Autism Spectrum Disorder

What is PECS used for?

to enhance communication by using pictures that represent and reinforce ideas that is immediately useful

What is the fastest-growing developmental disability?

ASD

What is the diagnostic process for ASD?

*Criteria from DSM-5 *no medical test *conduct other tests to rule out other diagnoses *developmental screenings

What is the TECCH method?

*Treatment and Education of Autistic and Communication Handicapped Children *structured and predictable *sets up visual environment so child has a full schedule of what will be happening *aids in sequencing and completing activitoes

What are ideas used within the social-cognitive intervention approach?

*develops skills needed for social interaction *video modeling *sign language *Social stories *Cognitive Orientation to Daily Occupational Performance Approach (CO-OP)

applied behavorial analysis (ABA)

*intensive treatment for autism, based on operant conditioning *1:1 instruction *skill is broken into small parts *taught in incremental steps *sub-skill is taught until mastered *reinforcement is used *uses shaping and chaining (Forward & Backward)

What are characteristics of the Developmental-skill based intervention approach?

*used to teach specific skills *emphasis modifying the environment to accommodate deficits while teaching skills *TEACCH

What are 3 tools used to diagnose ASD?

1. Autism Diagnostic Observation Scale (ADOS) 2. Children Autism Rating Scale (CARS) 3. Autism Diagnosis Interview-Revised (ADI-R) **DS-5 is NOT the "Gold-Standard"

What are 4 sensory-based intervention approaches for ASD?

1. Brushing 2. Weighted blankets 3. Compression vests 4. Swinging

What are 9 CAMs used to help treat ASD?

1. Dietrary treatment 2. Melatonin 3. Message 4. Craniosacral therapy 5. Myofasical release 6. Chelation therapy (admin IV or orally to remove high metals within the body) 7. Behavioral optometry 8. music therapy 9. Yoga

What are the 4 most common ways to gather information to complete an evlauation for someone who has ASD?

1. Interview parent, teacher, or staff 2. Parent/Caregiver Questionnaire 3. Structured clinical observations 4. Test adminstration, if possible - this is challenging

What are 3 tools used to screen for ASD?

1. Screening Tool for Autism in Toddlers & Young Children (STAT) 2. Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT) 3. Communication and Symbolic Behavior Checklist (CSBC)

What are 5 general interventions for Autism?

1. Sensory-based 2. Relationship-based 3. Developmental-skill based 4. Social and cognitive 5. Behavioral interventions (most researched)

What are some precautious behaviors to look out for treating a child with ASD?

1. self-injurious behaviors 2. Aggressive behaviors 3. Allergies 4. Seizures

What is the ratio of children with ASD having seizures?

1:4

What occupations are affected by ASD?

All occupations - Play, Leisure, Rest & Sleep, ADLs, IADLs, Education, Work, & Social participation

What is the main aspect within the behavioral intervention approach?

Applied Behavioral Analysis

What does DIR/Floortime stand for?

D = developmental I = individual differences R = relationship Principles = observation of child, follow child's lead, extend & expand play interactively

What are the causes of ASD?

Idiopathic - multiple causes *CNS and neurochemical abnormalities *genetically linked *birth order *prenatal and perinatal factors *Environment and toxin exposure *parental age *diet *some prescription drugs *linkage with other genetic syndromes

What is a theory most commonly used with children who have ASD?

Sensory Integration

What is the purpose of the relationship-based intervention approach?

focused on relationship building by using prompting, cueing, and imitation to increase social interactions and play

What are Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)?

group of neurobiological and neurodevelopmental disorders

What is the prognosis of ASD?

highly variable; closely linked to intelligence and communication skills; behavioral characteristics that change over time; Slightly higher mortality rates; is NOT curable

What is meant by spectrum?

levels of severity and effects and that everyone with ASD is different

In general, in regards to sensory-based approaches..linear movements do what to the body, while rotational movements do what to the body?

linear movements = calm the body rotational movements = stimulate/excite the body

What is the overall goal of OT treatment for a child with ASD?

minimize behaviors that impact participation and improve engagement, independence, and success in daily occupations

When evaluating a child with ASD, which approach is better to use, top-down or bottom-up?q

top down

ASD is commonly diagnosed after what age?

typically 4 years old

What tends to be a strength for children who have ASD?

visual system - often visual learners