B Climates

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Hot Desert Climate

-Annual average temps are above 64.4 F -Precip- evaporation is more than twice precip -Location- often located directly under the subtropical high 30 degrees latitude

Temperature in B Climates

-Most arid climates are in subtropical region; high sun for many months -Most arid climates lack clouds and precip (insolation is easily transmitted through atmosphere and signifiant long wave radiation loss at night) -Cold arid climates are dry but cool

Mid-latitude Grassland Biome

-Thick and rich soils make grasslands very useful for agriculture -Most human modified biome -Broadleaf deciduous trees, when present are found along streams -Frequent fires and drought prevent trees from growing -Must adapt to harsh winters and long, hot summers -May hibernate, migrate seasonally or grow thick coats -Bison struggle to migrate long distances because of fences

Grassland Biome

-Transition between deserts and humid regions (tropics or forests) -In tropics- Savanna -Outside tropics- prairies Can be tall or short grass-steppe -Largest continuous prairie= Great Plains

Desertification

An issue in our deserts -The process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or inappropriate agriculture BIG cause of desert expansion Combating Desertification- Adding a line of trees as a living barrier to desert expansion (promotes understory growth) Water limited environment is a social concern

BS BW

BS= Steppes; semiarid regions BW= Deserts; arid regions

____ and ____ climate types have grassland biomes (especially prairies).

BSh and BSk

____ and ____ have desert biomes.

BWk and BWh

B_h B_k

B_h= hot arid environments B_k= cold arid environments

BWk

Cold Desert Climate

BSk

Cold Steppe Climate

Causes of Dry Climates

Descending air in Subtropics Cold Ocean Currents Rain Shadow of Mountains Distance from Ocean (evaporation and transpiration exceeds precip)

Primary Letter B

Dry. Arid or Semi Arid (no rain)

Locations of B

Great Plains US Pampas of Argentina Central Europe Central Asia Australia

BWh

Hot Desert Climate

BSh

Hot Steppe Climate

Secondary Letters S W

S- Steppe (large area of flat grassland) W- Desert

Desert Biome

Sparse vegetation (typically covers less than 15% of ground) Many lack permanent surface water

Strategies for efficient water usage

Taproots- plants with deep roots up to 20 cm can out compete other species Minimizing water loss- some plants discourage transpiration by different leaf texture, folding during dry times, dropping leaves Strategic positioning- concentrated near oases Cacti employ strategies- leaves are shaped to collect water. Ribs expand to store water contract during times to reduce surface exposed. Spines discourage browsing animals

Cold Desert Climate

Temp- average annual temp- 57 F Hot summers, cold winters Precip- evaporation is more than twice precip Location- continental interiors, rain shadows, near cold current

Hot Steppe Climate

Temp- warm all year Precip- more than 50% of annual evaporation Location- subtropical high influence

Cold Steppe Climate

Temp- warm to hot summer, cold to cold winters Precip- more than 50% of annual evaporation Location- Continental interiors, rain shadows, near cold currents

Precipitation in B Climates

Water demand exceeds water supply Arid- when precip supply is less than half natural demand Semiarid- when precip supply is a little more than half natural demand

Distribution of Dry Climates (B type)

Western US & Mexico South America Deserts Sahara and Sahel Southern Africa Australia Cold steppes and deserts of central Asia

Animal Survival Strategies

light colors= high albedo small body size= easily radiate heat camouflage summer or daytime dormancy

Allelopathy

survival strategy of plant poison the soil around you

Assisted Dispersal

survival strategy of plants have spines that detach on passerbys who distribute it for you.. sometimes painfully

Rapid germination

survival strategy of plants waiting until the night time to reproduce Perhaps following significant rainfall effect


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