BA 325 - Test 2 (Chap 7 - 12)

Many rapid changes in technology over the past few decades were facilitated by:

Artificial intelligence. Wireless networks. Processing of enormous amounts of data. *All of these answers are correct.*

Sustainable development:

Balances economic and environmental considerations.

MIT researchers determined that 90 percent of shopper's credit-card transactions could be used to:

Both to uniquely identify an individual's shopping habits and preferences and to identify an individual shopper using only four bits of secondary information.

When companies develop a reputation for environmental excellence, and they produce and deliver products and services designed to attract environmentally aware customers, this is called:

Brand differentiation.

Which of the following is not a potential source of personal private data?

Broadcast radio.

When a firm solicits its stockholders for political contributions for a particular candidate by letter and then sends those contributions to the candidate on behalf of its stockholders, it is called:

Bundling

A CIO is the company's:

Chief information officer.

Which pattern of consumption is recommended to reduce humanity's global footprint?

Choosing less harmful products.

A shared resource, such as land, air, or water, that a group of people uses collectively is a(n):

Commons.

A company that builds stakeholder coalitions to influence government is using which strategy?

Constituency-building

Which political action strategy seeks to gain support from other affected organizations to better influence policymakers?

Constituency-building strategy

Possible costs of environmental regulation include all of the following except:

Corporate restructuring.

Companies that reduce pollution and hazardous waste, reuse or recycle materials, and operate with greater energy efficiency achieve a competitive advantage due to:

Cost savings.

One major advantage of conducting business online is:

Cost-effective marketing and promotions

Environmental regulations stimulate some sectors of the economy by:

Creating jobs in industries like environmental consulting, asbestos abatement, and instrument manufacturing. Saving jobs in industries like fishing and tourism when natural areas are protected or restored. Compelling businesses to become more efficient by conserving energy. *All of these answers are correct.*

This annual international gathering on January 28 brought together leaders from the U.S. and dozens of European countries to address the global nature of cyberattacks:

Data Privacy Day.

Since 2008, the total amount spent on lobbying activity has:

Decreased slightly

With respect to fresh water, according to one estimate, if it were possible to eliminate pollution, capture all available fresh water, and distribute fresh water equitably:

Demand would exceed supply within a hundred years.

Which of these statements accurately describes a Super PAC?

Does not allow direct contributions to candidates or political parties

Emission fees are accurately characterized by which statement(s)?

Each business is charged for the undesirable pollution that it emits. Companies emitting more pollutants end up paying more pollution taxes. Revenues from emission fees can be used to support environmental efforts. *All of these answers are correct.*

Lobbyists, under U.S. law, must disclose their:

Earnings and expenses

When a government orders companies not to conduct business in another country because of a war, human rights violations, or lack of a legitimate government; these orders are called:

Economic sanctions

Which of the following are examples of natural monopolies?

Electric utilities and railroads

One of the biggest challenges for autonomous vehicle manufacturers, according to the case The Arrival of Autonomous Cars—Bright Future or Looming Threat? was:

Ensuring the vehicles were safer than driver-controlled automobiles.

An example of a regulatory agency charged with enforcing social regulation is:

Federal Trade Commission

In a survey of 105 companies in 2017, the most frequent public affairs tactic was related to:

Federal government relations

The EU law passed in 2018 that required companies to promptly report personal data breaches was called:

General Data Protection Regulation.

Software piracy is a major problem in which part of the world?

Globally.

Participants in the Montreal Protocol agreed that by 2030 they would phase out:

HCFCs.

The phase of technology that focuses on building material goods and manual labor is:

Industrial.

The annual EPA report Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) is an example of which environmental policy type?

Information disclosure.

Governments being asked to regulate driving distractions are examples of a public policy:

Input

The Toxic Substances Control Act is accurately described by which of the following?

It established a national policy to regulate, restrict, and, if necessary, ban toxic chemicals.

Arable land is accurately described by which statement?

It is a renewable resource.

In the case Political Action by the U.S. Steel Industry, 2015-2018, what is one reason that foreign-made steel prices were so much lower than U.S. steel?

Many foreign governments subsidized their steel industries

When the market fails to adjust for the full costs of a firm's behavior, this is called:

Market failure

A firm in the pollution prevention stage of the corporate environmental responsibility model is best described by which statement?

Minimizing or eliminating waste before it is created.

The role of the CIO includes all of these tasks except:

Monitoring the appropriate level of employee productivity.

In the United States, the right to free speech:

Must be weighed against the consequences for the community.

An example of an economic regulatory agency is:

National Labor Relations Board

Government regulations help balance negative externalities such as:

No smoking rules enforced to mitigate the effects of second-hand smoke

In 2017 which country had the most restrictive Internet censorship policies, completely blocking its citizens from conducting Internet searches and from using social media platforms?

North Korea.

Which of these activities is not considered to be a marine ecosystem threat?

Ocean alkalinity.

The idea that every distribution channel must work together to deliver a unified and consistent customer experience is called:

Omnichannel.

The practice of using fake business emails in order to trick users into divulging personal data, such as usernames and passwords, is called:

Phishing.

In 2017 mobile payment usage was largest for which type of purchase?

Physical goods.

One of the oldest financial-incentive strategy tools is:

Political action committee contributions

Environmental justice is a movement to:

Prevent inequitable exposure to risk, such as from hazardous waste.

Which of these factors has accelerated the current ecological crisis?

Rapid industrialization.

The most successful global businesses in coming years will be those companies that:

Recognize the imperative for sustainable development as an opportunity both for competitive advantage and ethical action.

The beverage industry's partnership Refrigerants Naturally! is attempting to:

Reduce the use of ozone-depleting chemicals.

The primary way of accomplishing public policy is through:

Regulation

A person's entitlement to protection from invasion of one's personal life is called the:

Right to privacy.

Rapid economic development is often accompanied by:

Rising incomes, bringing higher rates of both consumption and waste.

A large sporting goods store that raised the age for purchase of some firearms in response to public concerns for gun control were seen by detractors as:

Risking their reputation by engaging in politics

We are currently in which phase in the development of technology?

Semantic.

Total social regulation costs are:

Significantly higher than total economic regulation costs

Around the world, government:

Sometimes cooperates and sometimes is in conflict with business

Cybersecurity experts recommend including which essential elements for an incident-response plan for cyberattacks?

Support from executive leadership. Involvement by all functional departments. Focus on how to respond to a breach. *All of these answers are correct.*

According to McKinsey and Company, which position cannot be easily replaced with robots?

Team managers.

This term refers to the practical applications of science and knowledge to commercial and organizational activities.

Technology.

Reregulation is:

The increase or expansion of government regulation

Some argue that publishing personal DNA sequencing results is unethical because:

The results could compromise one's employment situation. Life insurance could be denied. The cost of health insurance could rise. *All of these answers are correct.*

Cooperation between business and government often occurs when:

They encounter a common problem or enemy

One argument in favor of net neutrality is:

To fairly compete, small, medium, and large firms should have the same Internet bandwidth.

The role of chief sustainability officer is described by which statement(s)

Typically reports to the CEO. Supervises staff across functional areas. Requires strong interpersonal skills. *All of these answers are correct.*

Dark money refers to:

Undisclosed contributions to tax-exempt organizations

European Union regulators accused Uber of engaging in:

Unfair competition

Microsoft launched a program in 2017 to bring the Internet to more of rural America using:

Unused broadcast channels.

Businesses promote an information strategy by inviting government leaders to:

Visit local plant facilities. Attend company award ceremonies. Give speeches to employees. *ALL OF THESE ANSWERS ARE CORRECT*

Hackers employed by businesses or governments to intentionally discover weaknesses in information systems are called:

White hatters.

In the 1980s, corn and soybeans were genetically modified, enabling farmers to spray for weeds without harming cultivated plants. At first, these changes were:

expected to increase crop yields per acre.

The ideas, concepts, and other symbolic creations of the human mind are often referred to as:

intellectual property.

A critical characteristic of a successful CIO is:

A leader with the ability to speak the language of the business.

Firms in the chemical industry, which must contend with frequently changing environmental regulations and the risk of dangerous accidents, usually have:

A sophisticated political strategy

Which of the following statements is not true with respect to acid rain?

Acid rain occurs when carbon dioxide combines with water vapor in the atmosphere.

When managers become personally involved in developing public policy, the firm is at what level of business political involvement?

Aggressive organizational involvement

Air pollution is accurately described by which of the following?

Air pollution occurs when more pollutants are emitted into the atmosphere than can be safely absorbed and diluted by natural processes.

Depletion of the ozone layer, destruction of the rain forests, and species extinctions all have an impact on:

All of society.

As of 2016 what was the average cost of a data breach in the United States?

$7 million.

In 2017 about what percentage of people around the world had no access to the Internet?

52 percent.

An example of a hacking job motivated by retaliation is:

A person hacks a government website to act against inaction by the government.

The Mullahs in Iran is an example of the power of government derived from:

A religious authority

The fastest growing region for Internet usage growth from 2000 to 2017, was:

Africa.

In the United States, the federal government regulates which of the following major areas of environmental protection?

Air pollution. Water pollution. Solid and hazardous waste. *All of these answers are correct.*

Companies that cultivate a vision of sustainability must adopt sophisticated strategic planning techniques to:

Allow their top manager to assess the full range of the firm's effects on the environment.

Antitrust laws protect consumers from:

Anticompetitive practices by business

Government's role is to create and enforce laws that:

Balance the relationship between business and society

A compulsion to engage in rewarding behaviors, despite negative consequences is called:

Behavioral addiction.

A technological application that uses biological systems or living organisms to make or modify products or processes for specific use is called:

Biotechnology.

Proponents of business as a political participant argue:

Both of these answers are correct: A pluralistic system invites many participants; and business is a vital stakeholder of government

Supporters of advocacy advertisements believe that they:

Both of these answers are correct: Identify a company as an interested and active stakeholder; and can help mold public opinion on a particular policy issue

By raising and lowering the interest rates at which private banks borrow money from the government, the Federal Reserve Bank:

Both of these answers are correct: Influences the size of the nation's money supply; and influences the value of the dollar

An example of codes of environmental conduct that have been developed by and for specific industries include:

Both of these answers are correct: The Equator Principles; and The Forest Stewardship Principles.

The typical public affairs executive spends most of the day:

Coalition Building Direct Lobbying Fund Raising *ALL OF THESE ANSWERS ARE CORRECT*

Deregulation has occurred in the following industries:

Commercial airlines, railroads, and financial institutions

Being able to continue their activities indefinitely, without altering the carrying capacity of the Earth's ecosystem, is a characteristic of:

Ecologically sustainable organizations.

When businesses form voluntary, collaborative partnerships with environmental organizations and regulators to achieve specific objectives this is called:

Environmental partnerships.

Which of the following is NOT a constituency-building strategy tool?

Expert witness testimony

As of 2017 the volume of global spam email messages has declined primarily due to:

Increased anti-spam protections.

Advocacy ads are also called:

Issue advertisements

Which of the following is not true about water pollution?

It can be caused by biodegradable products.

M-Commerce is facilitated primarily by:

Mobile or cell phones

To help control political favoritism, there have been global efforts to:

Promote fairness in the electoral process

Every environmental regulation must be initially evaluated for its costs and benefits in a process called:

Regulatory impact analysis.

In the case Should Facebook be Regulated, the primary market failure was:

Sales incentives to sell user data exceeded those of protecting user privacy

Invasion of privacy through technology is best exemplified by:

Your car's GPS tracking you at every location.

The digital divide describes the gap between those:

individuals who have Internet access through technology and those who do not.

According to an Oxford University study, what percentage of current jobs were expected to be overtaken by robots in the next two decades?

About 50 percent.

One type of digital currency that operates outside the banking system using encrypted technology is:

Bitcoin.

By promoting the use of clean cookstoves in developing nations, a global alliance hopes to reduce:

Black carbon.

Managers' understanding of government regulations is:

Both a domestic and international issue

The core idea(s) of sustainable development is (are):

Both of these answers are correct: Economic development must be accomplished sustainably; and poverty is an underlying cause of environmental degradation.

The Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) is accurately described by which statement(s)?

Both of these answers are correct: It established a fund supported primarily by a tax on the petroleum and chemical companies; and the funds collected are used to clean up sites where the original polluter cannot be identified.

Studies have shown that green marketing has been most successful at what level?

Brand

To influence government policymakers' actions, an information strategy involves:

Business leaders speaking before government policymakers

An organization that produces net zero emissions of greenhouse gases is achieving:

Carbon neutrality.

Reasons for the destruction of rain forests include:

Commercial logging. Cattle ranching. Conversion of forests to plantations. *ALL OF THESE ANSWERS ARE CORRECT*

Past decisions of the courts, the original basis for the U.S. legal system, are called:

Common Laws

Both large and small businesses have adopted sustainable practices to what advantage?

Cost savings from operational efficiency. Opportunity to serve emerging economies. Reduction of regulatory risk. *ALL OF THESE ANSWERS ARE CORRECT*

Downloading illegal files, spreading computer viruses, and stealing from online bank accounts is collectively referred to as:

Cybercrime.

The place where information is stored, ideas are described, and communication takes place in and through an electronic network of linked systems is called:

Cyberspace.

The commitments of the Convention on Biological Diversity include:

Developing national conservation strategies.

This Act makes it a crime to circumvent antipiracy measures built into most commercial software agreements between the manufacturers and their users:

Digital Millennium Copyright Act.

The amount of land and water a human population needs to produce the resources it consumes and to absorb its wastes given prevailing technology is called:

Ecological footprint.

Patterns of government taxing and spending that are intended to stimulate or support the economy are:

Fiscal policies

One ethical concern about businesses collecting vast amounts of stakeholder data is:

If the effort actually benefits the stakeholders.

How did some authoritarian governments justify limiting citizens' access to the Internet?

Improved national security.

The purpose of the right to be forgotten is to:

Increase protection of privacy and personal information.

The information phase of technology primarily requires:

Intellectual and electronic skills.

Increased cyber activity by which countries prompted NATO officials to brand them as "patriotic hackers"?

Iran and China.

When a business seeks to overturn a law after it has been passed or threatens to challenge the legal legitimacy of the new regulation in the courts, this is called:

Legal challenges

The process of firms buying and selling the right to pollute is an example of which type of environmental regulation?

Market-based.

Which of the following statements is not true about the population?

Over the next century, population growth is expected to be greatest in developed nations.

A thin layer of gas that protects the Earth from excessive ultraviolet radiation from the sun is:

Ozone.

Economic regulations are illustrated by which action?

Preventing anticompetitive business practices

Which stage of corporate environmental responsibility focuses on the full life cycle of a product?

Product stewardship stage.

According to the case Clean Cooking, the widespread adoption of clean cookstoves would provide which of the following benefits:

Reduced health risks.

Natural capital refers to the world's:

Supply of geology, soil, air, water and all living things.

The use of robotics in the workplace has increased recently because:

The cost of robots has decreased. Robots are more reliable than people. New collaborative machines have been invented. *All of these answers are correct. Correct*

Under U.S. sentencing guidelines, how would firms facing environmental violations typically be treated if they had an active compliance program and fully cooperated with investigators?

Their sentence would likely be lighter.

Economic leverage occurs when a business uses its economic power to:

Threaten to leave a location unless a desired political action is taken

The antitrust enforcement agencies in the United States have the legal authority to:

Block anticompetitive mergers in the U.S

In some nondemocratic or authoritarian societies such as China, Pakistan, Iran, and North Korea, why did the governments generally intervene to restrict their citizens' access to information and various Internet and social media sites?

Both of these answers are correct: "To impose religious or ideological views" and "To suppress political dissent."

Public policies and government regulations are shaped by:

Business. Special interest groups. Government. *ALL OF THESE ANSWERS ARE CORRECT*

A corporate political strategy does NOT:

Determine the legal limits allowed for campaign financing

The idea that companies have a continuing responsibility for the environmental impact of their products or services, even after they are sold, is called:

Extended product responsibility.

According to the discussion case, Hydraulic Fracturing—Can the Environmental Impacts Be Reduced?, the primary purpose of fracking is to:

Extract crude oil and gas.

General Electric's "Ecomagination" effort to invest in clean technology is an example of:

Clean technology.

Public policy tools involve a combination of:

Incentives and penalties