Baker Chapter 8

BMR or Basal Metabolic Rate:

Body is at rest, at which it uses energy for Vital functions, such as heartbeat and respiration

Humanistic Theories:

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. Limitations: Although it is innate and universal, the motivation to strive toward your highest potential could be jeopardized by the absence of a supportive environment.

Psychological Factors:

Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning

Lazarus

Cognitive Appraisal

identify the cultural basic emotions.

Commonly classified according to two dimensions: Pleasant and Unpleasant. Level of activation, or arousal.

Obese:

Condition characterized by excessive body fat in the body mass index equal to or greater than 30.0

Persistance

Continued efforts or the determination to achieve a particular goal, often in the face of obstacles

Self-determination theory or SDT:

Developed by Edward Deci and Richard Ryan, a theory that optimal human functioning can occur only if the psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness are satisfied.

Discuss the idea that facial expressions of basic emotions are innate, and explain how facial expressions are affected by cultural display rules.

Differing patterns of sympathetic nervous system activation are universal, reflecting hardwired biological responses to basic emotions

Too little Sleep:

Disrupting hunger hormones.

Cannon Bard

Emotion provokes events = Physiological reactions OR Subjective states we label as 'emotions.'

Identify the individual basic emotions

Fear, surprise, anger, disgust, happiness, and sadness.

Positive Incentive Value:

Highly palatable foods

Intensity

In the greater vigor of responding that usually accompanies motivated behavior

Stretch Receptors

In the stomach that communicates sensory information to the brain stem.

Instinct Theory

Inspired by Charles Darwin and William McDougall Instinct - Species - specific behaviors: Genetically transmitted Animals: Birds , migrating. Humans: Love, sex. Limitation: merely describing and labeling behaviors did not explain them.

Drive Theory

Inspired by Robert S. Woodworth and Clark L. Hull. Biological needs as motivation. Example: hunger or thirst An internal condition or impulse that activates behavior to reduce a need and restore homeostasis. Limitations: Eating behavior can be motivated by factors other than the biological of hunger.

Discuss the major theories of motivation, and specify the limitations of each theory.

Instinct, Drive, Arousal, Incentive, and Humanistic.

The major theories of emotion

James Lange, Cannon-Bard, Schacter and Singer, and Lazarus

Describe the evolutionary approach to the problem of overeating and explain why

______ when food is available ensures ample energy reserves to survive times when food is NOT available.people are not simply 'motivated' to eat, because they are hungry or because their bodies are suffering from a depleted energy of resources. Rather, we are enticed by the anticipated pleasure of highly palatable foods. When a food with high incentive value is readily available we eat, and often, overeat.

Insulin:

a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood levels of glucose and signals the hypothalamus. it's hunger and eating Behavior, while also maintaining a stable Body weight.

Autonomy:

although they accept and enjoy other people, self-actualized people need for privacy and Independence.

Explain how leptin, insulin, and neuropeptide Y are involved in the long-term regulation of eating behavior.

are chemical Messengers that monitor and help us maintain a stable body weight over time.

Emotions

are intense but rather short live, they are also more likely to have a specific cause to be directed towards some particular object and to motivate a person to take some sort of action.

Sensory specific satiety:

as you eat a meal, becomes less appealing, different food that you are eating.

Baseline weight

average body weight. It is maintained by the process known as energy homeostasis.

Explain how Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs accounts for motivation

believed that once basic biological needs are satisfied, a new and higher psychological need emerges to motivate human behavior. The lowest levels of Maslow's hierarchy emphasize fundamental Biological and safety needs. At the higher levels, more social and psychologically growth-oriented.

the operant condition of psychological factors with short-term signals.

eating behaviors are followed by a reinforcing stimulus the taste of food. motivation to eat is influenced by prior learning experiences that have shaped your expectations, play the anticipated pleasure of eating certain foods.

Interpersonal engagement

emotion Dimension reflecting the degree to which emotions involve a relationship with another person or other people.

Problem Centering

focus on problems outside themselves. Self-actualized make them to a larger purpose in life.

Physiological needs:

food, water, warmth, rest

Belongingness and love needs:

intimate relationships, friends

The supersize it syndrome

overeating

Esteem needs:

prestige and feelings of accomplishment

Sensation seeking:

The degree to which an individual is motivated to experience high levels of sensory and physical arousal associated with varied and novel activities.

Adipose tissue

The energy that is not needed to meet your immediate music stored in the form of body fat.

Satiation Signals

The feeling of fullness and diminished desire to eat that follows eating.

Homeostasis

The idea that the body monitors and maintain internal states, such as body temperature, and supplies, at relatively constant levels. In general, the tendency to reach or maintain equilibrium.

Activation

The initiation or production of behavior.

Basic Emotions

The most fundamental set of emotion categories are biologically innate, evolutionarily determined, the culturally Universal.

Body Mass Index or BMI:

The numerical scale indicating adults height in relation to weight calculated as: =(703*weight in pounds)(height in inches)^2

Discuss what is contributing to people becoming overweight and obese

When people are habitually taking in more calories than the amount of energy they expend.

Physiological Factor:

Your blood levels of glucose and fats fluctuate very little over the course of a typical day. 30 minutes before you eat, increase in blood levels of insulin and a slight decrease in blood levels of glucose. the meal is begun, glucose levels return to their baseline level. well before the food is actually digested and absorbed. Glucose will return to its Baseline level even if you do not eat.

the role of the sympathetic nervous system for feared emotion. result about emotions?

when you are threatened a rapidly occurring series of autonomic physical reactions. and heart rate accelerates, serges. You perspire your mouth goes dry in the hairs on your skin may stand up giving you the familiar sensation of Goosebumps. NOT all emotions involved intense physical reactions. Some emotions, such as contentment, are characterized by decreased physical arousal and the slowing of some body processes.

Anthropomorphism

The attribution of human traits, emotions, motives, non-human animals or inanimate objects.

Intrinsic

"I did it because I wanted to." The desire to engage in tasks that are inherently satisfying and enjoyable, novel or optimally challenging.

Extrinsic

"I love learning, but I wanted the diploma" External factors or influences on behavior such as rewards, consequences, or social expectations.

Three Characteristics associated with Motivation include

Activation, Persistance, and Intensity

The percentage in the United States are either overweight or obese:

Adults = More than ⅔ are above their healthy weight. Children = Almost ⅓ are above their healthy weight.

Leptin

A hormone produced by fat cells that signal the hypothalamus, regulating hunger and eating behavior. It is secreted by the body's adipose tissue into the tissue.

Insulin with long-term regulation

A hormone that is involved in brain mechanisms controlling food intake and body weight. Increased brain levels of _____ are also associated with a reduction in food intake and body weight.

Neuropeptide Y

A neurotransmitter found in several brain areas, most notably the hypothalamus, that stimulates eating behavior and reduces metabolism. It promotes positive energy balance and weight gain. Decreased levels of Leptin and Insulin, results in a secretion of _____. Increased Levels of _____, eating behavior, reduce body metabolism, and promote fat storage. Weight gain = decrease levels in _____.

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT):

A projective personality test, by Henry Murray and colleagues, that involves creating stories about ambiguous scenes.

A complex physiological state that involves:

A subjective experience. A physiological response. (Sympathetic nervous system and amygdala). A behavioral response.

Describe the two brain pathways involved in triggering fear

According to Joseph LeDoux. One leads to the cortex, but the other leads directly to the amygdala, bypassing the cortex. When we are faced with a potential threat, sensory information about the threatening stimulus is rotted simultaneously along both pathways.

Self actualization:

Achieve one's full potential, including creative activities

Ghrelin:

Manufactured by cells lining the stomach. It was dubbed to be known as the 'hunger hormone.'Rise sharply before and fall abruptly after meals. When people diet and lose weight, the feelings of hunger increase

Heiarchy of Needs

Maslow's pyramid of human needs. People who are motivated to satisfy the needs at each level of the hierarchy for moving up to the next level. Bottom to Top of Pyramid: Physiological, safety, belongingness and love, esteem, and self-actualization.

Describe the research that demonstrated an association between BMI and the number of dopamine receptors in the brain

Obese individuals: had significantly fewer dopamine receptors than normal weight individuals. The number of dopamine receptors decreases as BMI increase. The potential reasoning could be due to or binge eating tendencies.

Discuss the implications of the research that demonstrated an association between BMI and the number of dopamine receptors in the brain

Obesity can be a vicious circle: people eat more to come take for reduced brain rewards but overeating produces the dopamine reward system levels even further.

Incentive Theory

Pavlov, Watson, Skinner, and Tolman Behavior is motivated by external goals such as rewards, money, or recognition. Based on reinforcement. Limitations: depending on the situation, our behavior seems to be directed toward increasing tension and physiological arousal.

Arousal Theory:

People are motivated to maintain optimum level of arousal To INCREASE stimulation Limitation: Even when there is no incentive or reward for doing something, we still keep working to get to that specific level of satisfaction.

Short Term Signals:

Physiological, Psychological, and Satiation signals.

describe the qualities that characterize self-actualized people.

Realism and acceptance, Spontaneity, Problem Centering, Autonomy, Continued freshness of appreciation, Peak experience:

Spontaneity:

Self-actualized people are _______, natural, open in their behavior and thoughts. it can easily conform to Conventional rules and expectations when necessary.

Peak experience:

Self-actualized people commonly have this, or moments of intense ecstasy, Wonder, and awe during which their sense of self is lost or transcended.

The continued freshness of appreciation: .

Self-actualized people continue to appreciate the Simple Pleasures of life with awe and wonder

Types of Humanistic Theories:

Self-determination theory or SDT. Hierarchy of Needs

Display rules:

Social and cultural regulations governing emotional expression especially facial expressions.

Competence Motivation

Striving to be capable and exercising control. The desire to direct your behavior toward demonstrating _______ and exercising control in the situation

Achievement Motivation

Striving to excel and outperform others.The desires directing your behavior toward excelling, succeeding, or outperforming others at some task.

Paul Ekman:

Studied the facial expression of emotions for more than four decades. He estimates that the human face is capable of creating more than 7,000 different expressions.This enormous flexibility allows us considerable versatility in expressing emotions in all its subtle variation.

Motivation:

The Biological, emotional cognitive, or social forces that activate and direct behavior.

Facial Feedback Hypothesis:

The View that expressing a specific emotion, especially facially, subjective experience of that emotion

Glucose:

The simple sugar provides the main source of energy for all mammals and humans. it is primarily produced by the conversion of carbohydrates and fats it is commonly called the blood sugar.

list all the factors that are involved in creating positive energy balance for so many people.

The supersize it the syndrome, Positive Incentive Value, The Cafeteria Diet effect, Sedentary Lifestyles, Too little Sleep, Individual Difference and Lifespan Changes. You can exert five of the six, except for BMR, to counteract becoming or remaining overweight. The brain's dopamine system can also be involved in overeating.

James Lange

The theory that emotions arise from the perception of body changes.

Set Point Theory:

The theory that proposes that humans and other animals have that the body depends on becoming higher or lower by regulating feelings of hunger and body metabolism.

Two Factor

Theory that emotion is the interaction of physiological arousal and the cognitive label that we apply to explain the arousal

Cognitive Appraisal:

Think first before reaction. The theory that emotional is triggered by a cognitive evaluation.

The Classical condition of psychological factors with short-term signals.

Time of day or other stimuli such as the studying in which she normally eats or just the sight of food utensils can become associated with the anticipation of eating and Trigger the electrical signals that increase your sense of hunger.

Schacter and Singer

Two Factor

The Cafeteria Diet effect:

Variety = More Consumed

Describe the research that provided support for the idea that different brain regions are activated by different emotions.

sadness, happiness, anger, and fear each produced their own distinct pattern of brain activation and deactivation. Proving that each emotion involves distinct circuits in the brain. An emotional memory triggered autonomic nervous system activity physiological arousal BEFORE the volunteers signaled that they were subjectively feeling the 'target' emotion.

Safety needs:

security, safety

Realism and acceptance:

self actualized people have accurate perceptions of themselves, others, external reality.

Set-point weight:

the body has a natural or optimal weight, a natural or optimal body weight

Emotional Intelligence

the capacity to understand and manage your own emotional experiences and to perceive, comprehend, corporate lead to the emotional responses of others.

Cholecystokinin or CCK:

the sensitivity of the satiation signals is increased by a hormone secreted by the small intestine. Acts as a neurotransmitter to help prevent you from eating more.