ATI TEAS Anatomy & Physiology: Skeletal System
lower appendages
include the femur, patella, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges
upper appendages
include the humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges.
rib cage
includes 12 paired ribs, 10 pairs of true ribs and 2 pairs of floating ribs, and the sternum, which consists of the manubrium, corpus sterni, and xiphoid process
skull
includes the cranium and facial bones
appendicular skeleton
includes the pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and appendages
axial skeleton
includes the vertebral column, rib cage, sternum, skull, and hyoid bone; protects vital organs (brain, heart, and lungs)
red bone marrow
marrow that manufactures red and white blood cells
yellow bone marrow
marrow that stores fat
compact bone
consists of tightly packed cells, is strong, dense, and rigid
fibrous
Held together by fibrous connective tissue; suture, gomphosis, syndesmosis
synovial
The most common type of joint; characterized by a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid; pivot, hinge, saddle, gliding, condyloid, ball and socket
pelvic girdle
consists of two pelvic (hip) bones, which attach to the sacrum
diarthrosis
always synovial; free movement; e.g. wrist, knee, shoulder
ossicles
bones in the middle ear
bone tissue
connective tissue with a base of pulp containing collagen and living cells; constantly regenerating itself as the mineral composition changes
vertebral column
consists of 33 vertebrae classified as cervical vertebrae , thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, and sacral vertebrae
pectoral girdle
consists of the scapulae (shoulders) and clavicles (collarbones)
synarthrosis
either fibrous or cartilaginous; immoveable; e.g. skull sutures, teeth/mandible
amphiarthrosis
either fibrous or cartilaginous; slight movement; e.g. intervertebral discs, distal tibiofibular joint
cartilaginous
held together by cartilage; synchondrosis, symphysis
spongy bone
lightweight and porous, which helps reduce the bone's overall weight
trabeculae
network of girders with open spaces filled with red bone marrow
bones
provide attachment point for muscles
hyoid bone
provides an attachment point for the tongue muscles
skeletal system
provides reservoir to store the minerals calcium and phosphorus; plays a role in movement, mineral storage, support, protection, and blood cell formation
haversian canals
runs vertically throughout the compact bone, surrounded by concentric circles of bone tissue called lamellae
lacunae
spaces between the lamellae
intervertebral discs
stacked one above another and provide cushioning for the backbone
insertion
the bone that moves as the muscle contracts and relaxes
origin
the bone that remains immobile
haversian system
the lamellae and canals along with their associated arteries, veins, lymph vessels, and nerve endings are referred to collectively as the ________
joints
the locations where two or more elements of the skeleton connect