BA 465 - Chapter 4 Differences in Culture

Which two phrases reflect the economic implications of Islam?

- Hold property as trustees, rather than as owners (per Western definition of ownership) - Cannot earn profit through exploitation of others

What are the three values central to the Confucian system of ethics that may have led to economic success in some Asian countries?

- Honesty in dealing with others - Reciprocal obligations - Loyalty

What are three rituals associated with orthodox Muslims?

- Muslims are forbidden to consume pork. - Muslims participate in a daily prayer ritual. - Muslims are forbidden to consume alcohol.

What is part of the "hidden curriculum" of schools?

- Obedience to authority - Respect for others - Being on time

What are the four principles of social stratification?

- Social stratification is generally universal. - Social stratification carries over to the next generation. - Social stratification is a trait of society. - Social stratification involves beliefs as well as inequality,

What are three positive aspects associated with the collectivist attitude found in the Japanese business culture?

- Workers tend to remain at the same company for a long time -- even a lifetime. - Cooperation within the group is driven by the need to improve group performance. - There is strong incentive for individuals to work together for the common good.

Buddhism has all the same basic beliefs as Hinduism except for ______.

- advocacy of extreme ascetic behavior. - support for the caste system.

What two dimensions are important to consider when explaining differences across social structures?

- the degree to which a society is stratified into classes or castes - the degree to which the basic unit of the social organization is individualistic or collectivistic

What are three of the determinants of culture?

-social structure -economic philosophy -political philosophy

What is considered appropriate personal space when conducting business in the United States?

5-8 feet

When considering the relationship between American and German businesspeople, Edward T. Hall would agree that

Americans wait to be instructed to do so before addressing a German counterpart by their first name.

What is the best description of the labor-management relationship in an organization based in Confucian culture?

Cooperation is achieved at a lower cost.

Hofstede's work confirmed Western stereotypes, but it has been criticized for this result because the research team was composed of

Europeans and Americans

The religion where followers believe in reincarnation and karma is

Hinduism

Which statement BEST explains how Max Weber compares Hindus to Protestants? O Hindus focus on the pursuit of material goods. O Protestants would be less likely to engage in entrepreneurial activity. O Hindus would be less likely to engage in entrepreneurial activity. O Protestants focus on an ascetic lifestyle.

Hindus would be less likely to engage in entrepreneurial activity.

Culture that is defined as a system of values and norms that are shared among a group of people and that when taken together constitute a design for living stems from the work of which expert ? O Hofstede O Maslow O Locke O Aristotle

Hofstede

What major world religion is based on the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad?

Islam

Which Christian organization accounts for more than half of its members?

Roman Catholic

How would sociologists describe the class system in British society today? O The class system still exists and "money still begets money." O The class system is now based on four levels, instead of three. O The class system has disappeared entirely.

The class system still exists and " money still begets money."

As modernization occurs, what has resulted that is contrary to the Buddha's teaching? O There is more separation between people and nature. O There is greater community among humans. O Economies are more localized and centralized. O There is no emphasis on wealth creation.

There is more separation between people and nature.

As countries get richer, we often see a shift Blank______ traditional values (such as staying married and obeying one's parents) and Blank______ secular rational values (including abortion and divorce).

away from; toward

The "Zen" orientation trend in the Western world stems from which religious teaching? O Buddhism O Hinduism O Confucianism O Christianity

buddhism

In Japanese society today, it is common for a person's social status to be associated with his or her O village. O business. O education. O family.

business

Max Weber attributed the relationship between the emergence of ______ and Protestantism to the value system of the religion.

capitalism

Kerri's grandparents came to the United States from Ireland in the 1930s with just a few dollars in their pocket. They found work when they arrived and five years later were able to buy a home and build their savings. Their change in social stratification reflects the ______ system.

class

Mallory grew up in a rural community and she knows that even though she has a master's degree in finance, she will always be considered a "country bumpkin" in her society. Her thoughts reflect the idea of ______. O a caste structure O cross-cultural mores O class consciousness O class mobility

class consciousness

The ______ system is a less rigid form of social stratification than the ______ system.

class; caste

Muslim countries are receptive to international businesses that O demonstrate traditional Christian values. O export traditional Muslim products. O are willing to move the business to a Muslim country. O comply with Islamic business practices.

comply with Islamic business practices

Class ______ is one's perception of their social or economic rank in society.

consciousness

Country A has a free market economy and group-oriented social structure. Country B has all of the same traits, but also possesses an advanced education system. Which country would be the better investment site?

country B

Understanding how cultural differences across and within nations affect the way business is practiced is known as _______ literacy. O cross-discipline O cross-sectional O cross-cultural O cross-purpose

cross-cultural

There is a need for every business in the international marketplace to understand the prevailing culture in the countries that they are doing business in. This is known as - globalization - cross-cultural literacy - a global village - branding a business

cross-cultural literacy

_______ is important because managers need to have a deep understanding of the prevailing culture in those areas in which they do business.

cross-cultural literacy

The focus on individual religious freedom associated with Protestantism may have set the stage for O paternalism. O collectivism. O unionism. O entrepreneurship.

entrepreneurship

A(n) ______ system reflects the moral principles used to guide and shape behavior.

ethical

True or False: Edward T. Hall pointed out that Americans who give a foreign counterpart from the Middle East a quick deadline for a project are perceived by their counterpart as successful and in control.

false

True or false: According to the Koran, the receipt of interest within the banking system is considered suitable for businesses but not individuals.

false

True or false: Folkways are morally-significant actions in everyday life.

false

The orthodox Muslim is required to pray ____ times a day.

five

When the new neighbors moved in , Naghma told her family it would be appropriate for them to make a batch of cookies and take them over to the neighbors and introduce themselves . This social convention is an example of a ( n ) mores O value O folkway O opinion

folkway

When discussing Islam, the Koran actually promotes ____.

free enterprise

Some equate Protestantism with the entrepreneurial spirit because Protestantism O gave individuals freedom to develop their own relationship with God. O focused on the collective spirit of the group and their commitment to God. O is based on the idea that there is more than one God.

gave individuals freedom to develop their own relationship with God.

Some equate Protestantism with the entrepreneurial spirit because Protestantism O is based on the idea that there is more than one God. O gave individuals freedom to develop their own relationship with God. O focused on the collective spirit of the group and their commitment to God.

gave individuals freedom to develop their own relationship with god

A(n) ______ consists of at least two individuals who have a shared sense of identity and interact in structured ways. Multiple choice question. O class O group O strata O company

group

The ______ degree of social mobility in the U.S. limits the impact of class background on business operations.

high

One advantage of individualism in business is a(n) O high level of loyalty to employers. O high level of entrepreneurial activity. O emphasis on group performance. O willingness to stress team goals.

high level of entrepreneurial activity

Islamic fundamentalists are usually ______ toward Western-based businesses.

hostile

In the United States, class membership is determined mostly by O geographic placement at birth. O education. O family background. O individual economic achievement.

individual economic achievement

In most Western societies the ______ is emphasized, whereas in Japan the ______ is more important.

individual; group

The dynamism associated with the U.S. economy is a result of the philosophy of ______. O totalitarianism O authoritarianism O collectivism O individualism

individualism

When comparing individualistic versus collectivistic societies, it has been said that ______ societies are great at creating innovative ideas, while ______ societies are better at the implementation of those ideas.

individualistic; collectivistic

What is a characteristic of a typical business based in Japan?

individuals strongly identify with their company

What is the proposed sixth dimension to Hofstede's work? O democracy versus tyranny O production versus implementation O customization versus homogeneity O indulgence versus restraint

indulgence vs. restraint

A caste system is a type of social structure that divides people on the basis of ______. O occupation O inherited social status O highest level of education achieved O family income

inherited social status

The economic principles of Islam prohibit a bank from paying or receiving

interest

What is a negative effect of the collectivist manner associated with Japanese businesses? O Employees do not identify with the company as a group O Employees would prefer to work for themselves O Lack of cooperation between work teams O Lack of dynamism and entrepreneurship

lack of dynamism and entrepreneurship

In Japan, most people perceive themselves to be middle class; therefore, class background has ______ impact on business operations.

less

As the result of criticism of his original work, Hofstede went on to expand his model with the addition of which dimension?

long-term vs short-term orientation

Confucianism values harmonious relationships, which are based on moral and ethical conduct and

loyalty to others

In an organization operating in a Confucian culture, it would be the sacred duty of an employee to be loyal to his or her

manager

In a given society, the extent to which people can move up and down the class system is known as social

mobility

In business, mores have ______ significance than folkways. O much greater O much less

much greater

A ______ contract allows a Muslim bank to share in the profits of a project when loaning money to business.

mudarabah

For an Islamic bank, the ______ contract is easier to implement. O guanxi O guanxiwang O mudarabah O murabaha

murabaha

In post-independence India, some think that the values of Hindu asceticism and self-reliance advocated by Gandhi had a(n) ______ impact on economic development.

negative

Hindus believe that an individual can achieve a state of complete spiritual perfection known as ______ by practicing material and physical self-denial.

nirvana

There is a _____- one-to-one relationship between a society and a nation-state. O non-strict O very strict

non-strict

In the United States , a person accused of a crime is considered innocent until proven guilty . This guideline is an example of a O tradition O folkway O value O norm

norm

The expectation that students shouldn't cheat on exams is an example of a cultural norm . O competency . O value . O resource .

norm

______ supply the standards and models for acceptable behavior in a society. O Mores O Values O Norms O Culture

norms

According to Weber, thrift, efficiency, and hard work are the result of a person's belief in the ethics of which religion? O Confucianism O Judaism O Protestantism O Catholicism

protestantism

The Reformation movement in the sixteenth century led to the establishment of O Protestantism. O Hinduism. O Orthodox Catholicism. O Unitarianism.

protestantism

In Confucian culture, while employees are expected to be loyal to their superiors in business, those superiors must reward this loyalty by bestowing blessings on the employees.This demonstrates the idea of ______ obligations.

reciprocal

Traditional Hindus believe that movement between castes is achieved through

reincarnation

A system of shared beliefs and rituals based on sacred thought is the definition of Blank______. O power O mores O threat O religion

religion

Islam prohibits payment of interest. This is one example depicting how ______ can be the root of an ethical system.

religion

_______ refers to a system of shared beliefs related to the realm of the sacred.

religion

In recent years, what has increased society's emphasis on extended social groups? O education level O political isolationism O religious beliefs O social media

social media

The movement of the members of a particular society in terms of their social status from one group to another is an example of O social denigration. O social upheaval. O social mobility. O social origin.

social mobility

All societies are divided on a hierarchical basis into social categories called ______. O social structure O folkways O social strata O mores

social strata

The ______ of a society refers to how it is organized in terms of its values, norms, and societal relationships. Multiple choice question. O social structure O social status O social hierarchy O social class

social structure

Traditional Hindu values judge individuals by their ______, according to Max Weber.

spiritual achievements

Class mobility is more likely to be achieved in O India. O the United Kingdom. O the United States. O China.

the United States

During his study of the Japanese culture, Jeremy learned that lifetime employment with one company is very common in certain sectors. This trait is probably the result of O a lack of formal education. O a lack of available job opportunities. O individualistic values of the society. O the collectivistic nature of the culture.

the collectivistic nature of the culture

One reason for the rise of Islamic fundamentalism is the response to social pressures in traditional Islamic societies brought on by O a movement towards an agricultural-based economy. O strict rules of Christian ideology. O the influence of Western thought. O a need for advanced educational opportunities.

the influence of Western thought

In historic British society, who was included in the middle class? O those who worked in professional occupations O those who held prestige in the community O those who had family wealth O those with low economic means

those who worked in professional occupations

True or False: While religion can influence the values and norms of society, the values and norms of society can also impact religion.

true

True or false: A sociologist would disagree with the idea that the British class system has dissolved.

true

True or false: Cultures can embrace several nations.

true

True or false: Economic advancement and globalization may be important factors in societal change.

true

True or false: Historically, the British class system prevented people from moving up in society.

true

Which Hofstede dimension measures a society's tolerance for ambiguity?

uncertainty avoidance

In a caste system, change in position is ______ during one's lifetime. O voted on by the public O usually not possible O determined by the government O an expectation

usually not possible

Within a society, honesty would be considered a general ______. O norm O behavior O value O folkway

value

What a group of people believe to be good, right, and desirable is the definition of O culture O government O values O economics

values

When the voters were asked their opinion on the death penalty , the majority of the people responded that it wasn't right and should be eliminated . Their opinion is a reflection of their O assumptions O folkways O values O behaviors

values

The Western media relates Islamic fundamentalists with ______, rather than with deeply held religious values.

violence