Autonomic Nervous System

Sympathetic division

"fight or flight" ***add more info

Parasympathetic division

"rest and digest" ***add more info

Which axons could be found within an autonomic plexus?

-Parasympathetic preganglionic axons -Sympathetic postganglionic axons -Visceral sensory axons

In response to a specific stimulus, autonomic reflex arcs can trigger the following responses: (skeletal muscle contraction, cardiac muscle contraction, smooth muscle contraction, secretion by glands)

-cardiac muscle contraction -smooth muscle contraction -secretion by glands

How many lower motor neurons does the SNS have?

1

How many lower motor neurons does the ANS have?

2

___ and norepinephrine are the primary neurotransmitters used in the autonomic nervous system.

Acetylcholine

Pathway of preganglionic neuron

CNS --> ganglion; myelinated; releases ACh

Which cranial nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to control the production and secretion of tears, nasal secretions, and saliva?

Facial nerve (CN VII)

The enteric nervous system is an array of neurons found in the wall of the ______.

GI tract

The parasympathetic division of the ANS is composed of what type of axons?

Long preganglionic axons and short postganglionic axons

The sympathetic division of the ANS is composed of what type of axons?

Short preganglionic axons and long postganglionic axons

Preganglionic sympathetic axons travel within the spinal nerves numbered ___ to L2.

T1

Where do the preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division originate?

T1-L2

Which segments of the spinal cord house the sympathetic preganglionic neuron cell bodies?

T1-L2

Which are the primary neurotransmitters used in the autonomic nervous system?

acetylcholine and norepinephrine

Preganglionic sympathetic axons travel with somatic motor neuron axons to exit the spinal cord and enter the ______.

anterior roots

Collections of sympathetic postganglionic axons, parasympathetic preganglionic axons, and some visceral sensory axons, that provide complex innervation to target organs are known as ___ plexuses.

autonomic

Which of the following works constantly with the somatic nervous system to regulate body organs and maintain normal internal functions? (spinal reflex arc, autonomic nervous system, cranial nervous system)

autonomic nervous system

Which autonomic nervous system effector undergoes opposing effects without dual innervation?

blood vessels

Where do the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division originate?

brainstem and S2-S4

The preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division are located in the ______.

brainstem and sacral divisions of the spinal cord

The cell body of a lower motor neuron of the somatic nervous system is in the ______.

brainstem or spinal cord

The rami ___ connect the spinal nerves to each sympathetic trunk.

communicantes

In blood vessels innervated by only sympathetic axons, increased sympathetic stimulation causes the vessels to ______ while decreased sympathetic stimulation causes the vessels to ______.

constrict, dilate

Parasympathetic innervation of the bladder causes ______.

contraction of the smooth muscle in the bladder wall

The parasympathetic division is also called the ___ division.

craniosacral

Sympathetic stimulation will cause the pupils of the eye to _______.

dilate

An organ receiving innervation from postganglionic axons from both divisions of the autonomic system has ___ innervation.

dual

The heart is innervated by both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system so it does have ___ innervation.

dual

Visceral effectors innervated by postganglionic axons from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system have ______.

dual innervation

Parasympathetic innervation causes ______ of the female clitoris and male penis.

erection

Tears, nasal secretion, and saliva are under parasympathetic control from the cranial nerve named the ___ nerve.

facial

Pathway of ganglionic neuron

ganglion --> effector; unmyelinated; releases ACh or NE

The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system helps maintain ___, a constant internal environment.

homeostasis

Which regions of the central nervous system play a role in regulating the autonomic nervous system?

hypothalamus, brainstem, spinal cord

Which systemic changes accompany sympathetic stimulation? Decreased heart rate Increased breathing rate Decreased breathing rate Decreased blood pressure Increased blood pressure Increased heart rate

increased breathing rate, increased blood pressure, and increased heart rate

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

involuntarily regulates actions of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

This area of gray matter of the spinal cord in segments T1-L2 houses the cell bodies of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons.

lateral horn

The cranial and spinal nerves of the peripheral nervous system develop from the embryonic ______.

neural crest cells

The brain and spinal cord of the central nervous system develop from the embryonic ___.

neural tube

The central nervous system structures develop from the embryonic ______.

neural tube

Which cranial nerves are associated with the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

oculomotor (CN III), facial (CN VII), glossopharyngeal (CN IX), and vagus (CN X)

How many motor neurons are needed to stimulate skeletal muscle contraction in the somatic nervous system?

one

The ______ division of the autonomic nervous system is also called the craniosacral division because of the location of its preganglionic neurons.

parasympathetic

The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system are sympathetic and ___.

parasympathetic

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is known as the "rest-and-digest" division and is responsible for conserving energy and replenishing nutrient stores?

parasympathetic division

The subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system are the ______ division and ______ division.

parasympathetic, sympathetic

What connects the spinal nerves to each sympathetic trunk?

rami communicantes

The autonomic nervous system helps maintain homeostasis through the involuntary activity of autonomic or visceral ___.

reflexes

The enteric nervous system innervates _____ of the GI tract.

smooth muscle and glands

The ______ nervous system and _______ nervous system are the subdivisions of the motor nervous system that transmit all motor impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands throughout the body.

somatic, autonomic

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is also known as the thoracolumbar division?

sympathetic nervous system

What type of ganglia is found in the sympathetic division?

sympathetic trunk or prevertebral ganglia

What type of ganglia is found in the parasympathetic division?

terminal or intramural ganglia

The sympathetic division is also called the ___ division.

thoracolumbar

The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is anatomically known as the ______ division.

thoracolumbar

In the somatic nervous system, a single motor neuron extends uninterrupted from the ______ root of the spinal cord to the effector muscle.

ventral