bady nutrition
a healthy pregnancy starts before conception
-should have vacination -eating healthy before consuming important -stop smoking, increase physical exercise -address alcohol consumption before to reduce fetal damage *during starvation periods in dutch- the outcome of the babies differed a lot. if starvation happened 1st trimester (diabetes, heart disease and overweight increase) -
how health effects sperm
-sperm cells smallest cell in human body -have tons of information (genetic and epigenetic info) -the genetic info spread out would be 2 meters long-- it is wrapped into histone so tightly to fit into sperm. that most of DNA cells can't read. you have epigenetic markers which unspoiled DNA so cell can read it. These epigenetic markers are effected by lifestyle and nutrition. -this is why so important for men prospective fathers might want to take care of themselves too
Pregnant women of 'normal' weight should gain between
25 and 35 pounds in total through the entire pregnancy. The precise amount that a mother should gain usually depends on her beginning body mass index (BMI). See Table "Body Mass Index and Pregnancy" for The Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommendations.
Around the world, less than ____percent of infants under the age of six months are breastfed exclusively (1). In the United States, about____percent of babies start out being breastfed. Yet by the age of six months, when solid foods should begin to be introduced into a child's diet along with breast milk, only ___ percent of infants in the United States were still breastfed exclusively, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
40 75 15
that breastfeeding be done exclusively for the first ____ months of an infant's life. [In fact, there are only three choices that should be considered when feeding an infant (ranked in order of priority):
6 Exclusive breastfeeding for six months Banked human milk from a donor Infant formula
pregnant woman weight gain distribution
6 to 8 pounds of fetus, 1 to 2 pounds for the placenta (which supplies nutrients to the fetus and removes waste products), 2 to 3 pounds for the amniotic sac (which contains fluids that surround and cushion the fetus), 1 to 2 pounds in the breasts, 1 to 2 pounds in the uterus, 3 to 4 pounds of maternal blood, 3 to 4 pounds maternal fluids, and 8 to 10 pounds of extra maternal fat stores that will be needed for breastfeeding and delivery.
what to eat while pregnant
A mother's diet has an impact on milk production[, but a 'perfect' diet is not required. A mother's food choices influence the flavor of human milk (one of the reasons breastfed infants might be a little less picky than formula-fed counterparts). A mother only needs to restrict certain foods if they appear to cause discomfort or allergies in the infant—otherwise a normal diet is fine]. As during pregnancy, lactating mothers should avoid illegal substances and cigarettes.
It can be useful for pregnant women to keep a food diary to discover which foods trigger nausea, so they can avoid them in the future. Other tips to help avoid or treat nausea and vomiting include the following
Avoid spicy foods (though some women find that these actually help) Avoid strong or unusual odors Eat dry cereal, toast, or crackers Eat frequent, small meals Consume more unrefined carbohydrates Get moderate aerobic exercise Drink ginger tea, which aids in stomach upset Seek fresh air when a bout of nausea comes on
what is most reliable indicator of infant's health
Birth weight is most reliable indicator of infant's health and is the measure that is most correlated with infant health. While a mother's weight before pregnancy is important, how much weight she gains during the pregnancy will influence the weight of infant at birth. Mother's nutritional status prior to pregnancy is important but the effects of that aren't necessarily measurable at birth.
carbohydrate recommendations while pregnant
By the end of the third trimester, this has increased by 175 grams pre day. This should still comprise up to 65% of total calories consumed. Fiber consumption is very important for the prevention of constipation and hemorrhoids. Just like outside of pregnancy, decreasing consumption of added sugars is a good idea.
how many more calories needed
By the end of the third trimester, this has increased by 250-300 calories per day.
protein increase during pregnancy
By the end of the third trimester, this has increased to an additional 25 grams per day. Most women already consume adequate protein (even for pregnancy!). Vegetarians can still consume adequate protein during pregnancy.
Colostrum
Colostrum is produced immediately after birth, prior to the start of milk production, and lasts for several days after the arrival of the baby. Colostrum is thicker than [mature human] milk, and is yellowish or creamy in color. This protein-rich liquid fulfills an infant's nutrient needs during those early days. Although low in volume, colostrum is packed with concentrated nutrition for newborns. This special milk is high in fat-soluble vitamins, minerals, and immunoglobulins (antibodies) that pass from the mother to the baby. Immunoglobulins provide passive immunity for the newborn and protect the baby from bacterial and viral diseases
how to prevent constupation and hemorrhoids
Constipation and pressure from growth of the uterus can result in hemorrhoids, which are another common discomfort (1). Getting mild to moderate exercise and drinking enough fluids can help prevent both conditions. Also, eating a high-fiber diet softens the stools and reduces the pressure on hemorrhoids. exercising, emphasizing whole grains and high-fiber foods, such as prunes, and staying well hydrated will help
how do diets help men fertility
Diets high in zinc and folate on the other hand are associated with healthier sperm. Diets high in Vitamin C and E also contribute. Prior to attempting conception, men should consume diets that are adequate, balanced, moderate, and varied (like that recommended by the 2015 dietary guidelines. Overweight and obesity appear to affect male fertility as well. Men who consume diets high in saturated fats also have lower sperm quality.]
problems with woman who don't grain enough weight during pregnancy
During pregnancy, a mother's body changes in many ways. One of the most notable and significant changes is weight gain. If a pregnant woman does not gain enough weight, her unborn baby will be at risk. Poor weight gain, especially in the third trimester, could result not only in low birth weight, but also infant mortality and intellectual disabilities.
folate needs and where is it found
Found in dark green leafy vegetables, beans, citrus fruits, whole grains, poultry, pork, and shellfish Needs increase by 50% so supplementation before conception is recommended because deficiency is linked to neural tube defects.
how much weight gain first semester than after that
Generally, women gain 2 to 5 pounds in the first trimester. After that, it is best not to gain more than one pound per week.
how to prevent heartburn in pregnancy
Heartburn can occur during the early months of pregnancy due to an increase in the hormone progesterone, and during the later months due to the expanding size of the fetus, which limits stomach contraction. Avoiding chocolate, mint, and greasy foods, and remaining upright for an hour after meals can help pregnant women avoid heartburn. In addition, it can be helpful to drink fluids between meals, instead of with food.
benefits of breast milk
Human milk contains immunoglobulins, enzymes, immune factors, and white blood cells. As a result, breastfeeding boosts the baby's immune system and lowers the incidence of diarrhea, [bacterial meningitis, bacteremia, necrotizing enterocolitis (a risk in preterm infants), otitis media (ear infections), urinary tract infections, sepsis in preterm infants]. Breastfed babies also are less likely to develop asthma and allergies. [B]reastfeeding lowers the risk of sudden infant death syndrome, [Type 1 Diabetes, lymphoma (cancer), leukemia (cancer), and Hodgkins disease (cancer)]. In addition, human milk encourages the growth of healthy bacteria in an infant's intestinal tract.
weight loss during pregnancy
If a woman is interested in weight loss, she should do so before she becomes pregnancy and/or after delivery of the baby. Weight loss during pregnancy is not advised as it could cause harm to the fetus. A weight loss diet might be deficient in important nutrients as well.
Women older than 35 experience a decline in fertility.
If they do get pregnant, they are more likely to develop diabetes, hypertension (or have them in the first place), conceive multiples (e.g. twins, triplets, etc.), have premature babies, and have babies with lower birth weights. For a healthy pregnancy after 35, a woman should achieve healthy weight prior to conception, avoid smoking, and obtain adequate folic acid.
foods to avoid during pregnancy
Just like during the pre-pregnancy stage, smoking, excess caffeine consumption, and alcohol consumption remain concerns. Women should quit smoking if they are pregnant and avoid excess (>200mg caffeine) consumption of caffeine. The rules for alcohol still apply-there is no safe level for pregnancy! Women also need to pay attention to food safety during pregnancy. The very nature of pregnancy depresses a woman's immune system, making her more vulnerable to food borne illness. Some food borne illness, like listeria, can even cause miscarriages.
Smoking marijuana, while now legal in many US states, is still not recommended for pregnant women. =
Just like with smoking cigarettes, smoking marijuana increases levels of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide in the mother's blood—both of which reduce oxygen delivery to the baby. It also has the potential to increase the risk of miscarriage, low birth weight babies, premature babies, and developmental delays.
Lactation happens
Lactation happens successfully in upwards of 98% of mothers (if it didn't humans wouldn't have evolved since infant formula was only invented within the last ~100 years). However, many women report that breastfeeding fails because of a lack of milk production--without proper education and support, breastfeeding (the health behavior) can easily fail. This is unfortunate because many women will blame themselves and feel guilty when our society is designed to support formula-feeding, not breastfeeding.
lipid consumption during pregnancy
Lipid needs do not change during pregnancy, however a focus on essential fats (like the Omega-3's) will ensure adequate brain development in the fetus. Nuts, oils, whole grains are all good sources of fats during pregnancy. Follow consumption guidelines for fish during pregnancy to ensure minimal mercury contamination.
Mature milk
Mature milk is the final fluid that a new mother produces. In most women, it begins to secrete at the end of the second week post-childbirth. There are two types of mature milk that appear during a feeding. Foremilk occurs at the beginning and includes water, vitamins, and protein. Hind-milk occurs after the initial release of milk and contains higher levels of fat, which is necessary for weight gain. Combined, these two types of milk ensure that a baby receives adequate nutrients to grow and develop properly (1). About 90 percent of mature milk is water, which helps an infant remain hydrated. The other 10 percent contains carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, which support energy and growth
what percent more in vitamins and minerals do you need
Overall needs increase by 30%!
what safe level of alcohol to have when trying to get pregnant and when pregnant
Since alcohol is not an essential nutrient and the safe level of ethanol consumption during pregnancy is not known, it is safer to not consume alcohol at all during pregnancy. Since the harmful effects of alcohol occur before most women even know they are pregnant, it is important that women who are planning on becoming pregnant abstain from alcohol.
what woman should know about the risk of alcohol consumption during childbreaing years
Since around 50% of all pregnancies are actually unplanned, its important for women to realize the risks of alcohol consumption during the childbearing years
During pregnancy, consumption of nutrient-dense foods is a key to success. Due the impact of good nutritional status on pregnancy, pregnant women may need to take some dietary supplements (under the auspices of their health care provider, of course).
Supplements containing iron, folic acid, & possibly vitamin D are common and prenatal vitamins should start before pregnancy. For the safety of the fetus, supplements should provide no more than 100% of the DRI and Vitamin A supplementation not recommended at all due to risk of birth defects. This table sums up the nutrient needs and changes during pregnancy.
what kind of carbs to eat while pregnant
The best food sources for pregnant women include whole-grain breads and cereals, brown rice, root vegetables, legumes, and fruits. These and other unrefined carbohydrates provide nutrients, phytochemicals, antioxidants, and fiber. These foods also help to build the placenta and supply energy for the growth of the unborn baby. Refined carbohydrates, such as white bread, cookies and other baked desserts, pretzels, and chips are nutritionally deficient and should be kept to a minimum.
how does breast feeding promote weight lost
The energy needed to support breastfeeding comes from both increased intake and from stored fat. For example, during the first six months after her baby is born, the daily caloric cost for a lactating mother is 500 calories, with 330 calories derived from increased intake and 170 calories derived from maternal fat stores. This helps explain why breastfeeding may promote weight loss in new mothers.
Tobacco use during pregnancy
Tobacco use during pregnancy limits blood flow to the fetus resulting in decreased oxygen and nutrient delivery. Babies born to mothers who smoke are at risk of low birth weight and pre-term delivery. Risk of miscarriage also increases. Mothers who smoke also can have placentas that do not develop properly, further limiting nutrient delivery and waste removal. Once the infant is born, they are at higher risk for respiratory illnesses and asthma. Second hand smoke causes the same issues.
transitional milk
Two to four days after birth, colostrum is replaced by transitional milk. Transitional milk is a creamy liquid that lasts for approximately two weeks and includes high levels of fat, lactose, and water-soluble vitamins. It also contains more calories than colostrum. After a new mother begins to produce transitional milk, she typically notices a change in the volume and type of liquid secreted and an increase in the weight and size of her breasts
Use of cocaine during the early stages of pregnancy can increase the risk of
Use of cocaine during the early stages of pregnancy can increase the risk of miscarriage while in the later stages in can increase the risk of placental abruption. This can lead to hemorrhage, premature birth, and even fetal death. Birth defects are also possible with high cocaine use during pregnancy—these infants can have growth delays; smaller craniums; kidney defects; brain damage; and defects in the genitalia. Babies can be born addicted to cocaine and will go through withdrawal upon birth. They will have muscle spasms, tremors, and have difficulties feeding and sleeping. Methamphetamine use during pregnancy produces similar results. There may also be learning difficulties as the infant ages.
infant mortality rate in the USA compared to other countries
We currently rank 169th out of 225 countries in terms of infant mortality (CIA, 2016). This persistently high infant mortality rate is largely due to lack of access to healthcare services for women and infants Current infant mortality rate in the US is around 5.82 per 1,000 births
what rating our we for teen pregnant birth in the developed world
While teen birth rates are on the decline in the US, we still have one of the highest rates of adolescent motherhood in the developed world.
Which of the following does is LESS likely apply to pregnant women over the age of 35 (vs. a teenage mother)? a. They are at risk for inadequate nutrient intake during pregnancy. b. They are at risk for developing hypertension. c. They are at higher risk for conceiving multiples. d. They were more likely to have trouble conceiving.
a correct Right! Good job! While women older than 35 more likely to develop diabetes and hypertension, if they achieve a healthy weight prior to conception, avoid smoking, obtain adequate folic acid they are more likely to have positive pregnancy outcomes
What is the MOST reliable indicator of an infant's health status? a. Infant's birthweight b. Mother's weight before pregnancy c. Mother's weight loss after delivery d. Mother's nutrition status prior to pregnancy
a correct Right! Good job! Birth weight is most reliable indicator of infant's health and is the measure that is most correlated with infant health. While a mother's weight before pregnancy is important, how much weight she gains during the pregnancy will influence the weight of infant at birth. Mother's nutritional status prior to pregnancy is important but the effects of that aren't necessarily measurable at birth.
Which of the following is one of the recommendations to treat pregnancy-associated heartburn? a. Eat smaller, more frequent meals and snacks. b. Drink fluids only with meals. c. Exercise within 30 minutes after eating. d. Lie down within 15 minutes after eating
a correct Right! Good job! Hormonal changes that occur during pregnancy relax the stomach's upper sphincter, letting stomach acids rise to the esophagus, causing heartburn. It may help to eat smaller meals and avoid anything that seems to cause heartburn, such as spicy foods and chocolate. It may also help to use an extra pillow at night, and to sleep on the left side. Avoiding lying down and exercise immediately after meals will also help.
Why is lactation different from actual breastfeeding? [mark all correct answers] a. Lactation is the physiological process of milk production. It happens no matter what. b. Breastfeeding is the learned behavior and is a choice women have to make. c. Breastfeeding doesn't necessarily happen automatically, women require support and education to be successful. d. Lactation and breastfeeding are different words for the same thing.
a b c correct Right! Good job! Lactation is the physiological process of milk production. It happens no matter what in 98% of mothers. Breastfeeding on the other hand is the learned behavior and is a choice women have to make. Breastfeeding (for both babies and mothers) doesn't necessarily happen automatically, women require support and education to be successful. Babies also have to learn to breastfeed successfully and without proper education and support, a mother may not know how to help her baby be successful.
Which of the following are considered critical nutrients for pre-conception health? [mark all correct answers] a. Iron b. Biotin c. Choline d. Vitamin D
a c d
Which of the following is/are TRUE about malnutrition during pregnancy? [mark all correct answers] a. malnutrition during pregnancy can affect fetal cell development. b. malnutrition during critical fetal development periods can have irreversible effects. c. achieving adequate nutrition after critical fetal development periods can remedy a malnutrition-caused birth defect. d. whatever nutrients are needed during a critical fetal development period must be supplied at that time.
abd correct Right! Good job! The critical periods (pictured above) are irreversible. This is why pre-conception health is so important. By the time most women know they are pregnancy, many of the critical periods have already passed—and half of all pregnancies are unplanned!
Caloric excess does not guarantee obese moms
adequate intake or nutrient status critical to healthy pregnancy outcomes,
second semester and 3rd semester how many calories to increase
as the pregnancy progresses, a woman must increase her caloric intake. According to the IOM, she should consume an additional 340 calories per day during the second trimester, and an additional 450 calories per day during the third trimester. This is partly due to an increase in metabolism, which rises during pregnancy and contributes to increased energy needs. A woman can easily meet these increased needs by consuming more nutrient-dense foods
Which of the following are TRUE about diet, lifestyle, and fertility in men? [mark all correct answers] a. Neither diet nor lifestyle significantly impact fertility in men--it's only in women. b. Smoking is associated with decrease in function and production of sperm. c. A diet high in antioxidants protects sperm against free radical damage. d. Obesity may impair sperm production.
bcd correct Right! Good job! While the effects of men's' health on fertility is just now getting the attention it deserves, it does appear that diet and lifestyle choices of men not only impact fertility, but the health of the fetus as well.
Exclusive breastfeeding is one of the Breast milk contains
best ways a mother can support the growth and protect the health of her infant child. all of the nutrients that a newborn requires and gives a child the best start to a healthy life.
Pregnant women should avoid foods like deli meats, sushi, cheeses made from unpasteurized milk, and raw sprouts because a. they are inadequate in nutrients for pregnancies. b. they contain substances which may cause cancer in infants. c. they are likely to cause food-borne illness (for which pregnant women are at higher risk). d. they are likely to cause nutrient deficiencies (for which pregnant women are at higher risk).
c correct Right! Good job! Pregnant women are at higher risk for foodborne illness due to a decline in the functioning of their immune systems as a result of pregnancy. It is therefore important to be extra-careful with food safety as some food-borne illnesses can cause miscarriage.
Use of cocaine during the early stages of pregnancy
can increase the risk of miscarriage while in the later stages in can increase the risk of placental abruption. This can lead to hemorrhage, premature birth, and even fetal death. Birth defects are also possible with high cocaine use during pregnancy—these infants can have growth delays; smaller craniums; kidney defects; brain damage; and defects in the genitalia. Babies can be born addicted to cocaine and will go through withdrawal upon birth. They will have muscle spasms, tremors, and have difficulties feeding and sleeping. Methamphetamine use during pregnancy produces similar results. There may also be learning difficulties as the infant ages.
About __ girls aged 15 to 19 and some_____ girls under 15 give birth every year around the world.
correct 16 million correct 1 million
A low birth weight infant weighs less than pounds at birth.
correct 5.5 Right! Good job! Very low birth weight infants weight less than 1500 grams (~3.5 pounds) while low birth weight infants are classified as such if they weigh less than 2500 grams at birth (~5.5 pounds). Being underweight increases an infant's risk of perinatal mortality, necrotizing enterocolitis, respiratory distress syndrome, intraventricular hemorrhage, developmental delays, and learning disorders.
One of the nutrients for which supplementation is recommended prior to and during pregnancy is .
correct folate Right! Good job! Because of the risk of permanent birth defects, it is recommended that women take a folate supplement prior to conception. While it has become easier to get adequate folate in the diet due to fortification of grain products, folate status is still inadequate in many women.
Which of the following factors accounts for why breastfeeding not only benefits mothers and babies, but society as a whole? a. Since breastfed babies are ill less often, there is a reduced burden on health insurance and federal health programs. b. Businesses have increased productivity in their employees because parents do not have to miss work as much to care for ill children. c. Tax payers do not have to pay out as much in federal funding for programs such as the Women, Infant, & Children Supplemental Feeding Program (WIC). d. All of these are reasons that breastfeeding benefits society as a whole.
d correct Right! Good job! Breastfeeding benefits communities because of the reduced cost of medical treatment of childhood illnesses, increased productivity because parents don't miss as much work, cost savings of not having to purchase infant formula, tax payer savings in WIC program spending and Medicaid spending, and the reduced environmental impact (infant formula requires agriculture, manufacturing, packaging, shipping, and packaging disposal).
! Human milk
is generally the safest food source for infants. Human milk itself contains immunologic protection that includes maternal antibodies, oligosaccharides, bifidus factor, lactoferrin, lactadherrin, growth factor, and lipase enzymes which all work together to strengthen baby's immune system and reduce risk of bacterial contamination. In addition, nutrients in human milk are often bound into proteins that, while making them very easy to digest for infants, make them inaccessible to bacteria. Iron is a good example of this.
Lactation
is the process that makes breastfeeding possible, and is the synthesis and secretion of human milk. [Just like delivery, this process will happen naturally. What is not so natural is breastfeeding which is a learned behavior for both mother and baby.
The reason why preconception health is so important is that
m] ajor changes begin to occur in the earliest days, often [well] before a woman even knows that she is pregnant. During this period, adequate nutrition supports cell division, tissue differentiation, and organ development. As each week passes, new milestones are reached.
pica
medical disorder known as pica is willingly consuming foods with little or no nutritive value, such as dirt, clay, and laundry starch. In some places this is a culturally accepted practice. However, it can be harmful if these substances take the place of nutritious foods or contain toxins.
Women who are underweight, with less than 17% of their weight being body fat generally do not Women with less than 22% body weight may not When obesity or overweight is present, there may be an Chronic dieting can lead to ______ while overeating can alter _______
menstruate. ovulate consistently or at all. altered ration of estrogen to testosterone. cessation of menstruation, ovulation and lead to infertility.
pregnant women with a pre-pregnancy BMI below twenty are at a higher risk of a
preterm delivery and an underweight infant. Pregnant women with a pre-pregnancy BMI above thirty have an increased risk of the need for a cesarean section during delivery [in addition to increased risk of gestational diabetes; hypertension; congenital defects in the infant; macrosomic infant; and obesity as the child gets older.
edema
restricting sodium intake is not advised for pregnant women unless recommended by a physician
what is the best way to cook vegetables, why?
steaming is the best way to cook vegetables. Vitamins are destroyed by overcooking, whereas uncooked vegetables and fruits have the highest vitamin content
Maternal diet during pregnancy influences risk of post-partum depression. True False
t correct Right! Good job! JAND article, pages 9-10; diet before and during pregnancy can influence risk of post-partum depression, especially when maternal diet is low in Omega-3 fatty acids; women who struggle with depression prior to pregnancy and/or life stressors are at even higher risk--especially as their diet quality may be poor as a result as well
The true cause of pre-eclampsia is
unknown. It usually occurs after twenty weeks' gestation (in the late second or third trimesters, or middle to late pregnancy), though it can occur earlier. It is associated with swelling, sudden weight gain, headaches, and changes in vision, but it may also show no symptoms. It causes impaired blood flow to the placenta, decreased fetal growth, and low birth weight. Bed rest, adequate calcium, magnesium sulfate, hypertension medications, and early delivery of the baby are methods that may help. Again, though is no true cause is known, it appears that mothers who are overweight or obese are at greater risk for this disorder. Genetics and age (being younger than 19 or older than 40) are also risk factors.
