ATI PEDS

MATCHING The nurse is preparing to insert a nasogastric tube into a 4-year-old child for intermittent suctioning after abdominal surgery. Place in correct sequence the steps for inserting a nasogastric tube. a. Lubricate the nasogastric tube with water-soluble lubricant. b. Tape the nasogastric tube securely to the child's face. c. Check the placement of the tube by aspirating stomach contents. d. Place the child in the supine position with head slightly hyperflexed. e. Insert the nasogastric tube through the nares. f. Measure the tube from the tip of the nose to the ear lobe to midpoint between the xiphoid process and the umbilicus. 1. Place the child in the supine position with head slightly hyperflexed. 2. Measure the tube from the tip of the nose to the ear lobe to midpoint between the xiphoid process and the umbilicus. 3. Lubricate the nasogastric tube with water-soluble lubricant. 4. Insert the nasogastric tube through the nares. 5. Check the placement of the tube by aspirating stomach contents. 6. Tape the nasogastric tube securely to the child's face.

1. ANS: D 2. ANS: F 3. ANS: A 4. ANS: E 5. ANS: C 6. ANS: B

1. Skin-to-skin holding of infants dressed only in diapers next to their mother's or father's chest is commonly known as _________________ care.

ANS: Kangaroo Infants who spent 1 to 3 hours in kangaroo care showed increased frequency in quiet sleep, longer duration of quiet sleep and decreased crying in the neonatal intensive care unit. Significant differences were found in pain responses during heel lancing between infants who were kangaroo held and those that were not.

27. During a funduscopic examination of a school-age child, the nurse notes a brilliant, uniform red reflex in both eyes. The nurse should recognize that this is: a. A normal finding. b. An abnormal finding; child needs referral to ophthalmologist. c. A sign of possible visual defect; child needs vision screening. d. A sign of small hemorrhages, which usually resolve spontaneously.

ANS: A A brilliant, uniform red reflex is an important normal and expected finding. It rules out many serious defects of the cornea, aqueous chamber, lens, and vitreous chamber.

2. What type of family is one in which all members are related by blood? a. Consanguineous c. Family of origin b. Affinal d. Household

ANS: A A consanguineous family is one of the most common types and consists of members who have a blood relationship. The affinal family is one made up of marital relationships. Although the parents are married, they may each bring children from a previous relationship. The family of origin is the family unit that a person is born into. Considerable controversy has been generated about the newer concepts of families (i.e., communal, single-parent or homosexual families). To accommodate these other varieties of family styles, the descriptive term household is frequently used.

22. When liquid medication is given to a crying 10-month-old infant, which approach minimizes the possibility of aspiration? a. Administering the medication with a syringe (without needle) placed along the side of the infant's tongue b. Administering the medication as rapidly as possible with the infant securely restrained c. Mixing the medication with the infant's regular formula or juice and administer by bottle d. Keeping the child upright with the nasal passages blocked for a minute after administration

ANS: A Administer the medication with a syringe without needle placed alongside of the infant's tongue. The contents are administered slowly in small amounts, allowing the child to swallow between deposits. Medications should be given slowly to avoid aspiration. The medication should be mixed with only a small amount of food or liquid. If the child does not finish drinking/eating, it is difficult to determine how much medication was consumed. Essential foods also should not be used. Holding the child's nasal passages increases the risk of aspiration.

14. The nurse gives an injection in a patient's room. What should the nurse do with the needle for disposal? a. Dispose of syringe and needle in a rigid, puncture-resistant container in patient's room. b. Dispose of syringe and needle in a rigid, puncture-resistant container in an area outside of patient's room. c. Cap needle immediately after giving injection and dispose of in proper container. d. Cap needle, break from syringe, and dispose of in proper container.

ANS: A All needles (uncapped and unbroken) are disposed of in a rigid, puncture-resistant container located near the site of use. Consequently these containers should be installed in the patient's room. The uncapped needle should not be transported to an area distant from use.

2. From a worldwide perspective, infant mortality in the United States: a. Is the highest of the other developed nations. b. Lags behind five other developed nations. c. Is the lowest infant death rate of developed nations. d. Lags behind 20 other developed nations.

ANS: A Although the death rate has decreased, the United States still ranks last among nations with the lowest infant death rates. The United States has the highest infant death rate of developed nations.

4. A number of children in the same neighborhood have developed illness related to an exposure to lead paint. Which of the three factors that form the epidemiologic triangle is responsible for this condition? a. Agent c. Environmental factor b. Host factor d. Lifestyle factor

ANS: A An agent is responsible for causing a disease or infectious illness. Lead paint is a physical agent. Host factors are those specific to an individual or group. These can be either genetic or lifestyle factors. Environmental factors provide a setting for the host and include climatic conditions related to home and school. A lifestyle factor consists of food selections or exercise patterns. Lifestyle is a component of the host factor.

9. Samantha, age 5 years, tells the nurse that she "needs a Band-Aid" where she had an injection. The best nursing action is to: a. Apply a Band-Aid. b. Ask her why she wants a Band-Aid. c. Explain why a Band-Aid is not needed. d. Show her that the bleeding has already stopped.

ANS: A Children at this age group still fear that their insides may leak out at the injection site. Provide the Band-Aid. No explanation should be required.

3. The leading cause of death in infants younger than 1 year is/are: a. Congenital anomalies. b. Sudden infant death syndrome. c. Respiratory distress syndrome. d. Infections specific to the perinatal period.

ANS: A Congenital anomalies account for 20.6% of deaths in infants younger than 1 year. Sudden infant death syndrome accounts for 7.7% of deaths in this age group, while respiratory distress syndrome accounts for 3.6% of deaths in this age group. Infections specific to the perinatal period account for 2.9% of deaths in this age group.

7. Four-year-old Brian appears to be upset by hospitalization. An appropriate intervention is to: a. Let him know that it is all right to cry. b. Give him time to gain control of himself. c. Show him how other children are cooperating. d. Tell him what a big boy he is to be so quiet.

ANS: A Crying is an appropriate behavior for the upset preschooler. The nurse provides support through physical presence. Giving the child time to gain control is appropriate, but the child must know that crying is acceptable. The preschooler does not engage in competitive behaviors.

28. The nurse is teaching a mother how to perform chest physiotherapy and postural drainage on her 3-year-old child, who has cystic fibrosis. To perform percussion the nurse should instruct her to: a. Cover the skin with a shirt or gown before percussing. b. Strike the chest wall with a flat-hand position. c. Percuss over the entire trunk anteriorly and posteriorly. d. Percuss before positioning for postural drainage.

ANS: A For postural drainage and percussion, the child should be dressed in a light shirt to protect the skin and placed in the appropriate postural drainage positions. The chest wall is struck with a cupped-hand, not a flat-hand position. The procedure should be done over the rib cage only. Positioning precedes the percussion.

11. Matthew, age 18 months, has just been admitted with croup. His parent is tearful and tells the nurse, "This is all my fault. I should have taken him to the doctor sooner so he wouldn't have to be here." What is appropriate in the care plan for this parent who is experiencing guilt? a. Clarify the misconception about the illness. b. Explain to the parent that the illness is not serious. c. Encourage the parent to maintain a sense of control. d. Assess further why the parent has excessive guilt feelings.

ANS: A Guilt is a common response of parents when a child is hospitalized. They may blame themselves for the child's illness or for not recognizing it soon enough. The nurse should clarify the nature of the problem and reassure parents that the child is being cared for. Croup is a potentially very serious illness. The nurse should not minimize the parents' feelings. Encouraging the parent to maintain a sense of control would be difficult for the parents while their child is seriously ill. No further assessment is indicated at this time—guilt is a common response for parents.

2. When a preschool child is hospitalized without adequate preparation, the nurse should recognize that the child may likely see hospitalization as: a. Punishment. b. Threat to child's self-image. c. An opportunity for regression. d. Loss of companionship with friends.

ANS: A If a toddler is not prepared for hospitalization, a typical preschooler fantasy is to attribute the hospitalization to punishment for real or imagined misdeeds. Threat to child's self-image and loss of companionship with friends are reactions typical of school-age children. Regression is a response characteristic of toddlers when threatened with loss of control.

7. The nurse is teaching a group of new parents about the experience of role transition. Which statement by a parent indicates a correct understanding of the teaching? a. "My marital relationship can have a positive or negative effect on the role transition." b. "If an infant has special care needs, the parents' sense of confidence in their new role is strengthened." c. "Young parents can adjust to the new role easier than older parents." d. "A parent's previous experience with children makes the role transition more difficult."

ANS: A If parents are supportive of each other, they can serve as positive influences on establishing satisfying parental roles. When marital tensions alter caregiving routines and interfere with the enjoyment of the infant, the marital relationship has a negative effect. Infants with special care needs can be a significant source of added stress. Older parents are usually more able to cope with the greater financial responsibilities, changes in sleeping habits, and reduced time for each other and other children. Parents who have previous experience with parenting appear more relaxed, have less conflict in disciplinary relationships, and are more aware of normal growth and development.

3. Katie, 4 years old, is admitted to outpatient surgery for removal of a cyst on her foot. Her mother puts the hospital gown on her, but Katie is crying because she wants to leave on her underpants. The most appropriate nursing action is to: a. Allow her to wear her underpants. b. Discuss with her mother why this is important to Katie. c. Ask her mother to explain to her why she cannot wear them. d. Explain in a kind, matter-of-fact manner that this is hospital policy.

ANS: A It is appropriate for the child to leave her underpants on. This allows her some measure of control during the foot surgery. The mother should not be required to make the child more upset. Katie is too young to understand what hospital policy means.

10. A 3-year-old girl was adopted immediately after birth. The parents have just asked the nurse how they should tell the child that she is adopted. Which guideline concerning adoption should the nurse use in planning her response? a. Telling the child is an important aspect of their parental responsibilities. b. The best time to tell the child is between ages 7 and 10 years. c. It is not necessary to tell the child who was adopted so young. d. It is best to wait until the child asks about it.

ANS: A It is important for the parents not to withhold information about the adoption from the child. It is an essential component of the child's identity. There is no recommended best time to tell children. It is believed that children should be told young enough so they do not remember a time when they did not know. It should be done before the children enter school to keep third parties from telling the children before the parents have had the opportunity.

13. What most suggests that a nurse has a nontherapeutic relationship with a patient and family? a. The boundaries between staff and patients are blurred. b. Staff assignments allow the nurse to care for same patient and family over an extended time. c. Nurse is able to withdraw emotionally when emotional overload occurs but still remains committed. d. Nurse uses teaching skills to instruct patient and family rather than doing everything for them.

ANS: A Many of the nurse's actions may serve the needs of the nurse rather than those of the child and the family. It would be therapeutic for the patient and family to have the same nurse provide care over an extended period of time. By withdrawing somewhat, nurses can protect themselves while providing therapeutic care. The nurse's role is to transition the child and family to self-care.

7. Which of the following is descriptive of deaths caused by unintentional injuries? a. More deaths occur in males. b. More deaths occur in females. c. Pattern of deaths varies widely in Western societies. d. Pattern of deaths does not vary according to age and sex.

ANS: A Most deaths from unintentional injuries occur in males. The pattern of death caused by unintentional injuries is consistent in Western societies. Causes of unintentional deaths vary with age and gender.

10. Kimberly, age 3 years, has a fever associated with a viral illness. Her mother calls the nurse, reporting a fever of 102° F even though she had acetaminophen 2 hours ago. The nurse's action should be based on knowing that: a. Fevers such as this are common with viral illnesses. b. Seizures are common in children when antipyretics are ineffective. c. Fever over 102° F indicates greater severity of illness. d. Fever over 102° F indicates a probable bacterial infection.

ANS: A Most fevers are of brief duration, have limited consequences, and are viral. Little evidence supports the use of antipyretic drugs to prevent febrile seizures. Neither the increase in temperature nor its response to antipyretics indicates the severity or etiology of infection.

3. Nonpharmacologic strategies for pain management: a. May reduce pain perception. b. Make pharmacologic strategies unnecessary. c. Usually take too long to implement. d. Trick children into believing they do not have pain.

ANS: A Nonpharmacologic techniques provide coping strategies that may help reduce pain perception, make the pain more tolerable, decrease anxiety, and enhance the effectiveness of analgesics. Nonpharmacologic techniques should be learned before the pain occurs. With severe pain it is best to use both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic measures for pain control. The nonpharmacologic strategy should be matched with the child's pain severity and taught to the child before the onset of the painful experience. Some of the techniques may facilitate the child's experience with mild pain, but the child will still know that discomfort is present.

8. When assessing a family, the nurse determines that the parents exert little or no control over their children. This style of parenting is called: a. Permissive. c. Democratic. b. Dictatorial. d. Authoritarian.

ANS: A Permissive parents avoid imposing their own standards of conduct and allow their children to regulate their own activity as much as possible. The parents exert little or no control over their children's actions. Dictatorial or authoritarian parents attempt to control their children's behavior and attitudes through unquestioned mandates. They establish rules and regulations or standards of conduct that they expect to be followed rigidly and unquestioningly. Democratic parents combine permissive and dictatorial styles. They direct their children's behavior and attitudes by emphasizing the reasons for rules and negatively reinforcing deviations. They respect the child's individual nature.

8. Natasha, age 8 years, is being admitted to the hospital from the emergency department with an injury from falling off her bicycle. What will help her most in her adjustment to the hospital? a. Explain hospital schedules such as mealtimes. b. Use terms such as "honey" and "dear" to show a caring attitude. c. Explain when parents can visit and why siblings cannot come to see her. d. Orient her parents, because she is young, to her room and hospital facility.

ANS: A School-age children need to have control of their environment. The nurse should offer explanations or prepare the child for experiences that are unavoidable. The nurse should refer to the child by the preferred name. Telling the child about all of the limitations of visiting does not help her adjust to the hospital. At the age of 8 years the child and parent should be oriented to the environment.

12. The nurse is interviewing the mother of an infant. She reports, "I had a difficult delivery, and my baby was born prematurely." This information should be recorded under which heading? a. Birth history b. Present illness c. Chief complaint d. Review of systems

ANS: A The birth history refers to information that relates to previous aspects of the child's health, not to the current problem. The mother's difficult delivery and prematurity are important parts of the past history of an infant. The history of the present illness is a narrative of the chief complaint from its earliest onset through its progression to the present. Unless chief complaint is directly related to the prematurity, this information is not included in the history of present illness. The chief complaint is the specific reason for the child's visit to the clinic, office, or hospital. It would not include the birth information. The review of systems is a specific review of each body system. It does not include the premature birth. Sequelae such as pulmonary dysfunction would be included.

1. The nurse is seeing an adolescent boy and his parents in the clinic for the first time. What should the nurse do first? a. Introduce self. c. Explain the purpose of the interview. b. Make the family comfortable. d. Give an assurance of privacy.

ANS: A The first thing that nurses must do is to introduce themselves to the patient and family. Parents and other adults should be addressed with appropriate titles unless they specify a preferred name. During the initial part of the interview the nurse should include general conversation to help make the family feel at ease. Next the purpose of the interview and the nurse's role should be clarified. The interview should take place in an environment as free of distraction as possible. In addition, the nurse should clarify which information will be shared with other members of the health care team and any limits to the confidentiality.

24. When teaching a mother how to administer eye drops, where should the nurse tell her to place them? a. In the conjunctival sac that is formed when the lower lid is pulled down b. Carefully under the eye lid while it is gently pulled upward c. On the sclera while the child looks to the side d. Anywhere as long as drops contact the eye's surface

ANS: A The lower lid is pulled down, forming a small conjunctival sac. The solution or ointment is applied to this area. The medication should not be administered directly on the eyeball.

1. What represents the major stressor of hospitalization for children from middle infancy throughout the preschool years? a. Separation anxiety b. Loss of control c. Fear of bodily injury d. Fear of pain

ANS: A The major stress for children from infancy through the preschool years is separation anxiety, also called anaclitic depression. This is a major stressor of hospitalization. Loss of control, fear of bodily injury, and fear of pain are all stressors associated with hospitalization. However, separation from family is a primary stressor in this age group. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: 1221 OBJ: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

6. The nurse is caring for a child receiving intravenous (IV) morphine for severe postoperative pain. The nurse observes a slower respiratory rate, and the child cannot be aroused. The most appropriate management of this child is for the nurse to: a. Administer naloxone (Narcan). b. Discontinue IV infusion. c. Discontinue morphine until child is fully awake. d. Stimulate child by calling name, shaking gently, and asking to breathe deeply.

ANS: A The management of opioid-induced respiratory depression includes lowering the rate of infusion and stimulating the child. If the respiratory rate is depressed and the child cannot be aroused, IV naloxone should be administered. The child will be in pain because of the reversal of the morphine. The morphine should be discontinued, but naloxone is indicated if the child is unresponsive.

5. The nurse is preparing a 12-year-old girl for a bone marrow aspiration. She tells the nurse that she wants her mother with her "like before." The most appropriate nursing action is to: a. Grant her request. b. Explain why this is not possible. c. Identify an appropriate substitute for her mother. d. Offer to provide support to her during the procedure.

ANS: A The parents' preferences for assisting, observing, or waiting outside the room should be assessed, as well as the child's preference for parental presence. The child's choice should be respected. If the mother and child are agreeable, the mother is welcome to stay. An appropriate substitute for the mother is necessary only if the mother does not wish to stay. Support is offered to the child regardless of parental presence.

37. The nurse has a 2-year-old boy sit in "tailor" position during palpation for the testes. The rationale for this position is that: a. It prevents cremasteric reflex. b. Undescended testes can be palpated. c. This tests the child for an inguinal hernia. d. The child does not yet have a need for privacy.

ANS: A The tailor position stretches the muscle responsible for the cremasteric reflex. This prevents its contraction, which pulls the testes into the pelvic cavity. Undescended testes cannot be predictably palpated. Inguinal hernias are not detected by this method. This position is used for inhibiting the cremasteric reflex. Privacy should always be provided for children.

25. The nurse has just started assessing a young child who is febrile and appears very ill. There is hyperextension of the child's head (opisthotonos) with pain on flexion. The most appropriate action is to: a. Refer for immediate medical evaluation. b. Continue assessment to determine cause of neck pain. c. Ask parent when neck was injured. d. Record "head lag" on assessment record and continue assessment of child.

ANS: A These symptoms indicate meningeal irritation and needs immediate evaluation. Continuing the assessment is not necessary. No indication of injury is present. This is not descriptive of head lag.

4. A 10-year-old girl needs to have another intravenous (IV) line started. She keeps telling the nurse, "Wait a minute," and, "I'm not ready." The nurse should recognize that: a. This is normal behavior for a school-age child. b. This behavior is usually not seen past the preschool years. c. The child thinks the nurse is punishing her. d. The child has successfully manipulated the nurse in the past.

ANS: A This school-age child is attempting to maintain control. The nurse should provide the girl with structured choices about when the IV will be inserted. This can be characteristic behavior when an individual needs to maintain some control over a situation. The child is trying to have some control in the hospital experience.

6. Nicole and Kelly, age 5 years, are identical twins. Their parents tell the nurse that the girls always want to be together. The nurse's suggestions should be based on knowing that: a. Some twins thrive best when they are constantly together. b. Individuation cannot occur if twins are together too much. c. Separating twins at an early age helps them develop mentally. d. When twins are constantly together, pathologic bonding occurs.

ANS: A Twins work out a relationship that is reasonably satisfactory to both. They develop a remarkable capacity for cooperative play and considerable loyalty and generosity toward each other. Parents should foster individual differences and allow the children to follow their natural inclinations. Individuation does occur. In twinship one member of the pair is more dominant, outgoing, and assertive than the other. Early separation may produce unnecessary stresses for the children. There is no evidence that pathologic bonding occurs.

32. What type of breath sound is normally heard over the entire surface of the lungs except for the upper intrascapular area and the area beneath the manubrium? a. Vesicular b. Bronchial c. Adventitious d. Bronchovesicular

ANS: A Vesicular breath sounds are heard over the entire surface of lungs, with the exception of the upper intrascapular area and the area beneath the manubrium. Bronchial breath sounds are heard only over the trachea near the suprasternal notch. Adventitious breath sounds are not usually heard over the chest. These sounds occur in addition to normal or abnormal breath sounds. Bronchovesicular breath sounds are heard over the manubrium and in the upper intrascapular regions where trachea and bronchi bifurcate.

13. The nurse wore gloves during a dressing change. When the gloves are removed, the nurse should: a. Wash hands thoroughly. b. Check the gloves for leaks. c. Rinse gloves in disinfectant solution. d. Apply new gloves before touching the next patient.

ANS: A When gloves are worn, the hands are washed thoroughly after removing the gloves because both latex and vinyl gloves fail to provide complete protection. Gloves should be disposed of after use and hands should be thoroughly washed again before new gloves are applied.

5. When introducing hospital equipment to a preschooler who seems afraid, the nurse's approach should be based on which principle? a. The child may think the equipment is alive. b. The child is too young to understand what the equipment does. c. Explaining the equipment will only increase the child's fear. d. One brief explanation is enough to reduce the child's fear.

ANS: A Young children attribute human characteristics to inanimate objects. They often fear that the objects may jump, bite, cut, or pinch all by themselves without human direction. Equipment should be kept out of sight until needed. The child should be given simple concrete explanations about what the equipment does and how it will feel to the child. Simple, concrete explanations help alleviate the child's fear. The preschooler will need repeated explanations as reassurance.

1. The nursing process is a method of problem identification and problem solving that describes what the nurse actually does. The five steps include (choose all that apply): a. Assessment b. Diagnosis c. Planning d. Identification e. Implementation f. Evaluation

ANS: A, B, C, E, F The accepted model is assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation and evaluation. The diagnosis phase is separated into two steps: nursing diagnosis and outcome identification. Although important, identification is not a stand-alone step in the nursing process.

1. The advantages of the ventrogluteal muscle as an injection site in young children include (choose all that apply): a. Less painful than vastus lateralis b. Free of important nerves and vascular structures c. Cannot be used when child reaches a weight of 20 pounds d. Increased subcutaneous fat, which increases drug absorption e. Easily identified by major landmarks

ANS: A, B, E Less painful, free of important nerves and vascular structures, and easily identifiable are advantages of the ventrogluteal muscle. The major disadvantage is lack of familiarity by health professionals and controversy over whether the site can be used before weight bearing. Cannot be used when a child is 20 pounds or more and increased subcutaneous fat are not advantages of the ventrogluteal muscle as an injection site in young children.

1. Ryan has just been unexpectedly admitted to the intensive care unit after abdominal surgery. The nursing staff has completed the admission process, and Ryan's condition is beginning to stabilize. When speaking with the parents, the nurses should expect which stressors to be evident? Choose all that apply. a. Unfamiliar environment b. Usual day-night routine c. Strange smells d. Provision of privacy e. Inadequate knowledge of condition and routine

ANS: A, C, E Intensive care units, especially when the family is unprepared for the admission, are a strange and unfamiliar place. There are many pieces of unfamiliar equipment, and the sights and sounds are much different from a general hospital unit. Also, with the child's condition being more precarious, it may be difficult to keep the parents updated and knowledgeable about what is happening. Lights are usually on around the clock, seriously disrupting the diurnal rhythm. There is usually little privacy available for families in intensive care units.

2. Which data would be included in a health history? Choose all that apply. a. Review of systems b. Physical assessment c. Sexual history d. Growth measurements e. Nutritional assessment f. Family medical history

ANS: A, C, E, F The review of systems, sexual history, nutritional assessment, and family medical history are part of the health history. Physical assessment and growth measurements are components of the physical examination.

1. A young couple who has just delivered their first child adapts to the stress of new parenthood by using two types of family resources. These include (choose all that apply): a. Internal resources. b. Adaptation. c. Integration. d. Coping strategies. e. Community resources.

ANS: A, D Internal resources include both adaptability and integration. Adaptation is learning to be patient, becoming better organized and more flexible. Integration refers to the couples attempt to continue some activities they engaged in before they became parents. The second resource for dealing with stress is the use of coping strategies. These include the use of social support systems such as friends, family and neighbors and community resources.

6. An appropriate nursing intervention to minimize separation anxiety in a hospitalized toddler is to: a. Provide for privacy. b. Encourage parents to room in. c. Explain procedures and routines. d. Encourage contact with children the same age.

ANS: B A toddler experiences separation anxiety secondary to being separated from the parents. To avoid this, the parents should be encouraged to room in as much as possible. Maintaining routines and ensuring privacy are helpful interventions, but they would not substitute for the parents. Contact with same-aged children would not substitute for having the parents present.

8. When the nurse interviews an adolescent, it is especially important to: a. Focus the discussion on the peer group. b. Allow an opportunity to express feelings. c. Emphasize that confidentiality will always be maintained. d. Use the same type of language as the adolescent.

ANS: B Adolescents, like all children, need an opportunity to express their feelings. Often they will interject feelings into their words. The nurse must be alert to the words and feelings expressed. Although the peer group is important to this age group, the focus of the interview should be on the adolescent. The nurse should clarify which information will be shared with other members of the health care team and any limits to confidentiality. The nurse should maintain a professional relationship with adolescents. To avoid misinterpretation of words and phrases that the adolescent may use, the nurse should clarify terms frequently.

14. The nurse is taking a sexual history on an adolescent girl. The best way to determine whether she is sexually active is to: a. Ask her, "Are you sexually active?" b. Ask her, "Are you having sex with anyone?" c. Ask her, "Are you having sex with a boyfriend?" d. Ask both the girl and her parent if she is sexually active.

ANS: B Asking the adolescent girl if she is having sex with anyone is a direct question that is well understood. The phrase sexually active is broadly defined and may not provide specific information to the nurse to provide necessary care. The word anyone is preferred to using gender-specific terms such as boyfriend or girlfriend. Because homosexual experimentation may occur, it is preferable to use gender-neutral terms. Questioning about sexual activity should occur when the adolescent is alone.

28. Binocularity, the ability to fixate on one visual field with both eyes simultaneously, is normally present by what age? a. 1 month b. 3 to 4 months c. 6 to 8 months d. 12 months

ANS: B Binocularity is usually achieved by ages 3 to 4 months. Age 1 month is too young for binocularity. If binocularity is not achieved by 6 months, the child must be observed for strabismus.

16. A venipuncture will be performed on a 7-year-old girl. She wants her mother to hold her during the procedure. The nurse should recognize that this: a. Is unsafe. b. May help the child relax. c. Is against hospital policy. d. Is unnecessary because of the child's age.

ANS: B Both the mother's preference for assisting, observing, or waiting outside the room and the child's preference for parental presence should be assessed. The child's choice should be respected. This will most likely help the child through the procedure. If the mother and child are agreeable, the mother is welcome to stay. Her familiarity with the procedure should be assessed, and potential safety risks identified (mother may sit in chair). Hospital policies should be reviewed to ensure that they incorporate family-centered care

20. Which tool measures body fat most accurately? a. Stadiometer b. Calipers c. Cloth tape measure d. Paper or metal tape measure

ANS: B Calipers are used to measure skin-fold thickness, which is an indicator of body fat content. Stadiometers are used to measure height. Cloth tape measures should not be used because they can stretch. Paper or metal tape measures can be used for recumbent lengths and other body measurements that must be made.

14. What is most descriptive of critical thinking? a. A simple developmental process b. Purposeful and goal directed c. Based on deliberate and irrational thought d. Assists individuals in guessing what is most appropriate

ANS: B Critical thinking is a complex, developmental process based on rational and deliberate thought. When thinking is clear, precise, accurate, relevant, consistent, and fair, a logical connection develops between the elements of thought and the problem at hand.

1. Which term best describes the identification of the distribution and causes of disease, injury, or illness? a. Nursing process c. Community-based statistics b. Epidemiologic process d. Mortality and morbidity statistics

ANS: B Epidemiology is the science of population health applied to the detection of morbidity and mortality in a population. It identifies the distribution and causes of diseases across a population. Nursing process is a systematic problem-solving approach for the delivery of nursing care. Morbidity and mortality statistics, along with natal rates, may provide an objective picture of a community's health status.

4. Studies about the ordinal position of children suggest that firstborn children tend to: a. Be praised less often. b. Be more achievement oriented. c. Be more popular with the peer group. d. Identify with peer group more than parents.

ANS: B Firstborn children, like only children, tend to be more achievement oriented. Later-born children are praised less often, are more popular with their peer group, and identify with their peer group more than with their parents.

2. The nurse is planning how to prepare a 4-year-old child for some diagnostic procedures. Guidelines for preparing this preschooler should include to: a. Plan for a short teaching session of about 30 minutes. b. Tell the child that procedures are never a form of punishment. c. Keep equipment out of the child's view. d. Use correct scientific and medical terminology in explanations.

ANS: B Illness and hospitalization may be viewed as punishment in preschoolers. Always state directly that procedures are never a form of punishment. Teaching sessions for this age group should be 10 to 15 minutes in length. Demonstrate the use of equipment and allow the child to play with miniature or actual equipment. Explain the procedure in simple terms and how it affects the child.

25. A 2-year-old child comes to the emergency department with dehydration and hypovolemic shock. What best explains why an intraosseous infusion is started? a. It is less painful for small children. b. Rapid venous access is not possible. c. Antibiotics must be started immediately. d. Long-term central venous access is not possible.

ANS: B In situations in which rapid establishment of systemic access is vital and venous access is hampered such as peripheral circulatory collapse and hypovolemic shock, intraosseous infusion provides a rapid, safe lifesaving alternative. The procedure is painful, and local anesthesia and systemic analgesia are given. Antibiotics could be given when vascular access is obtained. Long-term central venous access is time consuming, and intraosseous infusion is used in an emergency situation.

5. In addition to injuries, the leading causes of death in adolescents ages 15 to 19 years are: a. Suicide, cancer. c. Homicide, heart disease. b. Suicide, homicide. d. Drowning, cancer.

ANS: B In this age group, homicide and suicide account for 22.6% of deaths, suicide and cancer account for 14.4%, homicide and heart disease account for 14.5%, and drowning and cancer account for 2.8%.

31. In preparing to give "enemas until clear" to a young child, the nurse should select: a. Tap water. b. Normal saline. c. Oil retention. d. Fleet solution.

ANS: B Isotonic solutions should be used in children. Saline is the solution of choice. Plain water is not used. This is a hypotonic solution and can cause rapid fluid shift, resulting in fluid overload. Oil-retention enemas will not achieve the "until clear" result. Fleet enemas are not advised for children because of the harsh action of the ingredients. The osmotic effects of the Fleet enema can result in diarrhea, which can lead to metabolic acidosis.

3. Birth position of children affects their personalities. What is considered to be a characteristic of children who are the youngest in their family? a. More dependent than firstborn children. b. More outgoing than firstborn children. c. Identify more with parents than with peers. d. Are subject to greater parental expectations.

ANS: B Later-born children are obliged to interact with older siblings from birth and seem to be more outgoing and make friends more easily than firstborns. Characteristics of firstborn children and only children include only children are more dependent than firstborn children, both types of children identify more with their parents than with their peers, and both types of children are subject to greater parental expectations.

10. What is descriptive of morbidity in childhood? a. Morbidity does not vary with age. b. Morbidity is not distributed randomly. c. Little can be done to improve morbidity. d. Unintentional injuries do not have an effect on morbidity.

ANS: B Morbidity is not distributed randomly in children. Increased morbidity is associated with certain groups of children, including children living in poverty and those who were low birth weight. Morbidity does vary with age. The types of illnesses in children are different for each age group. Morbidity can be decreased with interventions focused on groups with high morbidity and on decreasing unintentional injuries, which also affect morbidity.

11. A parent of a school-age child tells the school nurse that the parent is going through a divorce. The child has not been doing well in school and sometimes has trouble sleeping. The nurse should recognize this as: a. Indicative of maladjustment. b. Common reaction to divorce. c. Suggestive of lack of adequate parenting. d. Unusual response that indicates need for referral.

ANS: B Parental divorce affects school-age children in many ways. In addition to difficulties in school, they often have profound sadness, depression, fear, insecurity, frequent crying, loss of appetite, and sleep disorders. Uncommon responses to parental divorce include indications of maladjustment, the suggestion of lack of adequate parenting, and the need for referral.

4. Using knowledge of child development, the best approach when preparing a toddler for a procedure is to: a. Avoid asking the child to make choices. b. Demonstrate the procedure on a doll. c. Plan for the teaching session to last about 20 minutes. d. Show necessary equipment without allowing child to handle it.

ANS: B Prepare toddlers for procedures by using play. Demonstrate on a doll, but avoid the child's favorite doll because the toddler may think the doll is really "feeling" the procedure. In preparing a toddler for a procedure, the child is allowed to participate in care and help whenever possible. Teaching sessions for toddlers should be about 5 to 10 minutes. Use a small replica of the equipment and allow the child to handle it.

12. The nurse is preparing staff in-service education about atraumatic care for pediatric patients. Which intervention should the nurse include? a. Prepare the child for separation from parents during hospitalization by reviewing a video. b. Prepare the child before any unfamiliar treatment or procedure by demonstrating on a stuffed animal. c. Help the child accept the loss of control associated with hospitalization. d. Help the child accept pain that is connected with a treatment or procedure.

ANS: B Preparing the child for any unfamiliar treatments, controlling pain, allowing privacy, providing play activities for expression of fear and aggression, providing choices, and respecting cultural differences are components of atraumatic care. In providing atraumatic care, the separation of child from parents during hospitalization is minimized. The nurse should promote a sense of control for the child. Preventing and minimizing bodily injury and pain are major components of atraumatic care.

22. The earliest age at which a satisfactory radial pulse can be taken in children is: a. 1 year b. 2 years c. 3 years d. 6 years

ANS: B Satisfactory radial pulses can be used in children older than 2 years. In infants and young children the apical pulse is more reliable. The radial pulse can be used for assessment at ages 3 and 6 years.

5. Amy, age 6 years, needs to be hospitalized again because of a chronic illness. The clinic nurse overhears her school-age siblings tell her, "We are sick of Mom always sitting with you in the hospital and playing with you. It isn't fair that you get everything and we have to stay with the neighbors." The nurse's best assessment of this situation is that: a. The siblings are immature and probably spoiled. b. Jealousy and resentment are common reactions to the illness or hospitalization of a sibling. c. The family has ineffective coping mechanisms to deal with chronic illness. d. The siblings need to better understand their sister's illness and needs.

ANS: B Siblings experience loneliness, fear, worry, anger, resentment, jealousy, and guilt. The siblings experience stress equal to that of the hospitalized child. These are not uncommon responses by normal siblings. There is no evidence that the family has maladaptive coping.

30. A child is receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN; hyperalimentation). At the end of 8 hours the nurse observes the solution and notes that 200 ml/8 hr is being infused rather than the ordered amount of 300 ml/8 hr. The nurse should adjust the rate so that how much will infuse during the next 8 hours? a. 200 ml b. 300 ml c. 350 ml d. 400 ml

ANS: B The TPN infusion rate should not be increased or decreased without the practitioner being informed because alterations in rate can cause hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia. Any changes from the prescribed flow rate may lead to hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia.

18. An important nursing consideration when performing a bladder catheterization on a young boy is to: a. Use clean technique, not Standard Precautions. b. Insert 2% lidocaine lubricant into the urethra. c. Lubricate catheter with water-soluble lubricant such as K-Y Jelly. d. Delay catheterization for 20 minutes while anesthetic lubricant is absorbed.

ANS: B The anxiety, fear, and discomfort experienced during catheterization can be significantly decreased by preparing the child and parents, selecting the correct catheter, and using appropriate insertion technique. Generous lubrication of the urethra before catheterization and use of lubricant containing 2% lidocaine may reduce or eliminate the burning and discomfort associated with this procedure. Catheterization is a sterile procedure, and Standard Precautions for body-substance protection should be followed. Water-soluble lubricants do not provide appropriate local anesthesia. Catheterization should be delayed only 2 to 3 minutes. This provides sufficient local anesthesia for the procedure.

10. The nurse is taking a health history on an adolescent. What best describes how the chief complaint should be determined? a. Ask for detailed listing of symptoms. b. Ask adolescent, "Why did you come here today?" c. Use what adolescent says to determine, in correct medical terminology, what the problem is. d. Interview parent away from adolescent to determine chief complaint.

ANS: B The chief complaint is the specific reason for the child's visit to the clinic, office, or hospital. Because the adolescent is the focus of the history, this is an appropriate way to determine the chief complaint. A listing of symptoms will make it difficult to determine the chief complaint. The adolescent should be prompted to tell which symptom caused him to seek help at this time. The chief complaint is usually written in the words that the parent or adolescent uses to describe the reason for seeking help. The parent and adolescent may be interviewed separately, but the nurse should determine the reason the adolescent is seeking attention at this time.

8. The type of injury a child is especially susceptible to at a specific age is most closely related to: a. Physical health of the child. b. Developmental level of the child. c. Educational level of the child. d. Number of responsible adults in the home.

ANS: B The child's developmental stage determines the type of injury that is likely to occur. The child's physical health may facilitate his or her recovery from an injury. Educational level is related to developmental level, but it is not as important as the child's developmental level in determining the type of injury. The number of responsible adults in the home may affect the number of unintentional injuries, but the type of injury will be related to the child's developmental stage.

39. Kimberly is having a checkup before starting kindergarten. The nurse asks her to do the "finger-to-nose" test. The nurse is testing for: a. Deep tendon reflexes. b. Cerebellar function. c. Sensory discrimination. d. Ability to follow directions.

ANS: B The finger-to-nose-test is an indication of cerebellar function. This test checks balance and coordination. Each deep tendon reflex is tested separately. Each sense is tested separately. Although this test enables the nurse to evaluate the child's ability to follow directions, it is used primarily for cerebellar function.

4. Which drug is usually the best choice for patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) for a child in the immediate postoperative period? a. Codeine b. Morphine c. Methadone d. Meperidine

ANS: B The most commonly prescribed medications for PCA are morphine, hydromorphone, and fentanyl. Parenteral use of codeine is not recommended. Methadone is not available in parenteral form in the United States. Meperidine is not used for continuous and extended pain relief.

23. Guidelines for intramuscular administration of medication in school-age children include to: a. Inject medication as rapidly as possible. b. Insert the needle quickly, using a dartlike motion. c. Penetrate the skin immediately after cleansing the site, before skin has dried. d. Have the child stand, if possible, and if he or she is cooperative.

ANS: B The needle should be inserted quickly in a dartlike motion at a 90-degree angle unless contraindicated. Inject medications slowly. Allow skin preparation to dry completely before skin is penetrated. Place the child in a lying or sitting position.

9. Morbidity statistics describe: a. The number of individuals who have died over a specific period. b. The prevalence of a specific illness in the population at a particular time. c. Disease occurring in greater than the expected number of cases in a community. d. Disease occurring regularly within a geographic location.

ANS: B The prevalence of a specific illness in the population at a particular time is the definition of morbidity statistics. The number of individuals who have died over a specific period refers to mortality statistics. Data regarding diseases occurring in greater than the expected number of cases in a community and occurring regularly within a geographic location may be extrapolated from analysis of the morbidity statistics.

31. The appropriate placement of a tongue blade for assessment of the mouth and throat is the: a. Center back area of tongue. b. Side of the tongue. c. Against the soft palate. d. On the lower jaw.

ANS: B The side of the tongue is the correct position. It avoids the gag reflex yet allows visualization. Placement on the center back area of the tongue elicits the gag reflex. Against the soft palate and on the lower jaw are not appropriate places for the tongue blade.

4. What is an important consideration for the nurse who is communicating with a very young child? a. Speak loudly, clearly, and directly. b. Use transition objects such as a doll. c. Disguise own feelings, attitudes, and anxiety. d. Initiate contact with child when parent is not present.

ANS: B Using a transition object allows the young child an opportunity to evaluate an unfamiliar person (the nurse). This facilitates communication with this age child. Speaking loudly, clearly, and directly tends to increase anxiety in very young children. The nurse must be honest with the child. Attempts at deception lead to a lack of trust. Whenever possible, the parent should be present for interactions with young children.

1. The nurse must check vital signs on a 2-year-old boy who is brought to the clinic for his 24-month checkup. Which criteria should the nurse use in determining the appropriate-size blood pressure cuff? Choose all that apply. a. The cuff is labeled "toddler." b. The cuff bladder width is approximately 40% of the circumference of the upper arm. c. The cuff bladder length covers 80% to 100% of the circumference of the upper arm. d. The cuff bladder covers 50% to 66% of the length of the upper arm.

ANS: B, C Research has demonstrated that cuff selection with a bladder width that is 40% of the arm circumference will usually have a bladder length that is 80% to 100% of the upper arm circumference. This size cuff will most accurately reflect measured radial artery pressure. The name of the cuff is a representative size that may not be suitable for any individual child. Choosing a cuff by limb circumference more accurately reflects arterial pressure than choosing a cuff by length.

8. The nurse is caring for an unconscious child. Skin care should include: a. Avoiding use of pressure reduction on the bed. b. Massaging reddened bony prominences to prevent deep tissue damage. c. Using draw sheet to move child in bed to reduce friction and shearing injuries. d. Avoiding rinsing skin after cleansing with mild antibacterial soap to provide a protective barrier.

ANS: C A draw sheet should be used to move the child in the bed or onto a gurney to reduce friction and shearing injuries. Do not drag the child from under the arms. Pressure-reduction devices should be used to redistribute weight. Bony prominences should not be massaged if reddened. Deep tissue damage can occur. Pressure-reduction devices should be used instead. The skin should be cleansed with mild nonalkaline soap or soap-free cleaning agents for routine bathing.

18. With the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) criteria, which body mass index (BMI)-for-age percentile indicates a risk for being overweight? a. 10th percentile b. 9th percentile c. 85th percentile d. 95th percentile

ANS: C Children who have BMI-for-age greater than or equal to the 85th percentile and less than the 95th percentile are at risk for being overweight. Children in the 9th and 10th percentiles are within normal limits. Children who are greater than or equal to the 95th percentile are considered overweight.

2. What action is most likely to encourage parents to talk about their feelings related to their child's illness? a. Be sympathetic. b. Use direct questions. c. Use open-ended questions. d. Avoid periods of silence.

ANS: C Closed-ended questions should be avoided when attempting to elicit parents' feelings. Open-ended questions require the parent to respond with more than a brief answer. Sympathy is having feelings or emotions in common with another person rather than understanding those feelings (empathy). Sympathy is not therapeutic in the helping relationship. Direct questions may obtain limited information. In addition, the parent may consider them threatening. Silence can be an effective interviewing tool. It allows sharing of feelings in which two or more people absorb the emotion in depth. Silence permits the interviewee to sort out thoughts and feelings and search for responses to questions.

5. A lumbar puncture is needed on a school-age child. The most appropriate action to provide analgesia during this procedure is to apply: a. Tetracaine-adrenaline-cocaine (TAC) 15 minutes before procedure. b. Transdermal fentanyl (Duragesic) patch immediately before procedure. c. Eutectic mixture of local anesthetics (EMLA) 1 hour before procedure. d. EMLA 30 minutes before procedure.

ANS: C EMLA is an effective analgesic agent when applied to the skin 60 minutes before a procedure. It eliminates or reduces the pain from most procedures involving skin puncture. TAC provides skin anesthesia about 15 minutes after application to nonintact skin. The gel can be placed on the wound for suturing. Transdermal fentanyl patches are useful for continuous pain control, not rapid pain control. For maximal effectiveness EMLA must be applied approximately 60 minutes in advance.

7. In some genetically susceptible children anesthetic agents can trigger malignant hyperthermia. The nurse should be alert in observing that, in addition to an increased temperature, an early sign of this disorder is: a. Apnea. b. Bradycardia. c. Muscle rigidity. d. Decreased blood pressure.

ANS: C Early signs of malignant hyperthermia include tachycardia, increasing blood pressure, tachypnea, mottled skin, and muscle rigidity. Apnea is not a sign of malignant hyperthermia. Tachycardia, not bradycardia, is an early sign of malignant hyperthermia. Increased, not decreased, blood pressure is characteristic of malignant hyperthermia.

11. Tepid water or sponge baths are indicated for hyperthermia in children. The nurse should: a. Add isopropyl alcohol to the water. b. Direct a fan on the child in the bath. c. Stop the bath if the child begins to chill. d. Continue the bath for 5 minutes.

ANS: C Environmental measures such as sponge baths can be used to reduce temperature if tolerated by the child and if they do not induce shivering. Shivering is the body's way of maintaining the elevated set point. Compensatory shivering increases metabolic requirements above those already caused by the fever. Ice water and isopropyl alcohol are inappropriate, potentially dangerous solutions. Fans should not be used because of the risk of the child developing vasoconstriction, which defeats the purpose of the cooling measures. Little blood is carried to the skin surface, and the blood remains primarily in the viscera to become heated. The child is placed in a tub of tepid water for 20 to 30 minutes.

1. Which family theory explains how families react to stressful events and suggests factors that promote adaptation to these events? a. Family systems theory c. Family stress theory b. Developmental theory d. Family assessment

ANS: C Family stress theory explains the reaction of families to stressful events. In addition, crisis intervention strategies are used to help family members cope with the challenging event. In the family systems theory, the focus is on the interaction of family members within the larger environment. In the developmental theory the nurse provides anticipatory guidance to help family members cope with the challenging event. Family assessment is not a theory. An assessment is necessary to discover the family's dynamics, strengths and weaknesses.

21. By what age do the head and chest circumferences generally become equal? a. 1 month b. 6 to 9 months c. 1 to 2 years d. 2.5 to 3 years

ANS: C Head circumference begins larger than chest circumference. Between ages 1 and 2 years, they become approximately equal. Head circumference is larger than chest circumference at ages 1 month and 6 to 9 months. Chest circumference is larger than head circumference at age 2.5 to 3 years.

2. One of the community nurses at the health department is trying to identify how many new cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome have occurred in her city this past year. The term that best describes this measurement is: a. mortality c. incidence b. morbidity d. prevalence

ANS: C Incidence will provide the number of cases of a particular disease process. Mortality statistics specify the number of deaths from a given cause. Morbidity statistics specify the prevalence of specific illnesses in a population at a particular time.

13. When interviewing the mother of a 3-year-old child, the nurse asks about developmental milestones such as the age of walking without assistance. This should be considered because these milestones are: a. Unnecessary information because the child is age 3 years. b. An important part of the family history. c. An important part of the child's past growth and development. d. An important part of the child's review of systems.

ANS: C Information about the attainment of developmental milestones is important to obtain. It provides data about the child's growth and development that should be included in the history. Developmental milestones provide important information about the child's physical, social, and neurologic health. The developmental milestones are specific to this child. If pertinent, attainment of milestones by siblings would be included in the family history. The review of systems does not include the developmental milestones.

13. The nurse is caring for an adolescent who had an external fixator placed after suffering a fracture of the wrist during a bicycle accident. Which statement by the adolescent would be expected about separation anxiety? a. "I wish my parents could spend the night with me while I am in the hospital." b. "I think I would like for my siblings to visit me but not my friends." c. "I hope my friends don't forget about visiting me." d. "I will be embarrassed if my friends come to the hospital to visit."

ANS: C Loss of peer-group contact may pose a severe emotional threat to an adolescent because of loss of group status; friends visiting are an important aspect of hospitalization for an adolescent and would be very reassuring. Adolescents may welcome the opportunity to be away from their parents. The separation from siblings may produce reactions from difficulty coping to a welcome relief.

5. Demography is the study of population characteristics. Which demographic characteristic would be associated with an increased risk for hemophilia? a. Age c. Gender b. Race and ethnicity d. Socioeconomic status

ANS: C Males are at a much greater risk of having hemophilia A and B. Although age is one of the most important factors, it does not increase the risk for this disease. Race has long been associated with a number of other diseases and disabilities. Low socioeconomic status predisposes children to a variety of health problems.

21. An appropriate method for administering oral medications that are bitter to an infant or small child would be to mix them with: a. A bottle of formula or milk. b. Any food the child is going to eat. c. A small amount (1 teaspoon) of a sweet-tasting substance such as jam or ice cream. d. Large amounts of water to dilute medication sufficiently.

ANS: C Mix the drug with a small amount (about 1 teaspoon) of sweet-tasting substance. This will make the medication more palatable to the child. If the child does not finish drinking/eating, it is difficult to determine how much medication was consumed. Medication should not be mixed with essential foods and milk. The child may associate the altered taste with the food and refuse to eat in future.

6. The leading cause of death from unintentional injuries in children is: a. Poisoning. c. Motor vehicle-related fatalities. b. Drowning. d. Fire- and burn-related fatalities.

ANS: C Motor vehicle-related fatalities is the leading cause of death in children, as either passengers or pedestrians. Poisoning is the ninth leading cause of death. Drowning is the second leading cause of death. Fire- and burn-related fatalities are the third leading cause of death.

35. What heart sound is produced by vibrations within the heart chambers or in the major arteries from the back-and-forth flow of blood? a. S1, S2 b. S3, S4 c. Murmur d. Physiologic splitting

ANS: C Murmurs are the sounds that are produced in the heart chambers or major arteries from the back-and-forth flow of blood. S1 is the closure of the tricuspid and mitral valves, and S2 is the closure of the pulmonic and aortic valves, and both are considered normal heart sounds. S3 is a normal heart sound sometimes heard in children. S4 is rarely heard as a normal heart sound. If heard, medical evaluation is required. Physiologic splitting is the distinction of the two sounds in S2, which widens on inspiration. It is a significant normal finding.

17. An appropriate approach to performing a physical assessment on a toddler is to: a. Always proceed in a head-to-toe direction. b. Perform traumatic procedures first. c. Use minimal physical contact initially. d. Demonstrate use of equipment.

ANS: C Parents can remove clothing, and the child can remain on the parent's lap. The nurse should use minimal physical contact initially to gain the child's cooperation. The head-to-toe assessment can be done in older children but usually must be adapted in younger children. Traumatic procedures should always be performed last. These will most likely upset the child and inhibit cooperation. The nurse should introduce the equipment slowly. The child can inspect the equipment, but demonstrations are usually too complex for this age group.

10. Kimberly, age 3 years, is being admitted for about 1 week of hospitalization. Her parents tell the nurse that they are going to buy her "a lot of new toys because she will be in the hospital." The nurse's reply should be based on an understanding that: a. New toys make hospitalization easier. b. New toys are usually better than older ones for children of this age. c. At this age children often need the comfort and reassurance of familiar toys from home. d. Buying new toys for a hospitalized child is a maladaptive way to cope with parental guilt.

ANS: C Parents should bring favorite items from home to be with the child. Young children associate inanimate objects with significant people; they gain comfort and reassurance from these items. New toys will not serve the purpose of familiar toys and objects from home. The parents may experience some guilt as a response to the hospitalization, but there is no evidence that it is maladaptive.

23. Where is the best place to observe for the presence of petechiae in dark-skinned individuals? a. Face b. Buttocks c. Oral mucosa d. Palms and soles

ANS: C Petechiae, small distinct pinpoint hemorrhages, are difficult to see in dark skin unless they are in the mouth or conjunctiva.

20. A nurse must do a venipuncture on a 6-year-old child. An important consideration in providing atraumatic care is to: a. Use an 18-gauge needle if possible. b. If not successful after four attempts, have another nurse try. c. Restrain the child only as needed to perform venipuncture safely. d. Show the child equipment to be used before procedure.

ANS: C Restrain the child only as needed to perform the procedure safely; use therapeutic hugging. Use the smallest gauge needle that permits free flow of blood. A two-try-only policy is desirable, in which two operators each have only two attempts. If insertion is not successful after four punctures, alternative venous access should be considered. Keep all equipment out of sight until used.

6. Which age group is most concerned with body integrity? a. Toddler b. Preschooler c. School-age child d. Adolescent

ANS: C School-age children have a heightened concern about body integrity. They place importance and value on their bodies and are overly sensitive to anything that constitutes a threat or suggestion of injury. Body integrity is not as important a concern to children in the toddler, preschooler, and adolescent age groups.

7. An 8-year-old girl asks the nurse how the blood pressure apparatus works. The most appropriate nursing action is to: a. Ask her why she wants to know. b. Determine why she is so anxious. c. Explain in simple terms how it works. d. Tell her she will see how it works as it is used.

ANS: C School-age children require explanations and reasons for everything. They are interested in the functional aspect of all procedures, objects, and activities. It is appropriate for the nurse to explain how equipment works and what will happen to the child. A nurse should respond positively for requests for information about procedures and health information. By not responding the nurse may be limiting communication with the child. The child is not exhibiting anxiety, just requesting clarification of what will be occurring. The nurse must explain how the blood pressure cuff works so the child can then observe during the procedure.

29. The nurse must suction a child with a tracheostomy. Interventions should include: a. Encouraging the child to cough to raise the secretions before suctioning. b. Selecting a catheter with a diameter three fourths as large as the diameter of the tracheostomy tube. c. Ensuring that each pass of the suction catheter take no longer than 5 seconds. d. Allowing the child to rest after every five times the suction catheter is passed.

ANS: C Suctioning should require not longer than 5 seconds per pass. Otherwise the airway may be occluded for too long. If the child is able to cough up secretions, suctioning may not be indicated. The catheter should have a diameter one-half the size of the tracheostomy tube. If it is too large, it might block the child's airway. The child is allowed to rest for 30 to 60 seconds after each aspiration to allow oxygen tension to return to normal. Then the process is repeated until the trachea is clear.

19. The Allen test is performed as a precautionary measure before which procedure? a. Heel stick b. Venipuncture c. Arterial puncture d. Lumbar puncture

ANS: C The Allen test assesses the circulation of the radial, ulnar, or brachial arteries before arterial puncture.

6. The emergency department nurse is cleaning multiple facial abrasions on 9-year-old Mike. His mother is present. He is crying and screaming loudly. The nurse should: a. Ask him to be quieter. b. Have his mother tell him to relax. c. Tell him it is okay to cry and scream. d. Suggest that he talk to his mother instead of crying.

ANS: C The child should be allowed to express feelings of anger, anxiety, fear, frustration, or any other emotion. The child needs to know that it is all right to cry. There is no reason for him to be quieter. He is too upset and needs to be able to express his feelings.

15. When doing a nutritional assessment on an Hispanic family, the nurse learns that their diet consists mainly of vegetables, legumes, and starches. The nurse should recognize that this diet: a. Indicates that they live in poverty. b. Is lacking in protein. c. May provide sufficient amino acids. d. Should be enriched with meat and milk.

ANS: C The diet that contains vegetable, legumes, and starches may provide sufficient essential amino acids, even though the actual amount of meat or dairy protein is low. Many cultures use diets that contain this combination of foods. It does not indicate poverty. Combinations of foods contain the essential amino acids necessary for growth. A dietary assessment should be done, but many vegetarian diets are sufficient for growth.

11. Where in the health history should the nurse describe all details related to the chief complaint? a. Past history b. Chief complaint c. Present illness d. Review of systems

ANS: C The history of the present illness is a narrative of the chief complaint from its earliest onset through its progression to the present. The focus of the present illness is on all factors relevant to the main problem, even if they have disappeared or changed during the onset, interval, and present. Past history refers to information that relates to previous aspects of the child's health, not to the current problem. The chief complaint is the specific reason for the child's visit to the clinic, office, or hospital. It does not contain the narrative portion describing the onset and progression. The review of systems is a specific review of each body system.

1. What should the nurse consider when having consent forms signed for surgery and procedures on children? a. Only a parent or legal guardian can give consent. b. The person giving consent must be at least 18 years old. c. The risks and benefits of a procedure are part of the consent process. d. A mental age of 7 years or older is required for a consent to be considered "informed."

ANS: C The informed consent must include the nature of the procedure, benefits and risks, and alternatives to the procedure. In special circumstances such as emancipated minors, the consent can be given by someone younger than 18 years without the parent or legal guardian. A mental age of 7 years is too young for consent to be informed.

11. What is most descriptive of family-centered care? a. Reduces effect of cultural diversity on the family b. Encourages family dependence on health care system c. Recognizes that the family is the constant in a child's life d. Avoids expecting families to be part of the decision-making process

ANS: C The key components of family-centered care are for the nurse to support, respect, encourage and embrace the family's strength by developing a partnership with the child's parents. Family-centered care recognizes the family as the constant in the child's life. The nurse should support the cultural diversity of the family, not reduce its effect. The family should be enabled and empowered to work with the health care system, and to be part of the decision-making process.

3. What is the single most important factor to consider when communicating with children? a. The child's physical condition b. The presence or absence of the child's parent c. The child's developmental level d. The child's nonverbal behaviors

ANS: C The nurse must be aware of the child's developmental stage to engage in effective communication. The use of both verbal and nonverbal communication should be appropriate to the developmental level. Although the child's physical condition is a consideration, developmental level is much more important. The parents' presence is important when communicating with young children, but it may be detrimental when speaking with adolescents. Nonverbal behaviors vary in importance based on the child's developmental level.

3. The nurse is collecting subjective and objective information about the target population to diagnose problems based on community needs. Which step in the community nursing process is this? a. Planning c. Assessment b. Diagnosis d. Establishing objectives

ANS: C The nursing process stages are similar, whether the client is one child or a population of children. The assessment phase of the nursing processes focuses on collecting subjective and objective data. Planning is the development of community-centered goals and objectives. Diagnosis is the identification of problems specific to the community.

17. Frequent urine testing for specific gravity and glucose are required on a 6-month-old infant. The most appropriate way to collect small amounts of urine for these tests is to: a. Apply a urine-collection bag to perineal area. b. Tape a small medicine cup to the inside of the diaper. c. Aspirate urine from cotton balls inside the diaper with a syringe. d. Aspirate urine from a superabsorbent disposable diaper with a syringe.

ANS: C To obtain small amounts of urine, use a syringe without a needle to aspirate urine directly from the diaper. If diapers with absorbent material are used, place a small gauze dressing or cotton balls inside the diaper to collect the urine, and aspirate the urine with a syringe. For frequent urine sampling, the collection bag would be too irritating to the child's skin. Taping a small medicine cup to the inside of the diaper is not feasible; the urine will spill from the cup. Diapers with superabsorbent gels absorb the urine, so there is nothing to aspirate.

4. The major cause of death for children older than 1 year is: a. Cancer. c. Unintentional injuries. b. Infection. d. Congenital abnormalities.

ANS: C Unintentional injuries (accidents) are the leading cause of death after age 1 year through adolescence. Cancer is the leading cause of death in those younger than 1 year and is less significant in this age group. There have been major declines in deaths attributed infection and congenital abnormalities because of improved therapies.

30. The nurse is testing an infant's visual acuity. By what age should the infant be able to fix on and follow a target? a. 1 month b. 1 to 2 months c. 3 to 4 months d. 6 months

ANS: C Visual fixation and following a target should be present by ages 3 to 4 months. Ages 1 to 2 months are is too young for this developmental milestone. If the infant is not able to fix and follow by 6 months of age, further ophthalmologic evaluation is needed.

33. What term is used to describe breath sounds that are produced as air passes through narrowed passageways? a. Rubs b. Rattles c. Wheezes d. Crackles

ANS: C Wheezes are produced as air passes through narrowed passageways. The sound is similar when the narrowing is caused by exudates, inflammation, spasm, or tumor. Rubs are the sound created by the friction of one surface rubbing over another. Pleural friction rub is caused by inflammation of the pleural space. Rattles is the term formerly used for crackles. Crackles are the sounds made when air passes through fluid or moisture.

12. A mother brings 6-month-old Eric to the clinic for a well-baby checkup. She comments, "I want to go back to work, but I don't want Eric to suffer because I'll have less time with him." The nurse's most appropriate answer is: a. "I'm sure he'll be fine if you get a good babysitter." b. "You will need to stay home until Eric starts school." c. "You should go back to work so Eric will get used to being with others." d. "Let's talk about the child-care options that will be best for Eric."

ANS: D "Let's talk about the child-care options that will be best for Eric" is an open-ended statement that will assist the mother in exploring her concerns about what is best for both her and Eric. "I'm sure he'll be fine if you get a good babysitter," "You will need to stay home until Eric starts school," and "You should go back to work so Eric will get used to being with others" are directive statements and do not address the effect of her working on Eric.

26. The nurse should expect the anterior fontanel to close at age: a. 2 months b. 2 to 4 months c. 6 to 8 months d. 12 to 18 months

ANS: D Ages 2 through 8 months are too early. The expected closure of the anterior fontanel occurs between ages 12 and 18 months; if it closes at these earlier ages, the child should be referred for further evaluation.

1. Information about morbidity and mortality gives the nurse data to identify: a. Lifespan statistics. b. Effectiveness of treatment. c. Cost-effective treatment for general population. d. High risk age groups for certain disorders or hazards.

ANS: D Analysis of these data provides the nurse with information about which groups of individuals are at risk for which health problems. Lifespan statistics are part of the mortality data. Treatment modalities and cost are not included in these data.

34. The nurse must assess a child's capillary filling time. This can be accomplished by: a. Inspecting the chest. b. Auscultating the heart. c. Palpating the apical pulse. d. Palpating the skin to produce a slight blanching.

ANS: D Capillary filling time is assessed by pressing lightly on the skin to produce blanching and then noting the amount of time it takes for the blanched area to refill. Inspecting the chest, auscultating the heart, and palpating the apical pulse will not provide an assessment of capillary filling time.

9. The nurse is having difficulty communicating with a hospitalized 6-year-old child. What technique might be most helpful? a. Suggest that the child keep a diary. b. Suggest that the parent read fairy tales to the child. c. Ask the parent if the child is always uncommunicative. d. Ask the child to draw a picture.

ANS: D Drawing is one of the most valuable forms of communication. Children's drawings tell a great deal about them because they are projections of the child's inner self. It would be difficult for a 6-year-old child to keep a diary, since the child is most likely learning to read. Reading fairy tales to the child is a passive activity involving the parent and child. It would not facilitate communication with the nurse. The child is in a stressful situation and is probably uncomfortable with strangers, not necessarily uncommunicative.

27. It is important to make certain that sensory connectors and oximeters are compatible since wiring that is incompatible can cause: a. Hyperthermia. b. Electrocution. c. Pressure necrosis. d. Burns under sensors.

ANS: D It is important to make certain that sensor connectors and oximeters are compatible. Wiring that is incompatible can generate considerable heat at the tip of the sensor, causing second- and third-degree burns under the sensor. Incompatibility would cause a local irritation or burn. A low voltage is used, which should not present risk of electrocution. Pressure necrosis can occur from the sensor being attached too tightly, but this is not a problem of incompatibility.

38. During examination of a toddler's extremities, the nurse notes that the child is bowlegged. The nurse should recognize that this finding is: a. Abnormal and requires further investigation. b. Abnormal unless it occurs in conjunction with knock-knee. c. Normal if the condition is unilateral or asymmetric. d. Normal because the lower back and leg muscles are not yet well developed.

ANS: D Lateral bowing of the tibia (bowlegged) is common in toddlers when they begin to walk, not an abnormal finding. It usually persists until all of their lower back and leg muscles are well developed. Further evaluation is needed if it persists beyond ages 2 to 3 years, especially in African-American children.

5. What applies to the rate of frequency of monozygotic (identical) twins being born? a. The rate is affected by heredity. c. It varies among races. b. The rate is affected by maternal age. d. It occurs uniformly in all populations.

ANS: D Monozygotic twins occur with the same frequency uniformly in all populations. The tendency toward monozygotic twins is unaffected by heredity. Monozygotic twins are not affected by maternal age, but higher-order births are. The frequency is uniform among races.

2. Physiologic measurements in children's pain assessment are: a. The best indicator of pain in children of all ages. b. Essential to determine whether a child is telling the truth about pain. c. Of most value when children also report having pain. d. Of limited value as sole indicator of pain.

ANS: D Physiologic manifestations of pain may vary considerably, not providing a consistent measure of pain. Heart rate may increase or decrease. The same signs that may suggest fear, anxiety, or anger also indicate pain. In chronic pain the body adapts, and these signs decrease or stabilize. These are of limited value and must be viewed in the context of a pain-rating scale, behavioral assessment, and parental report. When the child states that pain exists, it does. That is the truth.

24. When palpating the child's cervical lymph nodes, the nurse notes that they are tender, enlarged, and warm. The best explanation for this is: a. Some form of cancer. b. Local scalp infection common in children. c. Infection or inflammation distal to the site. d. Infection or inflammation close to the site.

ANS: D Small nontender nodes are normal. Tender, enlarged, and warm lymph nodes may indicate infection or inflammation close to their location. Tender lymph nodes do not usually indicate cancer. A scalp infection usually does not cause inflamed lymph nodes. The lymph nodes close to the site of inflammation or infection would be inflamed.

9. An appropriate intervention to encourage food and fluid intake in a hospitalized child is to: a. Force child to eat and drink to combat caloric losses. b. Discourage participation in noneating activities until caloric intake is sufficient. c. Administer large quantities of flavored fluids at frequent intervals and during meals. d. Give high-quality foods and snacks whenever child expresses hunger.

ANS: D Small, frequent meals and nutritious snacks should be provided for the child. Favorite foods such as peanut butter and jelly sandwiches, fruit yogurt, cheese, pizza, and macaroni and cheese should be available. Forcing a child to eat only meets with rebellion and reinforces the behavior as a control mechanism. Large quantities of fluid may decrease the child's hunger and further inhibit food intake.

19. The nurse is using the NCHS growth chart for an African-American child. The nurse should consider that: a. This growth chart should not be used. b. Growth patterns of African-American children are the same as for all other ethnic groups. c. A correction factor is necessary when the NCHS growth chart is used for non-Caucasian ethnic groups. d. The NCHS charts are accurate for U.S. African-American children.

ANS: D The NCHS growth charts can serve as reference guides for all racial or ethnic groups. U.S. African American-children were included in the sample population. The growth chart can be used with the perspective that different groups of children have varying normal distributions on the growth curves. No correction factor exists.

29. The most frequently used test for measuring visual acuity is the: a. Denver Eye Screening test. b. Allen picture card test. c. Ishihara vision test. d. Snellen letter chart.

ANS: D The Snellen letter chart, which consists of lines of letters of decreasing size, is the most frequently used test for visual acuity. Single cards (Denver—letter E; Allen—pictures) are used for children age 2 years and older who are unable to use the Snellen letter chart. The Ishihara vision test is used for color vision.

1. Kyle, age 6 months, is brought to the clinic. His parent says, "I think he hurts. He cries and rolls his head from side to side a lot." This most likely suggests which feature of pain? a. Type b. Severity c. Duration d. Location

ANS: D The child is displaying a local sign of pain. Rolling the head from side to side and pulling at ears indicate pain in the ear. The child's behavior indicates the location of the pain. The behavior does not provide information about the type, severity, or duration.

12. The nurse approaches a group of school-age patients to administer medication to Sam Hart. To identify the correct child, the nurse should: a. Ask the group, "Who is Sam Hart?" b. Call out to the group, "Sam Hart?" c. Ask each child, "What's your name?" d. Check the patient's identification name band.

ANS: D The child must be correctly identified before the administration of any medication. Children are not totally reliable in giving correct names on request; identification bracelets should always be checked. Asking the group to identify the child, calling out the child's name, and asking each child to give their name are not acceptable ways to identify a child. Older children may exchange places, give an erroneous name, or choose not to respond to their name as a form of a joke.

36. Examination of the abdomen is performed correctly by the nurse in this order: a. Inspection, palpation, and auscultation b. Palpation, inspection, and auscultation c. Palpation, auscultation, and inspection d. Inspection, auscultation, and palpation

ANS: D The correct order of abdominal examination is inspection, auscultation, and palpation. Palpation is always performed last because it may distort the normal abdominal sounds.

15. An 8-month-old infant is restrained to prevent interference with the intravenous infusion. The nurse should: a. Remove the restraints once a day to allow movement. b. Keep the restraints on constantly. c. Keep the restraints secure so infant remains supine. d. Remove restraints whenever possible.

ANS: D The nurse should remove the restraints whenever possible. When parents and/or staff are present, the restraints can be removed, and the intravenous site protected. Restraints must be checked and documented every 1 to 2 hours and should be removed for range of motion on a periodic basis. The child should not be securely restrained in the supine position because of risks of aspiration.

26. When caring for a child with an intravenous infusion, the nurse should: a. Use a macrodropper to facilitate reaching the prescribed flow rate. b. Avoid restraining the child to prevent undue emotional stress. c. Change the insertion site every 24 hours. d. Observe the insertion site frequently for signs of infiltration.

ANS: D The nursing responsibility for intravenous therapy is to calculate the amount to be infused in a given length of time, set the infusion rate, and monitor the apparatus frequently, at least every 1 to 2 hours, to make certain that the desired rate is maintained, the integrity of the system remains intact, the site remains intact (free of redness, edema, infiltration, or irritation), and the infusion does not stop. A minidropper (60 drops per milliliter) is the recommended intravenous tubing in pediatrics. The intravenous site should be protected. This may require soft restraints on the child. Insertion sites do not need to be changed every 24 hours unless a problem is found with the site. Frequent change exposes the child to significant trauma.

12. The nurse is doing a prehospitalization orientation for Diana, age 7, who is scheduled for cardiac surgery. As part of the preparation, the nurse explains that she will not be able to talk because of an endotracheal tube but that she will be able to talk when it is removed. This explanation is: a. Unnecessary. b. The surgeon's responsibility. c. Too stressful for a young child. d. An appropriate part of the child's preparation.

ANS: D This is a necessary part of preoperative preparation that will help reduce the anxiety associated with surgery. If the child wakes and is not prepared for the inability to speak, she will be even more anxious. It is a joint responsibility of nursing, medical staff, and child life personnel. This is a necessary component of preparation that will help reduce the anxiety associated with surgery.

9. What is most characteristic of the physical punishment of children, such as spanking? a. Psychologic impact is usually minimal. b. Children rarely become accustomed to spanking. c. Children's development of reasoning increases. d. Misbehavior is likely to occur when parents are not present.

ANS: D Through the use of physical punishment, children learn what they should not do. When parents are not around, it is more likely that children will misbehave because they have not learned to behave well for their own sake but rather out of fear of punishment. Spanking can cause severe physical and psychologic injury and interfere with effective parent-child interaction. Children do become accustomed to spanking, requiring more severe corporal punishment each time. The use of corporal punishment may interfere with the child's development of moral reasoning.

16. Which parameter correlates best with measurements of the body's total protein stores? a. Height b. Weight c. Skin-fold thickness d. Upper arm circumference

ANS: D Upper arm circumference is correlated with measurements of total muscle mass. Muscle serves as the body's major protein reserve and is considered an index of the body's protein stores. Height is reflective of past nutritional status. Weight is indicative of current nutritional status. Skin-fold thickness is a measurement of the body's fat content.

3. Because of their striving for independence and productivity, which age group of children is particularly vulnerable to events that may lessen their feeling of control and power? a. Infants b. Toddlers c. Preschoolers d. School-age children

ANS: D When a child is hospitalized, the altered family role, physical disability, loss of peer acceptance, lack of productivity, and inability to cope with stress usurps individual power and identity. This is especially detrimental to school-age children, who are striving for independence and productivity and are now experiencing events that lessen their control and power. Infants, toddlers, and preschoolers, although affected by loss of power, are not as significantly affected as are school-age children.

1. EBP, __________________ _____________ _______________, is the collection, interpretation and integration of valid, important and applicable patient-reported, nurse-observed and research-derived information.

ANS: Evidence-Based Practice Evidence-based nursing practice combines knowledge with clinical experience and intuition. It provides a rational approach to decision making.

True or False 1. A local community has recently experienced severe flooding with loss of homes and injuries. Counseling has been provided to assist families in coping with the sequelae of this natural disaster. This is an example of primary prevention.

ANS: F This is an example of a secondary intervention. Secondary prevention includes tuberculosis and lead screening as well as mental health counseling for stressful events. Primary prevention focuses on health promotion and disease prevention (i.e., well-baby clinics and immunizations).

2. The nurse is setting up a community safety program about car seats. What level of prevention is this? A. Primary B. Tertiary C. Secondary D. Environmental

Correct Answer: A

7. Which statement is true concerning folk remedies? A. They may be used to reinforce the treatment plan. B. They are incompatible with modern medical regimens. C. They are a leading cause of death in some cultural groups. D. They are not a part of the culture in large, developed countries.

Correct Answer: A

1. What has had the greatest impact on reducing infant mortality in the United States? A. Improvements in perinatal care B. Decreased incidence of congenital abnormalities C. Better maternal nutrition D. Improved funding for health care

Correct Answer: A Your Response:

10. The nurse observes erythema, pain, and edema at a child's intravenous (IV) site with streaking along the vein. What should the nurse do first? A. Immediately stop the infusion. B. Check for a good blood return. C. Ask another nurse to check the IV site. D. Increase the IV drip for 1 minute and recheck.

Correct Answer: A Your Response:

11. During an otoscopic examination on an infant, in which direction is the pinna pulled? A. Down and back B. Down and forward C. Up and forward D. Up and back

Correct Answer: A Your Response:

11. The best explanation for why pulse oximetry is used on young children is that it: A. Is noninvasive. B. Is better than capnography. C. Is more accurate than arterial blood gases. D. Provides intermittent measurements of O2.

Correct Answer: A Your Response:

12. Which method should the nurse use to view the tonsils and oropharynx of a cooperative 6-year-old child? A. Ask child to open mouth wide & say "aah" B. Ask child to open mouth wide and then place the tongue blade in the center back area of the tongue C. Examine the mouth when the child is crying to avoid use of tongue blade D. Pinch nostrils closed until the child opens his or her mouth and then insert tongue blade

Correct Answer: A Your Response:

2. It is time to give 3-year-old David his medication. Which approach is most likely to receive a positive response? A. "It's time for your medication now, David. Would you like water or apple juice afterward?" B. "Wouldn't you like to take your medicine, David?" C. "You must take your medicine, David, because the doctor says it will make you better." D. "See how nicely John took his medicine? Now take yours."

Correct Answer: A Your Response:

3. Guidelines for a nurse using an interpreter in developing a care plan for an 8-year-old admitted to rule out epilepsy include: A. Explaining to the interpreter what information is necessary to obtain from the patient and family. B. Encouraging the interpreter to ask several questions at a time to make the best use of time. C. Not giving the interpreter too much information so the interview evolves. D. Discouraging the interpreter and client from discussing topics that are deemed irrelevant to the original intent of the interview.

Correct Answer: A Your Response:

3. When should clear liquids be stopped before scheduled surgery? A. 2 hours before surgery B. 6 hours before surgery C. The night before surgery, at 8 PM D. The night before surgery, at midnight

Correct Answer: A Your Response:

5. Maria, age 10, requires daily medications for a chronic illness. Her mother tells the nurse that she is always nagging her to take her medicine before school. What is the most appropriate nursing action to promote Maria's compliance? A. Establishing a contract with her, including rewards B. Suggesting time-outs when she forgets her medicine C. Discussing with her mother the damaging effects of nagging D. Asking Maria to bring her medicine containers to each appointment so they can be counted

Correct Answer: A Your Response:

6. A mother tells the nurse that she will visit her 2-year-old son tomorrow about noon. During the child's bath, he asks for Mommy. The nurse's best reply is: A. "Mommy will be here after lunch." B. "Mommy always comes back to see you." C. "Your Mommy told me yesterday that she would be here today about noon." D. "Mommy had to go home for a while, but she will be here today."

Correct Answer: A Your Response:

6. Allison, age 7 years, has a fever associated with a viral illness. She is being cared for at home. The nurse should recognize that the principal reason for treating fever in this child is: A. Relief of discomfort. B. Reassurance that illness is temporary. C. Prevention of secondary bacterial infection. D. Prevention of life-threatening complications.

Correct Answer: A Your Response:

6. Nonpharmacologic strategies for pain management: A. May reduce pain perception. B. Make pharmacologic strategies unnecessary. C. Usually take too long to implement. D. Trick children into believing that they do not have pain.

Correct Answer: A Your Response:

7. The nurses caring for a child are concerned about the child's frequent requests for pain medication. During a team conference a nurse suggests that they consider administering a placebo instead of the usual pain medication. This decision should be based on knowledge that: A. This practice is unjustified and unethical. B. This practice is effective in determining whether a child's pain is real. C. The absence of a response to a placebo means the child's pain has an organic basis. D. A positive response to a placebo will not occur if the child's pain has an organic basis.

Correct Answer: A Your Response:

1. A group of people with shared characteristics who interact with each other is known as: A. Culture. B. Community. C. Target population. D. Individual countries and states.

Correct Answer: B

2. Studies of families with only one child indicate that only children: A. Tend to be selfish. B. Are similar to firstborn children. C. Are less stimulated toward achievement. D. Grow up lonely and dependent on other adults.

Correct Answer: B

8. The nurse is caring for a dying boy whose religion is Islam (Muslim/Moslem). An important nursing consideration related to his impending death and religion is that: A. There are no special rites. B. There are specific practices to be followed. C. The family is expected to "wait" away from the dying person. D. Baptism should be performed if it has not been done previously.

Correct Answer: B

1. Which behavior would most likely be manifested in a young child experiencing the protest phase of separation anxiety? A. Inactivity B. Clings to parent C. Depressed, sad D. Regression to earlier behavior

Correct Answer: B Your Response:

10. What explains the importance of detecting strabismus in young children? A. Color vision deficit may result. B. Amblyopia, a type of blindness, may result. C. Epicanthal folds may develop in affected eye. D. Ptosis may develop secondarily.

Correct Answer: B Your Response:

12. When is bronchial (postural) drainage generally performed? A. Immediately before all aerosol therapy B. Before meals and at bedtime C. Immediately on arising and at bedtime D. Thirty minutes after meals and at bedtime

Correct Answer: B Your Response:

4. The nurse needs to start an intravenous (IV) line on an 8-year-old child to begin administering intravenous antibiotics. The child starts to cry and tells the nurse, "Do it later, O.K.?" The nurse should: A. Start the IV line because allowing the child to manipulate the nurse is bad. B. Start the IV line because unlimited procrastination results in heightened anxiety. C. Postpone starting the IV line until the child is ready so that the child experiences a sense of control. D. Postpone starting the IV line until the child is ready so the child's anxiety is reduced.

Correct Answer: B Your Response:

5. An important consideration when using the FACES Pain Rating Scale with children is: A. Children color the face with the color they choose to best describe their pain. B. The scale can be used with most children as young as 3 years of age. C. The scale is not appropriate for use with adolescents. D. The scale is useful in pain assessment but is not as accurate when assessing physiologic responses.

Correct Answer: B Your Response:

6. The nurse is ready to begin a physical examination on an 8-month-old infant. The child is sitting contentedly on his mother's lap, chewing on a toy. What should the nurse do first? A. Elicit reflexes B. Auscultate heart and lungs C. Examine eyes, ears, and mouth D. Examine head, systematically moving toward feet

Correct Answer: B Your Response:

8. A child who has been receiving morphine intravenously will now start receiving it orally. The nurse should anticipate that, to achieve equianalgesia (equal analgesic effect), the oral dose will be: A. The same as the intravenous (IV) dose. B. Greater than the IV dose. C. One half of the IV dose. D. One fourth of the IV dose.

Correct Answer: B Your Response:

9. Transdermal fentanyl (Duragesic) is being used for an adolescent with cancer who is in hospice care. The adolescent has been comfortable for several hours but now complains of severe pain. The most appropriate nursing action is to: A. Administer meperidine (Demerol) intramuscularly (IM). B. Administer morphine sulfate immediate release (MSIR) intravenously (IV). C. Use a nonpharmacologic strategy. D. Place another fentanyl patch on the adolescent.

Correct Answer: B Your Response:

3. The parents of a young child ask the nurse for suggestions on how to discipline. When discussing the use of "time-outs," the nurse should include: A. Sending the child to his or her room if the child has one. B. Trying another approach if child cries, refuses, or is more disruptive. C. Selecting an area that is safe and nonstimulating such as a hallway. D. Teaching that the general rule for length of time is 1 hour per year of age.

Correct Answer: C

4. What is appropriate advice for parents who are preparing to tell their children about their decision to divorce? A. Avoid crying in front of children. B. Avoid discussing the reason for the divorce. C. Give reassurance that the divorce is not the children's fault. D. Give reassurance that the divorce will not affect most aspects of the children's lives.

Correct Answer: C

5. Which term refers to a shared cultural, social, and linguistic heritage? A. Beliefs B. Culture C. Ethnicity D. Socialization

Correct Answer: C

6. The most overwhelming adverse influence on health is: A. Race. B. Customs. C. Socioeconomic status. D. Genetic constitution.

Correct Answer: C

1. The nurse is using the C.R.I.E.S. pain assessment tool on a preterm infant in the neonatal intensive care unit. A component of this tool is: A. Color. B. Reflex. C. Oxygen saturation. D. Posture of arms and legs.

Correct Answer: C Your Response:

1. Which statement is true concerning the increased use of telephone triage by nurses? A. Telephone triage has led to an increase in health care costs. B. Emergency department visits are not recommended by nurses and thus are not a component of telephone triage. C. Access to high-quality health care services has increased through telephone triage. D. Home care is often recommended when it is not appropriate.

Correct Answer: C Your Response:

10. The nurse is caring postoperatively for an 8-year-old child with multiple fractures and other trauma resulting from a motor vehicle injury. The child is experiencing severe pain. An important consideration in managing the child's pain is to: A. Give only an opioid analgesic at this time. B. Increase the dosage of analgesic until the child is adequately sedated. C. Plan a preventive schedule of pain medication around the clock. D. Give the child a clock and explain when he or she can have pain medications.

Correct Answer: C Your Response:

14. A neonate had corrective surgery 3 days ago for esophageal atresia. The nurse notices that after the child receives his gastrostomy feeding, there is often a backup of formula feeding into the tube. As a result, the nurse should: A. Position the child in a supine position after feedings. B. Position the child on his or her left side after feedings. C. Leave the gastrostomy tube open and suspended after feedings. D. Leave the gastrostomy tube clamped after feedings.

Correct Answer: C Your Response:

2. The nurse is interviewing the mother of Adam, age 9 years. As the nurse begins to assess Adam's school performance, the most appropriate question to ask is: A. "Did Adam go to preschool?" B. "Does Adam have problems at school?" C. "How is Adam doing in school?" D. "How well does Adam seem to be doing in school?"

Correct Answer: C Your Response:

3. The psychosexual conflicts of preschool children make them extremely vulnerable to: A. Separation anxiety. B. Loss of control. C. Bodily injury and pain. D. Loss of identity.

Correct Answer: C Your Response:

5. A 4-year-old child will be having cardiac surgery next week. The child's parents call the hospital, asking about how to prepare her for this. The nurse's reply should be based on knowledge that: A. Preparation at this age will only increase the child's stress. B. Preparation needs to be at least 2 to 3 weeks before hospitalization. C. Children who are prepared experience less fear and stress during hospitalization. D. Children who are prepared experience overwhelming fear by the time hospitalization occurs.

Correct Answer: C Your Response:

7. Standard Precautions for infection control include: A. Gloves are worn any time a patient is touched. B. Needles are capped immediately after use and disposed of in a special container. C. Gloves are worn to change diapers when there are loose or explosive stools. D. Masks are needed only when caring for patients with airborne infections.

Correct Answer: C Your Response:

9. Several types of long-term central venous access devices are used. A benefit of using an implanted port (e.g., Port-a-cath) is that it: A. Is easy to use for self-administered infusions. B. Does not need to pierce the skin for access. C. Does not need to limit regular physical activity, including swimming. D. Cannot dislodge from the port, even if child plays with port site.

Correct Answer: C Your Response:

1. What is descriptive of the family system theory? A. Family is viewed as the sum of individual members. B. Change in one family member cannot create a change in other members. C. Individual family members are readily identified as the source of a problem. D. When the family system is disrupted, change can occur at any point in the system.

Correct Answer: D

1. The nurse needs to take the blood pressure of a preschool boy for the first time. Which action would be best in gaining his cooperation? A. Taking his blood pressure when a parent is there to comfort him B. Telling him that this procedure will help him get well faster. C. Explaining to him how the blood flows through the arm and why the blood pressure is important D. Permitting him to handle equipment and see the dial move before putting the cuff in place

Correct Answer: D Your Response:

13. The nurse is caring for an infant with a tracheostomy when accidental decannulation occurs. The nurse is unable to reinsert the tube. What should be the next action by the nurse? A. Notifying the surgeon B. Performing oral intubation C. Trying to insert a larger-size tube D. Trying to insert smaller-size tube

Correct Answer: D Your Response:

13. When assessing a preschooler's chest, the nurse would expect: A. Respiratory movements to be chiefly thoracic. B. Anteroposterior diameter to be equal to the transverse diameter. C. Intercostal retractions on respiratory movement. D. Movement of the chest wall to be symmetric bilaterally and coordinated with breathing.

Correct Answer: D Your Response:

14. Superficial palpation of the abdomen is often perceived by the child as tickling. Which measure by the nurse is most likely to minimize this sensation and promote relaxation? A. Palpating another area simultaneously B. Asking the child not to laugh or move if it tickles C. Beginning with deeper palpation and gradually progressing to superficial palpation D. Having the child "help" with palpation by placing his or her hand over the palpating hand

Correct Answer: D Your Response:

15. The nurse needs to give an injection in the deltoid to a 4-year-old child. The best approach to use is to: A. Smile while giving the injection to help child relax. B. Tell the child that you will be so quick that the injection won't even hurt. C. Explain that the child will experience "a little stick in the arm." D. Explain with concrete terms such as "putting medicine under the skin."

Correct Answer: D Your Response:

2. A child who is terminally ill with bone cancer is in severe pain. Nursing interventions should be based on knowledge that: A. Children tend to be overmedicated for pain. B. Giving large doses of opioids causes euthanasia. C. Narcotic addiction is common in terminally ill children. D. Large doses of opioids are justified when there are no other treatment options.

Correct Answer: D Your Response:

2. The most consistent indicator of pain in infants is: A. Increased respirations. B. Increased heart rate. C. Squirming and jerking. D. Facial expression of discomfort.

Correct Answer: D Your Response:

3. The most consistent indicator of pain in infants is: A. Increased respirations. B. Increased heart rate. C. Clenching the teeth and lips. D. Facial expression of discomfort.

Correct Answer: D Your Response:

4. The nurse is doing preoperative teaching with a child and his parents. The parents say that he is "dreading the shot" for premedication. The nurse's response should be based on the knowledge that: A. Preanesthetic medication can only be given intramuscularly. B. In children the intramuscular route is safer than the intravenous (IV) route. C. The child will have no memory of the injection because of amnesia. D. Preanesthetic medication should be "atraumatic," using oral, existing intravenous, or rectal routes.

Correct Answer: D Your Response:

4. The nurse is starting an intravenous (IV) line on a school-age child with cancer. The child says, "I have had a million IVs. They hurt." The nurse's response should be based on the knowledge that: A. Children tolerate pain better than adults. B. Children become accustomed to painful procedures. C. Children often lie about experiencing pain. D. Children often demonstrate increased behavioral signs of discomfort with repeated painful procedures.

Correct Answer: D Your Response:

4. What assessment tool would help the nurse assess a family member's satisfaction with the family's functional state? A. Genogram B. Sociogram C. Family ECOMAP D. Family Apgar

Correct Answer: D Your Response:

5. Which statement explains why it can be difficult to assess a child's dietary intake? A. No systematic assessment tool has been developed for this purpose. B. Biochemical analysis for assessing nutrition is expensive. C. Families usually do not understand much about nutrition. D. Recall of children's food consumption is frequently unreliable.

Correct Answer: D Your Response:

7. The most accurate method of determining the length of a child less than 12 months of age is: A. Standing height. B. Estimation of length to the nearest centimeter or ½ inch. C. Recumbent length measured in the prone position. D. Recumbent length measured in the supine position.

Correct Answer: D Your Response:

7. The nurse working in an outpatient surgery center for children should understand that: A. Children's anxiety is minimal in such a center. B. Waiting is not stressful for parents in such a center. C. Accurate and complete discharge teaching is the responsibility of the surgeon. D. Families need to be prepared for what to expect after discharge.

Correct Answer: D Your Response:

8. The nurse is preparing a plan to teach a mother how to administer 1½ teaspoons of medicine to her 6-month-old child. The nurse should recommend using: A. A household measuring spoon. B. A regular silverware teaspoon. C. A paper cup measure in 5-ml increments. D. A plastic syringe (without needle) calibrated in milliliters.

Correct Answer: D Your Response:

8. The nurse needs to take the blood pressure of a small child. Of the cuffs available, one is too large, and one is too small. The best nursing action is to: A. Use the small cuff. B. Use the large cuff. C. Use either cuff, using palpation method. D. Locate the proper-size cuff before taking the blood pressure.

Correct Answer: D Your Response:

9. The nurse is assessing skin turgor in a child. The nurse grasps the skin on the abdomen between the thumb and index finger, pulls it taut, and quickly releases it. The tissue remains suspended, or tented, for a few seconds, then slowly falls back on the abdomen. Which evaluation can the nurse correctly assume? A. The tissue shows normal elasticity. B. The child is properly hydrated. C. The assessment is done incorrectly. D. The child has poor skin turgor.

Correct Answer: D Your Response:

9. The nurse is planning care for a patient with an ethnic background different from that of the nurse. An appropriate goal is to: A. Strive to keep ethnic background from influencing health needs. B. Encourage continuation of ethnic practices in the hospital setting. C. Attempt in a nonjudgmental way to change ethnic beliefs. D. Adapt as necessary ethnic practices to health needs.

Correct Answer:D

5. When the nurse uses a standard nursing care plan as a guide in planning care for a hospitalized child, what should be eliminated? A. Expected outcome/goal B. Dependent nursing functions C. Problems not pertinent to the child or family D. Potential health problems of the child or family

Points Earned: 0/1 Correct Answer: C Your Response:

2. The role of the pediatric nurse is influenced by trends in health care. The greatest trend in health care is: A. Primary focus on treatment of disease or disability. B. National health care planning on a distributive or episodic basis. C. Accountability to professional codes and international standards. D. Shift of focus to prevention of illness and maintenance of health.

Points Earned: 0/1 Correct Answer: D Your Response:

3. Evidence-based practice, a current health care trend, is best described as: A. Gathering evidence of mortality and morbidity in children. B. Meeting physical and psychosocial needs of the child and family in all areas of practice. C. Using a professional code of ethics as a means for professional self-regulation. D. Questioning why something is effective and whether there is a better approach.

Points Earned: 0/1 Correct Answer: D Your Response:

4. The etiology component of the nursing diagnosis describes: A. Projected changes in an individual's health status, clinical conditions, or behavior. B. An individual's response to health pattern deficits in the child, family, or community. C. A cluster of cues and/or defining characteristics that are derived from patient assessment and indicate actual health problems. D. Physiologic, situational, and maturational factors that cause the problem or influence its development.

Points Earned: 0/1 Correct Answer: D Your Response: