Basics Test 3: APA

clearly; language; understand

Academic Writing Style - The primary objective of scholarly writing is to communicate ____________ and concisely using precise, inclusive ________________. - Choose words that your audience will ________________ and that match language in the field. Write about other people, including participants in your study and past investigators in the field, with professionalism, inclusivity, respect, and sensitivity.

visual

Figures - Figures include bar charts, line graphs, drawings, maps, photographs, and any other _____________ display that is NOT a table.

1

Paper Format Margins - Use ____ inch margins on every side of the paper.

sources

Reference List - The reference list contains a list of the _____________ cited in the text.

without

Spelling - When determining how to spell words in your APA Style papers, consult the Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary and the APA Dictionary of Psychology. - Words with prefixes and suffixes are usually written _______________ a hyphen in APA Style.

concise; eliminate; repeat; lengths; break up

Academic Writing Style - Be ____________ in your scholarly writing: Say only what needs to be said. - Where possible, _____________ wordiness and redundancy. - Do not __________ yourself or use long phrasings just to meet a length requirement. If your paper is too short, do more research and think critically about your topic to develop your arguments further. - Vary sentence and paragraph ___________. Avoid short and choppy writing as well as overlong and complex writing. - Look for logical places to ____________ _______ long and complex paragraphs.

parentheses; brackets; semicolon

Defining Abbreviations Define abbreviations as follows: - When the full version of a term first appears in the narrative, place the abbreviation in ______________ after it. --> major depressive disorder (MDD) - When the full version of a term first appears in parenthetical text, place the abbreviation in square _____________ after it. Do not use nested parentheses. --> (major depressive disorder [MDD]) - If a citation accompanies an abbreviation, place the citation after the abbreviation, separated by a _______________. --> major depressive disorder (MDD; Wald et al., 2019)

supplement; strengthen; copyright

Footnotes - Used to _______________ or _______________ information in the text and to acknowledge _______________.

key; another language; emphasis; titles; titles; volume

Italics Use italics the first time you introduce any of the following: --> _________ terms or phrases, often accompanied by a definition --> words, phrases, or abbreviations from _____________ _____________ with which readers are unlikely to be familiar - You can use italics sparingly for _____________ if emphasis would otherwise be lost. In general, however, reword a sentence so that the important part appears at the beginning or end instead of getting lost in the middle. In reference list entries, use italics for the following: - ___________ of stand-alone works (e.g., books, reports, webpages) - journal, magazine, and newspaper _______ and ____________ numbers

numerical; textual

Tables - Tables show _____________ values or ____________ information arranged in columns and rows.

contribution; introduction; importance; aims; arguments; discussion; conclusion; headings

Text - The text is the author's main __________________. - The text often begins with an _____________ that addresses the _____________ of the work, contextualized it within the existing literature, and states the __________ of the work. - Paragraphs containing the main ______________ follow. - The paper typically ends with a ________________ or ______________. - _________________ may be used to break the text into sections.

title; author; affiliation; number; name; instructor; due date; page number

Title Page Includes: - Paper __________. - ____________ name. - Author ________________ (department of course & university attended) - Course ___________ and __________. - _______________ name. - Assignment ________ _________ - ______ ___________ 1 in top right corner.

grammar

Grammar and Usage - Writers who use APA Style should use appropriate _______________. The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition highlights only the most common errors that writers make; for other questions related to grammar and usage, consult a trusted grammar reference work.

active; overuse

Grammar and Usage Active and Passive Voice - When possible, use the __________ voice instead of the passive voice to create direct, clear, and concise sentences. For example, use the first person and the active voice to show your involvement in a project or to describe steps you personally took. **The passive voice is allowed in APA Style, but be careful not to ____________ it.

first; third; I; we; people

Grammar and Usage Pronoun Use - Use the _________-person pronouns to describe your thoughts and contribution as well as the steps you personally took in a study. - Do not refer to yourself in the _________ person as "the author." - Use "_____" to refer to yourself if you are the only author. Use "_____" if you are writing a group paper. - Do not use the editorial "we" to refer to ______________ in general. Use "we" only when referring to yourself and your coauthors, or when you are identifying yourself with a particular group (e.g., "As social psychologists, we...").

consistently; past; present; past; present; past; past; present; present; present; present

Grammar and Usage Verb Tense - Use verb tenses ______________. Shifts in verb tenses within a paragraph can lead to abruptness and may detract from your intended meaning. - Literature review (discussing other researchers' work) = _________ or _______________ perfect. - Method & Description of procedure = _________ or ______________ perfect. - Reporting of your own or other researcher's results = ___________. - Personal Reactions = __________ or _____________ perfect or ____________. - Discussion of implications of results or of previous statements = ________________. - Presentation of study conclusions, limitations, and future directions = ________________.

author; year; reference entry; parentheses; sentence; parentheses; commas; alphabetical; semicolons

In-Text Citations Provide one or two sources for each key point in your paper that is not either common knowledge or your own thoughts and contributions: APA Style uses the author-date citation system to provide credit. - Each work cited in the text is identified by its ___________ and _________ of publication. - For each in-text citation, there is a corresponding _____________ _________ in the reference list. - In parenthetical citations, the author and year appear in ________________. In narrative citations, the author appears as part of the ______________, followed by the year in _________________. - For multiple works by the same authors, separate the publication years with _____________. When citing works by different authors in one parenthesis, place the citations in ______________ order, separating them with ______________.

sparingly; define; full version

Abbreviations - Use abbreviations _____________ and only when they improve the clarity and flow of your paper. - ___________ most abbreviations upon first use—that means to present the _______ ____________ of the term and then the abbreviation. However, do not define some common abbreviations, such as the following: --> IQ, AIDS --> kg, cm --> i.e., e.g., et al. --> M, SD, df, p, N

brief; comprehensive; one

Abstract - The abstract is a ________, _________________ summary of the contents in the paper. - It is written as ________ paragraph and is usually a maximum of 250 words long.

continuity

Academic Writing Style - Scholarly papers should have ________________, meaning a logical, orderly, and smooth flow of ideas. Readers will better understand your ideas if you have continuity in words, concepts, and themes throughout your paper **Check your transitions between sentences, paragraphs, and ideas to improve the flow of your paper.

precise; consistently; common; animals; illogical

Academic Writing Style - Scholarly writing should also be ___________, meaning you select words carefully and structure sentences so that meaning is unambiguous. - Use words and phrases ___________________. Do not switch between synonyms because synonyms may have subtle differences in meaning. - Avoid the use of colloquial expressions, contractions, and jargon. Direct, declarative sentences with simple, _______________ words are usually best. - Refrain from anthropomorphism, which means attributing human characteristics to _____________ or inanimate objects, and from making ________________ comparisons, which often result from the omission of key words or from having nonparallel sentence structure.

integral

Appendices - Appendices supplement the main content of the paper but are not _____________ to the text. Ex:) Detailed instruction to participants may appear in the appendix.

professionalism; appropriate

Bias-Free Language - Write about all people with ______________________, respect, and sensitivity. Just as you have learned to check what you write for spelling, grammar, and wordiness, practice reading your work for bias. - Consult self-advocacy organizations for _______________ language to use when talking about specific groups. If you are working directly with participants, also ask the people about whom you are writing which designations they prefer and use the language those people use to describe themselves.

person; identity

Bias-Free Language Person-First and Identity-First Language - ____________-first language puts the person before the disabling or chronic condition (e.g., "people with substance use disorders" rather than "substance abusers"). - __________-first language allows people to reclaim what others may see as a disability and incorporate it into their personal identity on their own terms (e.g., "autistic people" instead of "people with autism" and "Deaf people" instead of "people who are deaf"). **Both person-first and identity-first language are good choices overall; it is appropriate to use either approach unless or until you know that a person or group prefers one approach over the other—in which case, use the person or group's preferred approach.

pronouns; they; generic

Bias-Free Language Singular "They" - When referring to specific individuals, use the _____________ the individuals themselves use. Use "she" to refer to people who use "she" as their pronoun, and use "he" to refer to people who use "he" as their pronoun. Use the singular "they" to refer to people who use "they" as their pronoun. - Also use the singular "________" to refer to an individual whose gender is unknown or irrelevant to the context to avoid making assumptions about gender. Do not use "he" or "she" to refer to a ____________ person.

accurate; specific

Bias-Free Language Writing About Personal Characteristics - It is important to use ______________ and ___________ terminology when describing people's characteristics and how they impact people's lives. - The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition provides guidance on talking about the following characteristics with inclusivity and respect: --> Age --> Disability --> Gender --> Participation in research --> Racial and ethnic identity --> Sexual orientation --> Socioeconomic status --> Intersectionality

plagiarism

Citations - Whenever you use the words, ideas, or images of other researchers, you must provide appropriate credit in the text and reference list. The failure to provide appropriate credit is called _____________. Plagiarism is unethical and, even when unintentional, may result in a failing grade on an assignment or disciplinary action at your institution.

key; parallel; serial comma; semicolons

Lists - Lists helps readers understand a related set of ________ points. - Use _____________ wording for items in a list. - Use a ___________ ________ between elements in a list of three or more items. (This means using a comma before the final item.) - Use _______________ in lists to separate items that already contain commas. - More complex lists can be lettered, numbered, or bulleted. For numbered and bulleted lists, use the automatic list functions of your word-processing program. Select the number followed by a period for a numbered list and any bullet character (such as a small black circle) for a bulleted list.

structure; key points; 5; three; centered; bold; new; left; bold; new; left; bold; italic; new; indented; bold; period; same; indented; bold; italic; period; same

Organization Headings - Headings help you logically organize your thoughts and _____________ your paper. They help readers find _______ ___________ and track the development of your arguments. - There are _______ possible levels of headings in APA style. An average paper has _________ levels of heading. - Level 1: _______________, ________. ---> Text begins as _______ paragraph. - Level 2: Aligned ______, _________ ---> Text begins as ________ paragraph. - Level 3: Aligned ________, ________, _______________ ----> Text begins as ________ paragraph. - Level 4: _____________, _________, ends with a ______________. ---> Text begins on _______ line and continues as a regular paragraph. - Level 5: _____________, _________, _____________, ends with a _____________. ---> Text begins on __________ line, continues as regular paragraph.

title; abstract; text; references; footnotes; tables; figures; appendices

Organization Page Order - Page order is another aspect of paper organization that helps readers know where to look to find key information. - Arrange the pages of an APA Style paper in the following order: 1) ___________ page 2) ________________ (usually not required for students) 3) _________ (begins on page 2) 4) ___________________ 5) _________________ 6) ________________ 7) ________________ 8) _________________ **Start each section on a ________ page with the following exceptions: ---> Tables and figures (embed in text) ---> Footnotes (bottom of page in which the footnote is called out).

paraphrase; direct quotation; paraphrase; parenthetical; narrative; sentence; double; block; 0.5; period

Paraphrasing and Quotation - To incorporate the words or ideas of other researchers into your paper, either paraphrase or quote directly. - A ______________ restates an idea in your own words. - A ___________ ____________ reproduces someone else's words exactly. **Try to ________________ more than you directly quote—paraphrasing allows you to use your own writing voice and provide appropriate context for information. - To format a paraphrase, use either a ______________ or _____________ citation format. ---> Personality develops over the lifespan (Redford, 2019). ---> As discussed by Redford (2019), personality develops over the lifespan. - To format a short direct quotation (less than 40 words), incorporate the quotation into your ________________. --> Place the quotation in ____________ quotation marks. --> Include the author, year, and page number (or paragraph number or section name if the work does not have page numbers) of the quotation in the same sentence as the quotation. - To format a long quotation (40 words or more), place the quotation as a freestanding block of text (________ quotation). ---> Indent the entire quotation ______ in. from the left margin. --> DO NOT use quotation marks. --> For a parenthetical citation of a block quotation, include the author, year, and page number in parentheses after the final punctuation mark of the quotation. --> For a narrative citation of a block quotation, include the author in the narrative followed by the year in parentheses. Put the page number in parentheses after the final punctuation mark of the quotation. --> Do not add a __________ or other end punctuation after the closing parenthesis.

where; long; one

Punctuation - Punctuation establishes the cadence of a sentence, telling readers both __________ and for how _________ to pause, stop, or take a detour. - APA Style addresses many areas of punctuation, but the most common question from student writers is how many spaces to use after a period. ---> Use ______ space after a period or other punctuation at the end of a sentence.

reference list entries; author; date; title; source

Reference List Entries - The works cited in the text of the paper should, in most cases, have corresponding ____________ ______ ______________ that provide the information necessary for readers to identify and retrieve the cited works. - All references consist of four components that appear in the following order: ---> _______________ ---> ___________ ---> ____________ --> ______________

describe; further; how; summarize; analyses; evaluate; interpret; hypotheses

Research Papers Include: Introduction - In the introduction, authors ____________ and review background literature on the topic of the paper and show why it warrants ____________ investigation. Method - In the Method section, authors describe in detail ________ the study was conducted. Results and Findings - In the Results (quantitative) or Findings (qualitative) section, authors ________________ the data and the ________________ performed on those data. Discussion - In the discussion section, authors ______________ and ____________ the implications of the results or findings with respect to the original ____________________.

number; title; body; image; notes

Tables and Figures All tables and figures consist of four main components: 1) Table and figure ______________. 2) Table and figure __________. 3) Table __________. 4) Figure ___________. 5) Table and Figure __________.

lowercased; first; proper; trade; brand; personal; titles; positions; title; sentence

Capitalization - Words in APA Style are ______________ unless there is specific guidance to capitalize them. Some types of words that are always capitalized in APA Style include the following: --> __________ word of a sentence. --> ___________ nouns. --> __________ names and __________ names. --> _____________ names within names of disorders, therapies, and so on --> Job __________ and ___________. --> Title of tests and measures. --> Nouns followed by numerals or letters. **Titles of Works and Headings Within Works - Use _______ case, in which most words are capitalized for: ----> titles of works appearing in the text ---> titles of periodicals in reference list entries ---> titles of tests or measures ---> paper titles, headings, sections, and table and figure titles - Use ____________ case, in which most words are lowercase, to capitalize the following ---> titles of articles, books, reports, webpages, and other works in reference list entries

words; numerals

Number Use - In general, use _________ for numbers zero through nine, and use _____________ for numbers 10 and above.

new; bold; alphabetical; chronological; alphabetically; hanging; 0.5; double

Order and Format of the Reference List - Start the reference list on a ________ page after the text. Center the label "References" in _______ on the first line of the page. Then, arrange reference list entries as follows: - Place entries in ________________ order by author. - For multiple works by the same author(s) in the same order, place works in _________________ order. Place works with no date first, followed by works with dates in order from earliest to most recent. In-press references are listed last. - For works with the same author(s) in the same order and the same date, use lowercase letters after the year to differentiate the references. Order the works according to which title comes first _______________. - Format the reference list so that each entry has a _____________ indent of ______ in. _______________-space the reference list, including both within and between references.

ideas

Paper Format **Consistent formatting allows readers to pay attention to the __________ in a work rather than the manner of their presentation.

calibri; arial; times new roman; georgia; same; sans serif; footnotes

Paper Format Font - Many fonts are permitted in APA style papers, including the following: - Sans seri fonts: 11-point __________, 11-point ___________ or 10-point Lucida Sans Unicode. - Serif fonts: 12-point _____________ _____ __________, 11-point ____________, or normal (10-point) Computer Modern. **Use the ________ font throughout your paper. Exceptions are to always use a ________ _________ font with figure images and use the default font for automatically inserted __________________ (usually smaller than the text).

double; table; figure image; title; byline; table; figure; headings

Paper Format Line Spacing - _____________-space all parts of an APA Style paper, including text, block quotations, and the reference list. - However, entries in a ___________ body and words in a ____________ _________ may be single-spaced, one-and-a-half-spaced, or double-spaced, depending on which presentation is easiest to read. - Add an extra blank line --> on the title page between the ________ and the ____________ --> between the text and an embedded _________ or ________________ - Do not add extra blank lines above or below ________________, even if the heading is at bottom of a page.

top margin; number; running head; number; top right; all; title; shortened; capital; left

Paper Format Page Header - The page header appears in the ________ ___________ of every page of your paper and consists of a page _____________ and, when required, a _____________ _________. - The page header always includes the page ______________. --> Insert page numbers in the ______ __________ corner. --> The page number should show on ________ pages. The __________ page is page number 1. - A running head is a shortened version of the ____________ of the paper typed in all ____________ letters. Running heads are required only for manuscripts being submitted for publication. Running heads ARE NOT required for students papers unless the instructor or institution requests them. When present, the running head appears aligned to the __________ in the top margin of every page, across from the right-aligned page number.

assignment; word; page

Paper Format Paper Length - Paper length depends on the __________________ and may be measured by either _________ count or __________ count. Consult your instructor to determine the desired length for a student paper.

left; uneven; 0.5; center; center; left; left; center; left; left; hanging; center

Paper Format Paragraph Alignment and Indentation - Align text to the ________ margin. Leave the right margin ____________, or "ragged." - Indent the first line of each paragraph of text ______ in. from the left margin using the tab key or paragraph-formatting function of your word-processing program. - Exceptions are as follows: title page: ____________ all the elements of a student title page (except the page number). section labels: ____________ section labels (e.g., "Abstract," "References"). abstract: __________-align the first line of the abstract (do not indent the first line). block quotations: Indent a whole block quotation 0.5 in. from the ________ margin. headings: ____________ Level 1 headings. _________-align Level 2 and 3 headings. Indent Level 4 and 5 headings like regular paragraphs. tables and figures: ________-align table and figure numbers, titles, and notes (do not indent them). reference list: Automatically apply a ______________ indent of 0.5 in. to reference entries using the paragraph-formatting function of your word-processing program. appendices: ____________ appendix labels and titles.