ATHT 265 Exam #3

A warm whirlpool immersion treatment should not exceed what temperature to avoid scalding? _____°F

115

what is the appropriate temperature for a paraffin bath? _____°F - _____°F

118 - 126

hydrocollator packs contain silicate gel in a cotton pad, which is immersed in thermostatically controlled hot water at a temperature of _______-_________°F

160 - 166

Cryotherapy modalities have a temperature range between ____°F and ____°F.

32, 65

decrease in blood flow has been reported at _____°F

57

The therapeutic range for heat modalities is: A. 104-113°F B. 25-50°F C. 95-104°F D. 115-130°F

A. 104-113°F

Maximum analgesia occurs when skin temperature drops to approximately ____°F, which occurs after around 20 minutes after ice pack application. A. 58 B. 45 C. 28 D. 32

A. 58

At what skin temperature is maximum analgesia reached when applying a cold pack? A. 58°F B. 65°F C. 25°F D. 32°F

A. 58°F

What depth of penetration occurs with superficial heating modalities? A. < 2 cm B. 3 to 5 cm C. 2 to 4 cm D. 6 to 8 cm

A. < 2 cm

Which of the following variables is least likely to affect the magnitude of temperature change in tissues under a cold pack? A. Ambient air temperature B. Body surface area covered by the cold pack C. Temperature of the cold pack D. Water content of the tissues covered by the cold pack

A. Ambient air temperature

After a cold pack treatment your patient appears flushed and reports she is lightheaded. You notice a red patch on the skin underneath her cold pack. Which of the following problems is most likely? A. Cold urticaria B. Cryoglobulinemia C. Reflex vasodilation D. Raynaud's phenomenon

A. Cold urticaria

After a cold pack treatment your patient appears flushed and reports she is lightheaded. You notice a red patch on the skin underneath her cold pack. Which of the following problems is most likely? A. Cold urticaria B. Reflex vasodilation C. Raynaud's phenomenon D. Cryoglobulinemia

A. Cold urticaria

Intermittent application of ice packs is an effective method for what? A. Controlling pain B. Improve healing C. Increasing function D. Decreasing swelling

A. Controlling pain

A warm whirlpool is an example of which form of thermal energy transfer? A. Convection B. Conversion C. Radiation D. Conduction

A. Convection

Ice massage can be an effective cold treatment in which injury? A. Gastrocnemius muscle spasm B. Hamstring strain C. Fibular stress fracture D. Ankle ligament sprain

A. Gastrocnemius muscle spasm

Which treatment is best suited for applying cold to injuries involving an irregular surface? A. Ice immersion B. Chemical cold pack C. Cold compression therapy unit D. Reusable cold pack

A. Ice immersion

Which is a primary hemodynamic effect of cold application? A. Increased blood viscosity B. Arteriole vasodilation C. Increased blood flow D. Capillary vasoconstriction

A. Increased blood viscosity

Which of the following patient examination procedures should not be performed following cryotherapy? A. Manual muscle testing B. Posture assessment C. Range of motion D. Joint play

A. Manual muscle testing

What is identified when skin has ghost-white areas and beet-red splotches? A. Mottling B. Erythema C. Cyanosis D. Pallor

A. Mottling

Which of the following physiological responses to heat will facilitate vasodilation? A. Release of histamine and prostaglandins B. Increased blood pressure C. Decreased oxygen uptake by heated tissues D. Increased nerve conduction velocity

A. Release of histamine and prostaglandins

T/F: Both heat and cold can be applied to break the pain-spasm cycle. A. True B. False

A. True

T/F: Burns are the primary risk of superficial heating. A. True B. False

A. True

T/F: Decrease in blood flow has been reported at 57°F. A. True B. False

A. True

T/F: Superficial vasoconstriction occurs primarily through reflex mechanisms, while decreased metabolic activity is responsible for decreased blood flow in deeper tissues. A. True B. False

A. True

T/F: The application of a cold modality may stimulate the descending neural pathways to modulate pain. A. True B. False

A. True

Heat packs are contraindicated during immediate care procedures. This is because they cause a(n) A. increase in metabolism B. decrease in blood flow C. increase in inflammation D. increase in blood flow E. decrease in metabolism

A. increase in metabolism

what cold modality carries the greatest risk of frostbite and commonly uses a layer of insulation without detriment to the therapeutic effects of the cryotherapy? A. reusable cold pack B. plastic bag with crushed ice C. cold compression therapy unit D. chemical cold pack

A. reusable cold pack

T/F: the majority of skin thermoreceptors are responsive to cold; lesser are responsive to heat A. true B. false

A. true

At which point in the injury response will the application of ice be MOST beneficial in reducing secondary hypoxic injury? A. vascular and tissue damage B. rehabilitation C. pain and spasm D. repair phase

A. vascular and tissue damage

The therapeutic range for heat modalities is: A. 53-100°F B. 104-113°F C. 25-50°F D. 115-130°F

B. 104-113°F

Cryotherapy modalities have a temperature range between 32°F and ____°F. A. 45 B. 65 C. 55 D. 75

B. 65

Of the following nerve fibers, which are thermoreceptors? A. A-alpha B. A-delta C. A-beta

B. A-delta

Why does the presence of thick adipose tissue under the skin tend to block decreases in tissue temperature when cryotherapy is applied to the skin? A. More blood flows to the skin through capillaries in adipose tissue B. Adipose tissue has a low thermal conductivity C. Resting membrane currents are higher D. Adipose tissue has no thermal sensory receptors

B. Adipose tissue has a low thermal conductivity

Your patient is a 32-year-old female with a diagnosis of acute left knee sprain with suspicion of a torn anterior cruciate ligament. Which of the following cold therapy modalities would be the best choice to decrease her pain and swelling? A. Cold bath B. Controlled-cold compression unit C. Gel cold pack D. Ice massage

B. Controlled-cold compression unit

The physiological effects of cryotherapy are primarily a result of which of the following? A. Release of vasodynamic hormones B. Decrease in tissue temperature C. Increase in nerve conduction velocity D. Stimulation of free nerve endings in the skin

B. Decrease in tissue temperature

Clinicians should use caution when applying superficial heat before activity due to its effect on muscle strength and proprioception. A. True B. False

B. False

T/F: Based on the randomized controlled trials in the literature, cryotherapy has a dramatic effect on expediting recovery from injury. A. True B. False

B. False

T/F: Based on the randomized controlled trials in the literature, cryotherapy has a dramatic effect on expediting the recovery from injury. A. True B. False

B. False

T/F: Based on the randomized controlled trials in the literature, superficial heat has a dramatic effect on expediting the recovery from injury. A. True B. False

B. False

T/F: During a cryokinetic exercise program, a patient reports pain and demonstrates altered movement while completing an exercise. The patient should be allowed to continue with the exercise if pain is decreased after additional application of cold. A. True B. False

B. False

T/F: Therapeutic heat modalities are recommended for patients with decreased sensation and poor blood flow. A. True B. False

B. False

When comparing heat and cold, which of the following accurately describes the effect of heat treatments? A. Decreased blood flow B. Increased capillary permeability C. Increased blood viscosity D. Decreased cell wastes

B. Increased capillary permeability

Which of the following represents a risk one should consider when applying external heating modalities? A. Heating a large volume of tissue results in compensatory cutaneous vasodilation, which increases risk for surface burns B. Increased tissue oxygen demand exceeds delivery of oxygen-rich blood C. Anti-inflammatory effect of heat results in increased joint effusion D. Systemic response of decreased heart rate results in cardiovascular complications

B. Increased tissue oxygen demand exceeds delivery of oxygen-rich blood

Positive factors of immediate cold application following acute trauma include which of the following? A. Facilitation of leukocyte migration B. Lowered metabolism C. Alternating vasodilation/vasoconstriction D. Increased oxygen demand

B. Lowered metabolism

Your patient has the following medical conditions. Which one is a contraindication for cold therapy? A. Hypotension B. Raynaud's phenomenon C. Osteoarthritis D. Acute inflammation

B. Raynaud's phenomenon

What modality carries the greatest risk of frostbite? A. Plastic bag with crushed ice B. Reusable cold pack C. Cold compression therapy unit D. Chemical cold pack

B. Reusable cold pack

Which of the following regarding temperature increase with superficial heating is true? A. A 25 min application of superficial heat increases deep tissue temperature B. Superficial heat may be effective in increasing tissue temperature in superficial and small joints C. The physical sensation of a heat pack may activate A-delta and C fibers to decrease pain D. Temperature increase in tissue is long-lasting after the application of superficial heat

B. Superficial heat may be effective in increasing tissue temperature in superficial and small joints

What is the only true benefit from the use of a vapocoolant spray? A. Decreased muscle spasm B. Temporary pain relief C. Decreased swelling D. Decreased cell metabolism

B. Temporary pain relief

According to the practical evidence, how should an ice pack be applied in order to obtain maximal intramuscular temperature decrease? A. Without any wrap B. With an elastic wrap C. With a non flexible plastic wrap D. With flexible plastic wrap

B. With an elastic wrap

Raynaud's phenomenon... A. most commonly affects men B. is considered a vasospastic disorder C. primarily affects the ears and nose D. occurs in patients who are allergic to cold

B. is considered a vasospastic disorder

A warm whirlpool immersion treatment should not exceed what temperature to avoid scalding? A. 110°F (43°C) B. 105°F (41°C) C. 115°F (46°C)

C. 115°F (46°C)

Which is a contraindication to cold application? A. Neuralgia B. Chronic muscle spasm C. Chronic wound D. Chronic pain

C. Chronic wound

Which of the following effects of cold on a peripheral nerve has been demonstrated by research studies? A. Selective decrease of sensory nerve conduction velocities without affecting motor nerve conduction velocities B. Maintenance of normal nerve conduction and blockage of skin receptor function C. Decreased motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities D. Increased motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities

C. Decreased motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities

Which of the following design techniques protects against electric shock in a hydrotherapy area? A. Electrical outlets should be relocated 18 inches (47.5 cm) above all floors B. Electrical outlets should be limited to three devices plugged in and operating at one time C. Electrical outlets for whirlpools should be connected to ground fault circuit interrupters D. Electrical on-off switches should be located within six inches (15.2 cm) of whirlpools

C. Electrical outlets for whirlpools should be connected to ground fault circuit interrupters

Regarding skeletal muscle blood flow, which of the following statements is true? A. Using a heat pack can result in greater increases in blood flow than exercise if the duration of heat application is greater than 30 minutes B. Increases in blood flow are equivalent with application of either heat pack or exercise C. Exercise results in greater increases in blood flow than application of heat pack. D. Neither exercise nor superficial heat can increase skeletal muscle blood flow, as it is primarily under metabolic regulation

C. Exercise results in greater increases in blood flow than application of heat pack.

One advantage of heat over cold therapy is... A. Head decreases cellular metabolism, reducing the risk of hypoxic injury B. Heat increases the resistance of collagen to a deforming force, resulting in improved scar strength C. Heat decreases joint stiffness, while cold increases stiffness D. Heat decreases soft tissue swelling more than cold

C. Heat decreases joint stiffness, while cold increases stiffness

Which of the following about cryotherapy is FALSE? A. The cooling response may not drastically limit oxygen delivery to tissue B. Conflicting findings have been reported on its effects on cutaneous sensation C. Hypoxia-related cell death may occur after injury due to cells' increased oxygen demand D. Superficial vasoconstriction affects blood flow to the skin

C. Hypoxia-related cell death may occur after injury due to cells' increased oxygen demand

Which of the following is an advantage of heat rather than cold for patient interventions? A. Inhibition of edema formation B. Increased joint stiffness C. Increase tissue extensibility D. Decreased pain

C. Increase tissue extensibility

What statement is true regarding skin temperature and muscular temperature following cold treatments? A. Muscle cooling is diminished when the patient remains sedentary B. Unlike muscle, skin temperature continues to decrease for up to 30 minutes C. Intramuscular cooling is increased when modality is applied following exercise. D. Skin temperature is a good indicator of the temperature of underlying tissues

C. Intramuscular cooling is increased when modality is applied following exercise.

How deep are superficial heating agents able to penetrate? A. Greater than 6 cm B. 2 cm to 4 cm C. Less than 2 cm D. 4 cm to 6 cm

C. Less than 2 cm

Which of the following is an abnormal response to the application of cold? A. Numbness of the skin B. Reddening of the skin C. Raised, red, irregularly shaped areas on the skin D. Feelings of burning or aching of the skin

C. Raised, red, irregularly shaped areas on the skin

Which of the following regarding contrast therapy is FALSE? A. May be effective in decreasing pain and swelling via active range of motion during treatments B. There is little vascular response with contrast therapy C. The cycle should always end with a warm bath to facilitate tissue recovery D. Cycles of cold and heat are theorized to produce a pumping action to reduce swelling

C. The cycle should always end with a warm bath to facilitate tissue recovery

Which of the following is true regarding temperature decrease during cryotherapy? A. Deep tissues cool quickly after superficial cooling has occurred B. Decreased temperature increases the rate of metabolism in local tissue C. The quantity of adipose tissue affects the rate of cooling due to its insulation properties D. Tissue cools slowly at first, then rapidly decreases in temperature over time

C. The quantity of adipose tissue affects the rate of cooling due to its insulation properties

The greater the temperature gradient between the skin and the cryotherapy modality, which of the following will be greater? A. Duration of vasoconstriction B. Increase in modality temperature C. Tissue temperature change D. Tolerance for cold application

C. Tissue temperature change

The greater the temperature gradient between the skin and the cryotherapy modality, which of the following will be greater? A. Increase in modality temperature B. Tolerance for cold application C. Tissue temperature change D. Duration of vasoconstriction

C. Tissue temperature change

All of the following are physiological responses to superficial heat in superficial tissues EXCEPT A. increased circulation and sweating B. increased inflammation and metabolic activity C. increased viscosity D. increased tissue elasticity

C. increased viscosity

In which of the following situations should you NOT use thermotherapy for a patient? A. to reduce swelling in a subacute injury B. to reduce muscle spasm C. to reduce acute inflammatory response D. to facilitate tissue healing

C. to reduce acute inflammatory response

The greatest change in tissue temperature 2 cm below the skin surface occurs with which of the following treatments? A. 20 min treatment of contrast bath B. 20 min application of contrast irritant C. 20 min application of superficial heat D. 20 min application of ice bag

D. 20 min application of ice bag

What depth of penetration occurs with superficial heating modalities? A. 3 to 5 cm B. 2 to 4 cm C. 6 to 8 cm D. < 2 cm

D. < 2 cm

Which sensation of cold results from decreased nerve conduction velocity and an increase in the threshold required to fire nerves? This sensation is seldom achieved with cold application. A. Aching B. Analgesia C. Burning D. Anesthesia

D. Anesthesia

Based on the practical evidence, which cold application is more effective at decreasing sensory and motor nerve conduction velocity? A. Ice massage B. Immersion, ice pack, and ice massage have the same effect C. Ice pack application D. Cold water immersion

D. Cold water immersion

An ice pack is an example of which form of thermal energy transfer? A. Radiation B. Conversion C. Convection D. Conduction

D. Conduction

The physiological effects of cryotherapy are primarily a result of which of the following? A. Increase in nerve conduction velocity B. Stimulation of free nerve endings in the skin C. Release of vasodynamic hormones D. Decrease in tissue temperature

D. Decrease in tissue temperature

Which local response will occur as the body responds to heat loss from cryotherapy? A. Vasodilation B. Increased pain C. Increased inflammation D. Decreased metabolic rate

D. Decreased metabolic rate

Of the following, which is a correct statement regarding the response to superficial heat? A. The analgesic response to a 20 min superficial heat application is most likely due to a decrease in nerve conduction velocity B. Superficial heat stimulates lymphatic drainage, which results in decreased interstitial edema C. Profound heat-induced vasodilation occurs in muscle tissue following 20 min of application D. Heat decreases muscle spasm via a spinal reflex mechanism

D. Heat decreases muscle spasm via a spinal reflex mechanism

Which scenario will result in the greatest decrease of subcutaneous tissue temperatures? A. Ice bag applied over an elastic wrap B. Ice bag alone C. Ice bag applied with a compression wrap over an elastic wrap D. Ice bag applied with a compression wrap

D. Ice bag applied with a compression wrap

Which of the following cold therapy techniques has the greatest danger of causing a neuropraxia or axonotmesis? A. Ice massage for 5 minutes over the lateral epicondyle B. Vapocoolant spraying of the hamstrings at their origin C. Cold water bath for a sprained ankle for 15 minutes D. Ice bag on the elbow over the ulnar nerve for more than 1 hour

D. Ice bag on the elbow over the ulnar nerve for more than 1 hour

The effects of heat on connective tissue include all of the following except A. Decreased joint stiffness B. Increased elasticity C. Increased muscle extensibility D. Increased viscosity

D. Increased viscosity

An infrared heat lamp is an example of which form of thermal energy transfer? A. Conversion B. Convection C. Conduction D. Radiation

D. Radiation

Which technique commonly uses a layer of insulation without detriment to the therapeutic effects of the modality? A. Chemical cold pack B. Plastic bag with crushed ice C. Cold compression therapy unit D. Reusable cold pack

D. Reusable cold pack

What is the correct order of cooling in tissues? A. Skin, adipose, muscle, fascia B. Skin, muscles, fascia, adipose C. Skin, fascia, muscle, adipose D. Skin, adipose, fascia, muscle

D. Skin, adipose, fascia, muscle

A comparison of temperature changes in response to application of heat to the forearm will show which of the following? A. Subcutaneous tissue temperature changes the least during and after heat application B. Skin temperature rises fastest and maintains a high temperature the longest after the heat source is removed C. Muscle tissue heats up slowest, but the temperature gain is greatest from baseline to peak D. Subcutaneous tissue and skin lose heat rapidly after the source of external heat is removed.

D. Subcutaneous tissue and skin lose heat rapidly after the source of external heat is removed.

Which of the following would be the best treatment choice for the following patient problem? The athlete is a 20-year-old volleyball player who suffered a first-degree lateral ankle sprain two days ago. The team is participating in the NCAA regional tournament in two days. The team physician will allow the athlete to play, but the athlete limps while walking and has not jogged or jumped since the injury. There is some swelling but it does not limit motion. A. paraffin B. contrast bath C. paraffin D. cryokinetics

D. cryokinetics

The most important therapeutic effect of cold applications during immediate care of acute injuries is... A. decreased pain B. decreased muscle spasm C. decreased inflammation D. decreased metabolism E. decreased blood flow

D. decreased metabolism

The most important therapeutic effect of cold applications during rehabilitation is... A. decreased inflammation B. decreased metabolism C. decreased muscle spasm D. decreased pain

D. decreased pain

In which of the following situations should you NOT use thermotherapy for a patient? A. to reduce muscle spasm B. to reduce swelling in a subacute injury C. to facilitate tissue healing D. to reduce acute inflammatory response

D. to reduce acute inflammatory response

what type of energy is transferred when cryotherapy techniques are employed for treatment? A. electrical B. electromagnetic C. sound D. mechanical E. thermal

E. thermal

fourier's law

Greater temperature difference, the more rapid the exchange of temperature

What factors will influence skin temperature? Select all that apply. I. Ambient temperature II. Humidity III. Exercise IV. Food consumption V. Mood

I. Ambient temperature II. Humidity III. Exercise IV. Food consumption

Which of the following are contraindication to the use of cold packs? (Select all that apply) I. Circulatory insufficiency II. Deep-vein thrombosis III. CNS spasticity IV. Neuralgia V. Acute injury

I. Circulatory insufficiency II. Deep-vein thrombosis

Which of the following statements regarding cryokinetics are true? Select all that apply I. Cryokinetics cannot be applied until active range of motion can be performed safely II. Cryokinetics can speed functional recovery III. Cryokinetics is a treatment where cold application is applied before controlled exercise.

I. Cryokinetics cannot be applied until active range of motion can be performed safely II. Cryokinetics can speed functional recovery III. Cryokinetics is a treatment where cold application is applied before controlled exercise.

Which of the following statements regarding cryokinetics are true? (Please select all that apply) I. Cryokinetics cannot be applied until active range of motion can be performed safely II. Cryokinetics is a treatment where cold application is applied before controlled exercise III. Cryokinetics can speed functional recovery IV. Cryokinetics is effective in the early management of acute inflammation

I. Cryokinetics cannot be applied until active range of motion can be performed safely II. Cryokinetics is a treatment where cold application is applied before controlled exercise III. Cryokinetics can speed functional recovery

What effect does cold application have on edema formation and reduction? Select all that apply. I. Cryotherapy limits edema formation II. Cold application decreases cell metabolism, which leads to less secondary hypoxic injury III. Cold application promotes the removal of edema IV. Cryotherapy reduces the effects of arthrogenic inhibition V. Cold application will not hinder venous return

I. Cryotherapy limits edema formation II. Cold application decreases cell metabolism, which leads to less secondary hypoxic injury IV. Cryotherapy reduces the effects of arthrogenic inhibition

Which of the following statements about a commercial cold pack are true? (Please select all that apply) I. It should be used with an insulating layer to protect the skin II. It can result in frostbite due to colder temperatures III. It is acceptable to use near large, superficial nerves IV. It does not conform well to the skin

I. It should be used with an insulating layer to protect the skin II. It can result in frostbite due to colder temperatures IV. It does not conform well to the skin

Heat produces vasodilation through a combination of what mechanisms? Select all that apply. I. Release of neurotransmitters and peptides II. Capillary smooth muscle relaxes III.Cerebral cortex level reflex IV. Spinal level reflex V. Arteriole smooth muscle relaxes

I. Release of neurotransmitters and peptides IV. Spinal level reflex V. Arteriole smooth muscle relaxes

Which of the following are indications for the use of a moist heat pack? (Select all that apply) I. Subacute injury II. Impaired circulation III. Decreased range of motion IV. Hematoma reduction V. Acute injury

I. Subacute injury III. Decreased range of motion IV. Hematoma reduction

Which nerves are most susceptible to cold-induced neuropathy? Select all that apply. I. Ulnar II. Femoral III. Peroneal IV. Tibial V. Radial

I. Ulnar III. Peroneal

contraindications for thermotherapy - select all that apply I. acute injuries II. neurovascular deficits III. patients with tumors (neoplasms) IV. closed infections V. pregnancy VI. deep vein thrombosis VII. advanced arthritis VIII. peripheral vascular disease IX. hypertension

I. acute injuries II. neurovascular deficits III. patients with tumors (neoplasms) IV. closed infections V. pregnancy VI. deep vein thrombosis VII. advanced arthritis VIII. peripheral vascular disease IX. hypertension

indications for cryotherapy - select all that apply I. acute injury II. acute inflammation III. acute, chronic, postsurgical pain IV. prevent edema formation V. prior to ROM VI. spasticity with CNS disorders VII. acute, chronic muscle spasm VIII. neuralgia IX. reduce cell metabolism

I. acute injury II. acute inflammation III. acute, chronic, postsurgical pain IV. prevent edema formation V. prior to ROM VI. spasticity with CNS disorders VII. acute, chronic muscle spasm VIII. neuralgia IX. reduce cell metabolism

contraindications for cryotherapy - select all that apply I. circulatory insufficiency II. deep vein thrombosis III. cold hypersensitivity/urticaria IV. anesthetic skin V. advanced diabetes VI. chronic wounds VII. open wounds VIII. raynaud's phenomenon IX. peripheral vascular disease X. lupus

I. circulatory insufficiency II. deep vein thrombosis III. cold hypersensitivity/urticaria IV. anesthetic skin V. advanced diabetes VI. chronic wounds VII. open wounds VIII. raynaud's phenomenon IX. peripheral vascular disease X. lupus

select all five mechanisms of heat exchange: I. conduction II. convection III. condensation IV. radiation V. evaporation VI. conversion

I. conduction II. convection IV. radiation V. evaporation VI. conversion

Which of the following conditions are used for heat applications? Select all that apply I. controlling the inflammatory response in subacute or chronic stages II. encouraging tissue healing III. promoting venous drainage IV. decreasing muscle spasm V. increasing tissue elasticity VI. reducing edema and ecchymosis

I. controlling the inflammatory response in subacute or chronic stages II. encouraging tissue healing III. promoting venous drainage IV. decreasing muscle spasm V. increasing tissue elasticity VI. reducing edema and ecchymosis

the following occurs when cold is applied during rehabilitation of an acute injury: I. [increased/decreased] metabolism II. [increased/decreased] pain III. [increased/decreased] muscle spasm IV. [increased/decreased] blood flow V. [increased/decreased] muscle spasticity

I. decreased metabolism II. decreased pain III. decreased muscle spasm IV. decreased blood flow V. decreased muscle spasticity

the following describes the effect of heat treatments: I. [increased/decreased] cell wastes II. [increased/decreased] blood flow III. [increased/decreased] fluid viscosity IV. [increased/decreased] capillary permeability

I. increased cell wastes II. increased blood flow III. decreased fluid viscosity IV. increased capillary permeability

The following are true regarding the use of cryotherapy: I. [increases/decreases] ischemia II. [increases/decreases] muscle spasm III. [increases/decreases] nerve conduction velocity IV. [increases/decreases] depolarization threshold V. [increases/decreases] oxygen consumption VI. [increases/decreases] the rate of cell metabolism

I. increases ischemia II. decreases muscle spasm III. decreases nerve conduction velocity IV. increases depolarization threshold V. decreases oxygen consumption VI. decreases cell metabolism

Which of the following statements about commercial cold packs are true? Select all that apply I. it does not conform well to the skin II. it can result in frostbite due to colder temperatures III. it is not acceptable to use near superficial large nerves IV. it should be used with an insulating layer to protect the skin

I. it does not conform well to the skin II. it can result in frostbite due to colder temperatures III. it is not acceptable to use near superficial large nerves IV. it should be used with an insulating layer to protect the skin

list the effects cold application has on edema formation/reduction: *look at study guide* cryotherapy... I. II. III. IV.

I. limits edema formation II. reduces the effects of arthrogenic inhibition III. does not promote the removal of edema IV. decreases cell metabolism, which leads to less secondary hypoxic injury

which is the primary hemodynamic effect of cold application? I. local arteriole vasoconstriction II. increased blood viscosity III. reduced blood flow

I. local arteriole vasoconstriction II. increased blood viscosity III. reduced blood flow

Counterirritants... *look at study guide* I. II. III.

I. produce the sensation of heating through stimulation of peripheral sensory receptors II. may relieve pain via an increase in A-beta afferent activity III. are inexpensive, but product safety has not yet been established

Purposes of cold modalities application are... select all that apply I. slow the rate of cell metabolism II. decreases tissue temperature III. controls the inflammatory response to acute inflammation IV. limits edema formation V. decreases nerve impulse rate of transmission VI. decreases cell permeability VII. increase fluid viscosity

I. slow the rate of cell metabolism II. decreases tissue temperature III. controls the inflammatory response to acute inflammation IV. limits edema formation V. decreases nerve impulse rate of transmission VI. decreases cell permeability VII. increase fluid viscosity

indications for thermotherapy - select all that apply I. subacute/chronic inflammatory conditions II. reduction of subacute/chronic pain III. subacute/chronic muscle spasms IV. decreased range of motion V. hematoma resolution VI. reduction of joint contractures VII. promote tissue healing VIII. promote venous drainage IX. reduce edema/ecchymosis

I. subacute/chronic inflammatory conditions II. reduction of subacute/chronic pain III. subacute/chronic muscle spasms IV. decreased range of motion V. hematoma resolution VI. reduction of joint contractures VII. promote tissue healing VIII. promote venous drainage IX. reduce edema/ecchymosis

The depth of penetration depends on... select all that apply I. temperature of modality II. type of cold III. size being treated IV. compression wrap used or not V. adipose tissue VI. depth of target tissue VII. vascularity of target tissues

I. temperature of modality II. type of cold III. size being treated IV. compression wrap used or not V. adipose tissue VI. depth of target tissue VII. vascularity of target tissues

Of the following statements regarding counterirritants, which of the following are true? (Please select all that apply) I. Counterirritants can effectively increase temperature in muscle and other deep structures II. Counterirritants are inexpensive, but product safety has not yet been established III. Counterirritants may relieve pain via an increase in A-beta afferent activity IV. Counterirritants produce the sensation of heating through stimulation of peripheral sensory receptors

II. Counterirritants are inexpensive, but product safety has not yet been established III. Counterirritants may relieve pain via an increase in A-beta afferent activity IV. Counterirritants produce the sensation of heating through stimulation of peripheral sensory receptors

Which of the following occurs when cold is applied during rehabilitation of an acute injury? (Select all that apply) I. Increased blood flow II. Decreased blood flow III. Decreased metabolism IV. Decreased muscle spasm V. Decreased pain

II. Decreased blood flow III. Decreased metabolism IV. Decreased muscle spasm V. Decreased pain

Cold whirlpools are able to produce which effects? (Select all that apply) I. Muscle relaxation II. Decreased muscle spasm III. Increased cellular metabolism IV. Increased blood flow to the area treated V. Decreased muscle spasticity

II. Decreased muscle spasm V. Decreased muscle spasticity

Which of the following are true regarding the use of cryotherapy? (Select all that apply.) I. Decreases ischemia II. Decreases nerve conduction velocity III. Increases oxygen consumption IV. Decreases muscle spasm V. Increases the rate of cell metabolism VI. Increases depolarization threshold

II. Decreases nerve conduction velocity IV. Decreases muscle spasm VI. Increases depolarization threshold

What factors should be considered when determining the duration of cold pack treatment application? (Select all that apply) I. Amount of hair on the skin overlying the target tissue II. Type of tissue being targeted III. Nerves that innervate the target tissue IV. Amount of overlying adipose tissue V. Depth of the target tissue

II. Type of tissue being targeted IV. Amount of overlying adipose tissue V. Depth of the target tissue

what factors should be considered when determining the duration of a cold pack treatment application? select all that apply I. patient opinion II. treatment goal III. target tissues IV. amount of adipose tissue

II. treatment goal III. target tissues IV. amount of adipose tissue

In which scenarios is heat indicated? Select all that apply. I. After activity to decrease cell metabolism II. When acute inflammation is active III. To improve range of motion IV. To encourage tissue healing V. To control the inflammatory reaction in its subacute or chronic stages

III. To improve range of motion IV. To encourage tissue healing V. To control the inflammatory reaction in its subacute or chronic stages

the effects of [cold/heat] therapy last longer than those of [cold/heat] therapy

cold, heat

[Mottling/cyanosis] is identified when skin has a blue-grey discoloration of the skin caused by a lack of oxygen

cyanosis

the physiological effects of cryotherapy are primarily a result of an [increase/decrease] in tissue temperature.

decrease

conversion

energy changed from one form to another

there is a chance of _____________ when using reusable ice packs because of the potential below-freezing surface temperature of the pack.

frostbite

____ ____________ and ______ _________ produce the largest temperature change, whereas _______ _____________ affects a larger surface area.

ice massages, ice packs, cold immersion

Heat packs are contraindicated during immediate care procedures because they can cause a(n) [increase/decrease] in cell metabolism.

increase

treatment length should be relative to the thickness of the __________________ ____________ and the depth of the ___________ ___________.

insulating layer, target tissue

What depth of penetration occurs with superficial heating modalities?

less than 2 cm

the most important therapeutic effect of cold applications during immediate care of acute injuries to prevent secondary hypoxic injury is decreased ________________.

metabolism

[Mottling/cyanosis] identified when skin has blotchy discoloration characterized by ghost-white areas and beet-red splotches.

mottling

cold-induced _______________ and _______________ are two factors that need to be considered when using cold modalities

neuropathy, frostbite

the most important subjective effect of cold applications during rehabilitation is the decrease of what symptom?

pain

what is the correct order of cooling in tissues? _____________ > ______________ > _______________ > _______________

skin, adipose tissue, fascia, muscle

heat therapy increases _________ _________________, ________ ______________ ________, and ____________ ___________.

tissue temperature, cell metabolic rate, blood flow

radiation

transfer from energy emitted from surfaces

conduction

transfer via direct contact

convection

transfer via movement of air or liquid