strains of the neck and upper back includes _____.

cryotherapy

The _____ muscles extend from one vertebra to another.

deep

The _____ muscles include the interspinales, multifidus, rotatores, semispinalis, and splenius.

deep

The _______ _______ are a group of paired muscles that consist of three columns, or bands.

erector spinae

If the nucleus moves into the spinal canal and comes in contact with a nerve root in a herniated lumbar disk, the result is a(n) _____ disk.

extruded

The _____ muscle attaches to the coccyx posteriorly.

gluteus maximus

Each neural arch has two ________, and two ________.

laminae, pedicles

A herniated lumbar disk that progressively degenerates may develop into a(n) _____ disk, in which the nucleus moves completely through the annulus.

prolapsed

Palpation should be performed with a patient lying _____ and the spine as straight as possible.

prone

Complete cord lesions at or above C3 spinal segment levels impair _______ and result in _______.

respiration, death

A(n) _____ herniated lumbar disk occurs when the material of the nucleus separates from the disk and begins to migrate.

sequestrated

Spondylolisthesis's highest incidence is with L5 slipping on S1, which is referred to as a _____.

step deformity

The _____ muscles extend from the vertebrae to ribs.

superficial

The lumbar roots and the sacral nerves form a horselike tail called _____.

the cauda equina

Thoracic fractures may occur in _____.

tobogganing