AWS Solutions Architect Associate

What are the offering classes for reserved instances?

* Standard: Can only be modified (best savings) * Convertible: Can be exchanged for different instance

What is a routing table?

A data table stored in a router that lists the routes to particular network destinations

What is a web application firewall (WAF)?

A special type of firewall that looks more deeply into packets that carry HTTP traffic.

What are AWS Lambda downstream resources?

AWS tools and/or entities required for a function to execute its code

What is a shared AMI?

Amazon EC2 instance with a configuration that Amazon may not provide itself, but which another developer has created for a specific purpose.

What is an EC2 instance?

An EC2 virtual computing environment

How is ECS scaled?

Clusters only scale in single region but multiple AZs. Clusters are dynamically scalable.

How do spot instances work with Autoscaling?

Create launch configuration with bid price If market price goes above bid, instances terminated

What is an EC2 instance type?

Defines size of instance based on different parameters.

What are sticky sessions?

Enables a load balancer to lock a user down to a specific web server (instance) for the session.

What is loosely coupled architecture?

Individual parts up the infrastructure have no knowledge of how the other parts work. Communicate through well-defined services.

Benefits of AWS ELB?

It auto scales and is HA

What are the ELB components?

Listener Target Group Rules Health Checks

What is asynchronous processing?

Method of processing multiple scripts at the same time without waiting for the outcome of a previously launched script to occur.

Are you charged for a stopped EC2 instance?

No

What is EC2 user data?

Performs functions or runs scripts upon first boot of EC2 instance.

Are ECS clusters zone or region specific?

Regional part of ECS

What are ELB health checks?

Sets target as healthy or not based on checks.

What are instance store-backed AMIs?

Templates are on S3. Storage is ephemeral, so data is deleted during termination.

What is an EC2 on-demand instance?

The default EC2 instance launched anytime. Can be used as long as needed. Flat rate based on instance type. Paid by second. Ideal for short-term uses.

What is the benefit to Lambda functions being stateless?

To rapidly launch and scale as many as needed

What is EC2 dedicated tenancy?

When instances are hosted on hardware no other customer can access; but may run other AWS services used by your account.

What is EC2 shared tenancy?

Where underlying host is shared by multiple customers.

What are ECR repositories?

store docker image objects and can have multiple per registry

What is AWS Elastic Beanstalk?

* Upload code with environment configurations * auto provisions AWS resources for the web application such as EC2,S3,Auto Scaling) to support web app. * Some control still given to customer for resources that are deployed. * Service is free, just charged for deployed resources.

What are two ways to reduce AWS pricing?

* discounts for high volume service usage * reserved instances

What is the ELB Listener?

- At least 1 required - Listens on a port - Uses conditions to route traffic to resources

What are the charges for Lambda?

- Execution duration per 100ms of use only when code is running - number of times code runs (first million free) - MB of RAM reserved

What are the steps to deploying an EKS cluster?

1. Create EKS service role (can be shared) 2. Create EKS cluster VPC (CloudFormation STack) 3. Install kubectl and AWS-IAM-Authenticator 4. Create EKS cluster 5. Configure kubctl to EKS 6. Provision and configure worker nodes (CloudFormation) 7. Configure worker nodes to join EKS cluster

What are the 3 tenancy options for EC2 instances?

1. Dedicated instances 2. Shared tenancy 3. Dedicated hosts

What are the EC2 instance purchase options?

1. On-demand 2. Reserved 3. Scheduled 4. Spot 5. On-demand capacity reservations

What is AWS systems manager?

Allows patching, reporting, compliance of large groups of EC2 instances. Built-in scripted commands. Can also work with on-prem instances. No additional cost!

What is a Lambda function event source?

An AWS service that integrates with Lambda to send data to your function. Lambda can monitor some services while others can invoke Lambda.

What is EC2 ephemeral storage?

An Amazon EC2 instance store providing temporary block-level storage for your instance ideal for non-persistent data.

What is the relationship between ECR components?

An ECR registry contains multiple repositories, which contain multiple Docker images.

What are the ELB types?

Application Network Classic

What is the OSI (Open Systems Interconnect) Model?

Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data Link, Physical

What are ELB rules?

Associated to listener and help define how an incoming request gets routed to which target group. Really just a set of conditions.

What is a stateless system?

At any given time, the system server does not know the status of the clients communicating with it. Output of the system depends solely on the inputs.

How is on demand priced?

By the second (1 minute billing unit) or hourly for however long the instance is run. price set per instance type. If hourly charged for full hour Transition from stopped to started charges full hour

What is the EC2 instance status check?

Checks the health of the individual EC2 instance. Incorrect network config, incompatible kernel, etc.

What is the Amazon ECS container agent?

Daemon that must be running on your container instances so that they can register into an Amazon ECS cluster

What are ECR repository policies?

Defines: * User access to the ECR repository * User actions within the ECR repository

What is an EC2 cluster placement group?

Designed for law latency, high network throughput within single AZ.

What is an EC2 partition placement group?

Designed to keep MULTIPLE EC2 instance groups on separate hosts/racks. Can span AZs.

What is an EC2 spread placement group?

Designed to keep SINGLE EC2 instances on separate hosts/racks from other EC2 instance. Can span AZs.

What is BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)?

Dubbed the "protocol of the Internet," this path-vector routing protocol is the only current EGP and is capable of considering many factors in its routing metrics.

If you determine that the resources on a launched Amazon EC2 instance are insufficient to handle the workload of an application, you can resize the instance without performing any migration as long as your root device is a(n) ____________.

EBS Volume

What are some common ELB targets?

EC2 Instances Containers Lambda functions Can be across different AZs

What are ECU's?

EC2 compute units for an instance

What is EC2 dedicated hosts?

EC2 hosting model offering additional visibility and control of the physical host; allow reuse of existing licenses.

What is an EC2 spot Instance?

EC2 instance bid for unused compute resources. Not guaranteed for fixed period of time. Good for batch jobs, background processing. Instances can be terminated.

What is an EC2 scheduled instance?

EC2 instance paid on recurring scheduled, daily, weekly, or monthly. Charged whether used or not.

What is an EC2 reserved instance?

EC2 instance purchased for set period time (1-3 year) for discount. Paid all upfront (largest discount), partial upfront, no upfront. Long term predictable workloads.

What are the operations supported for instance store-backed EC2 instances?

EC2 instances limited to: * terminate * restart (preserves data)

What is a dedicated host instance?

EC2 purchase option below allows customers to select and control a specific, physical server within an AWS data center servers solely for their use?

What is ECS EC2 Launch?

ECS launch option giving control over: * EC2 instance type * All patching and scaling of instances * How many containers should be in a cluster

What is ECS Fargate Launch?

ECS launch option giving control over: * cpu and memory * network and IAM policies * packaged container

What are ECR repository policies?

ECS resource-based policies

What is an Internal ELB?

ELB with local IP only

What is Amazon Lightsail?

Easiest way to launch and manage a virtual private server with AWS. Include: virtual machine, SSD based storage, data transfer, DNS management, and static IP address.

What is AWS Fargate?

Engine used to enable ECS to run containers without having to manage instances and clusters.

What are the available ECS launch options?

Fargate Launch EC2 Launch

What is the Classic Load Balancer?

For legacy EC2, operates at both request and connection level

What are the available EC2 Instance Type Families?

General Purpose Compute Optimized Accelerated Computing Memory optimized Storage optimized

What is Cross-zone load balancing?

Gives the ability to truly have the ELB evenly distribute requests evenly across the targets when one AZ may have fewer resources than another so that load is not disproportionate on resources in smaller AZ.

What is an Internet-Facing ELB?

Has both Internet IP and local IP. Uses local IP to communicate to resources.

What is the EC2 system status check?

If failed, likely underlying host issue. Loss of power, network, etc. AWS components. Stop/restart instance to go to new physical host. Do NOT reboot.

What is an Amazon Machine Image (AMI)?

Image baseline with an operating system and applications along with any custom configuration. ID is a region-based value, even for standard images; custom images must be copied to other region before it can be used.

What is AWS Batch?

Manage and run batch computing in AWS.

What is Elastic Load Balancer (ELB)?

Manage the control and flow of inbound requests to a group of targets distributing them evenly

What is the Elastic Container Service for Kubernetes (EKS)?

Managed service for the Kubernetes control plane or management infrastructure. Customer provisions and maintains the worker nodes

What is the Application Load Balancer (ALB)?

Operates at request level For HTTP or HTTPS Advanced routing and TLS termination

What is synchronous processing?

Processing method whereby each policy must be read and applied completely before the next policy can be invoked.

What is Amazon Elastic Container Registry (ECR)?

Provides secure location to store and deploy docker images, ties closely to ECS.

what is the AWS Certificate Manager (ACM)?

Provision, manage, and deploy Secure Sockets Layer/Transport Layer Security (SSL/TLS) certificates for use with AWS services including ELB. Can upload own or use ACM to create.

What are EC2 key pairs?

Public and private key pair allowing connection to an EC2 instance(s)

What are ECR components?

Registry Repository Policies Authorization Token Repository Image

What are ELB nodes?

Required to define AZs that ELB will operate in and one will be placed in each AZ.

What are on-demand capacity reservations?

Reserve capacity based on instance type, platform, tenancy, and AZ. Can be combined with reserved instance discount.

What is the ELB Target Group?

Resources to route traffic to and associated with listener configuration and associated rules

If you over-purchase reserved instances, how can you minimize the loss?

Sell on Amazon Marketplace

What is AWS Lambda?

Serverless compute service to run code without having to manage EC2 instances

What is batch computing?

Specialist use cases which require vast amounts of compute power across a cluster of compute resources to complete batch processing executing a series of tasks.

What are some limitations to EC2 placement groups?

There must be sufficient capacity to restart these, otherwise it mail fail. Try again later. Unique names per Account Instance types must be the same No medium, nano, or micro

What are ECR authorization tokens?

Translates docker AWS token into a docker login command

What is the Network Load Balancer (NLB)?

Ultra-high performance and static IP addresses for your application. Operating at the connection level Capable of handling millions of requests per second while maintaining ultra-low latencies.

What is the EC2 instance type selection screen?

Where the following options are visible: 1. Family 2. Instance type 3. Storage type 4. vCPUs 5. Memory

What is AWS CloudWatch?

You want to receive alerts when your containers, managed with Amazon ECS, need to scale up or down. Which tool is most appropriate for this task?

What is the EC2 Container Service (ECS)?

a highly scalable, high performance container management service that supports Docker containers and allows you to easily run applications on a managed cluster of Amazon EC2 instances

What is a Content Delivery Network (CDN)?

a system of hardware and software that stores user data in many different geographical locations and makes those data available on demand

What is Kubernetes?

an open source system for automating deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications. container-runtime agnostic.

What is the storage optimized EC2 instance family?

instances designed for workloads that require high, sequential read and write access to very large data sets on local storage

What is the memory optimized EC2 instance family?

instances designed to deliver fast performance for workloads that process large data sets in memory. Enterprise apps like SharePoint

What is the compute optimized EC2 instance family?

instances ideal for compute bound applications that benefit from high performance processors. batch, media transcoding, HPC

What is the accelerated computing EC2 instance family?

instances that use hardware accelerators, or co-processors, to perform functions, such as floating point number calculations, graphics processing, or data pattern matching

What is the general purpose EC2 instance family?

instances with a balance of compute, memory and networking resources, and can be used for a variety of diverse workloads.

What is the ECR registry?

stores docker images in ECR

How can an EBS volume be attached to a different instance?

unmount in OS, detach, attach to new instance

What is eventual consistency?

updates will propagate through system; eventually all data copies will be consistent