BBH 310 quiz 5

longitudinal advantages/disadvantages

-controls cohort effects -only way to study changes in people as they age -longer the study more likely participants will drop -expensive -takes a long time

advantages of cross sectional method

-inexpensive -quicker -more common

Explain the one-group posttest-only design; describe situations where it would be useful.

-no control group -no pretest comparison -poor internal validity

simplest factorial design

2 x 2 two independent variables with two levels

how many factors with the following manipulations? -confederate sociability (sociable/unsociable) -confederate food intake (low/high) -same age confederate (younger/same age/older)

2 x 2 x 3 = 12 factors

Curvlinear

3+ levels of IV

A researcher studies the effect of room music (fast, slow) and room cleanliness (tidy, untidy) on people's dining experience at a restaurant. How many main effects are possible? A. 2 B. 8 C. 4 D. 1

A.

A researcher wants to test the effect of alcohol on driving performance. Participants first drive through an obstacle course before drinking any alcohol. The participants then drink 8 ounces of alcohol and drive the course again. After each trial, the number of traffic cones hit is recorded. The researcher finds that the number of traffic cones hit is greater before rather than after the participants drank the alcohol. Which of the following best accounts for the change in performance? Multiple Choice A. testing effects B. history effects C. maturation effects D. instrument decay

A.

In a 2 × 2 factorial design, for a completely independent groups design with 20 participants per group, how many participants are needed? Multiple Choice A. 80 B. 60 C. 40 D. 20

A.

Jennifer studies the number of crimes committed in a district for seven years before and after the passage of a new law that increased police presence on the streets. Jennifer's research design would be classified as a(n) A. interrupted time series design B. control series design. C. repeated measures design. D. posttest-only design.

A.

________ designs address the need to study the effect of an independent variable in settings in which the control features of true experimental designs cannot be achieved. A. Quasi-experimental B. Single-case experimental C. Multiple baseline D. Interrupted time series

A.

better reversal design

ABAB

quasi experimental design

An experiment that does not require random assignment to conditions. -control features of true experiments to infer a given treatment is working

A researcher designs an experiment in which the following are manipulated: room temperature (cold, warm, or hot), noise level (quiet or loud), and room color (pink, blue, or black). Identify the possible number of main effects. A. 8 B. 3 C. 2 D. 1

B.

A study involves a 3 × 4 × 2 factorial design. How many independent variables are being studied? A. 9 B. 3 C. 24 D. 4

B.

To examine how a reward influences a desired behavior, a mother first counts the number of times her son makes his bed over a two-week period. For the next two weeks, she gives him a reward every time he makes his bed. Following this period, she stops rewarding him and again counts the number of times he makes his bed. This procedure is an example of a(n) ________ design. A. control series B. ABA C. posttest-only D. baseline treatment

B.

With a(n) ________Blank, the results for the independent variable are analyzed as if a researcher had separate experiments at each level of the other independent variable. A. interaction B. simple main effect C. main effect D. analysis of variance

B.

A researcher assesses participants' attitude toward marijuana, presents them with a persuasive seminar favoring liberalization of marijuana laws, and then reassesses their attitude toward the drug. However, between assessment 1 and assessment 2, the President also advocates liberalization of marijuana laws. If the researcher does not use a control group, it will be impossible to discount that the changes were caused by ________Blank effects. A. maturation B. testing C. history D. regression

C

A researcher finds that for female applicants, the likelihood of being hired for a job increases as their work experience increases. However, for male applicants, the likelihood of being hired decreases as their work experience increases. This finding suggests A. a main effect of work experience. B. that gender and work experience have no effect on the likelihood of being hired for a job. C. an interaction between gender and work experience. D. a main effect of gender.

C.

In a 2 × 3 factorial design, there are ________Blank main effect(s) and ________Blank interaction effect(s) possible. A. 2; 3 B. 2; 2 C. 2; 1 D. 3; 2

C.

________ usually occur(s) when participants who form the two groups in an experiment are chosen from existing natural groups. A. History effects B. Cohort effects C. Selection differences D. Regression toward the mean

C.

A researcher administers a critical thinking test to a group of employees in an organization. They are then made to go through an intensive workshop on critical thinking skills. At the end of the workshop, the critical thinking test is given again and a large improvement in test scores is discovered. This is an example of a A. Solomon four-group design. B. control series design. C. nonequivalent control group design. D. one-group pretest-posttest design.

D

A 4 × 3 factorial design would have ________ conditions. A. 4 B. 7 C. 3 D. 12

D.

A factorial design involves A. having multiple dependent measures. B. using one independent variable or factor. C. specifying the overall effect of a dependent variable. D. more than one independent variable.

D.

A researcher is interested in variables that may affect an individual's driving ability. He has people drive a course in wet, dry, and icy conditions. In addition, he has them drive a vehicle with or without power steering, and with an automatic or a manual transmission. This design is an example of a ________Blank factorial design. A. 2 × 2 × 2 B. 2 × 2 C. 3 × 2 D. 3 × 2 × 2

D.

Dunn et al. (2005) conducted an experiment of the relationship between exercise and depression. Participants were randomly assigned to either a low or a high intensity workout regime. Some were assigned to work out three days a week, while other participants worked out five days a week. Identify the independent variable(s) in this study. A. depression B. the participants' interest in exercise and health conditions C. energy condition D. the amount of exercise and the frequency of exercise

D.

In a one-group pretest-posttest design, which of the following will likely occur whenever researchers gather a set of extreme scores taken at one time and compare them with scores taken at another point in time? A. selection differences B. propensity score matching C. testing effects D. regression toward the mean

D.

In order to find a curvilinear relationship, a researcher needs to use A. factorial designs. B. a mixed factorial design. C. more than one dependent variable. D. three or more levels of the independent variable.

D.

The simplest factorial design is the one that has A. six conditions and three possible main effects. B. one independent variable with three levels. C. four possible interactions and eight conditions. D. two independent variables with two levels each.

D.

Which of the following best describes a cross-sectional study on children's development? A. The performance of children who performed well in a test given to them when they were 5 years old is measured continuously until adulthood. B. Children who are 1, 3, and 5 years of age are tested again when they are 3, 5, and 7, respectively. C. The same children are tested at 1, 3, 5, and 9 years of age. D. Children who are 2, 6, and 8 years old are tested simultaneously.

D.

Outcomes of a 2x2 factorial design

There may or may not be a significant main effect for independent variable A There may or may not be a significant main effect for independent variable B There may or may not be a significant interaction between the independent variables

cohort

a group of people born at same time period, exposed to same societal events

propensity score matching

advanced statistical technique that finds a pair from each group who are similar -match many pairs and compare means -basically making "equivalent" groups

independent groups design

aka between-subjects design -requires the largest number of participants as a DIFFERENT set of individuals is assigned to EACH condition

repeated measures design

aka within-subjects design -requires fewer participants as SAME individuals take part in ALL conditions

Define factorial design and discuss reasons a researcher would use this design.

an experimental design with more than one independent variable IV = factor

ANOVA

analysis of variance -asses statistical signifigance of main effects and the interaction

history effect

any outside event that could be responsible for results

In a cross-sectional study, a difference among groups of different ages may reflect developmental age changes; however, these differences may result from ________effects. A. regression B. cohort C. propensity D. nonequivalent

b

ABA design

behavior observed during baseline control period (A) again during treatment (B) period again during second baseline period (A) after treatment has been removed

A school administrator wants to examine the effect of student lockers on class tardiness. He compares tardiness records of a school with no lockers to a school with lockers. What type of research design is this? A. one-group pretest-posttest B. one-shot case study C. nonequivalent control group D. pretest only

c

Which of the following describes a sequential design? A. comparing the reasoning abilities of 5-, 8-, and 10-year-olds B. measuring the motor abilities of a child when she is 2 years old and then measuring her abilities again when she is 5 years old C. studying groups of 10- and 15-year-olds and then studying these individuals again 2, 4, and 6 years later D. studying a group of 5-year-olds over a 10-year period

c

designs with too many IV's

can be very complex, require a lot of participants, yield results you can't interpret

instrument decay

changing the measuring insturment (observers) is responsible for results

non-equivalent control group design

compares an experimental group with a separate control group, but groups are not equivalent -differences = confounding variable -selection difference/selection bias ex. participants enter a training OR no training program and the smoking is measure (DV)

The Terman Life Cycle Study began in 1921 and tracked California schoolchildren with particular intelligence scores. This study measured aspects of the individuals' cognitive and social development until their death. This is an example of a(n) A. cross-sectional study. B. interrupted time series design. C. control series design. D. longitudinal study.

d

cohort effect

differences among age groups attributed to social, cultural, economic or political differences rather than AGE

Interupted Time Series Design

examines DV over extended period of time before and after IV is manipulated -vulnerable to regression to the mean

simple main effect analysis

examines mean difference at EACH LEVEL of an IV

control series design

extension of interrupted time series where there is a comparison or control group -finding similar population without manipulation being studied

how to increase complexity?

increase number or levels of one or more of the IV's Ex. 2x4 design contains two IV's each with 2 levels

2 x 2 example

low vs. high amount of exercise and infrequent vs. frequent exercise results in 4 experimental conditions

Describe the information provided by main effects and interaction effects in a factorial design.

main effect = the direct effect of an IV on a DV -represents overall relationship between the IV and DV

maturation effect

naturally occurring change within the individual is responsible for results

one-group pretest-posttest design

obtains comparison by measurement before and after manipulation -ex. participants survey smoking measure participants go through training program participants measure smoking variable

ex. of single case experiment design

patient receiving monthly chemotherapy treatment tries meditation to address nausea

cross sectional method

persons of different ages measured at one point in time

testing effect

pretest changes participant behavior

experimental design with 2 or 3 independent variables approximate...

real world conditions

single case design can be...

replicated with additional participants

longitudinal method

same group of people observed at different points in time as they get older

pretest

shows how similar groups were before manipulation

posttest

shows if groups experience similar effects despite their dissimilarities

reversal design

single-case design in which treatment is introduced after a baseline period and then withdrawn during second baseline period

sequential

takes less time and effort than longtitudinal -provides some information on changes as they age -does not provide information as complete as longitudinal

Describe single-case experimental designs and discuss reasons to use this design.

test intervention effect based on data from one-participant (or very small number) -subject behavior measured at baseline, followed by experimental manipulation and continued measurement issue: how to determine manipulation of the IV had an effect

interaction definition

the effect of one IV depends on the level of the other IV -if interaction exists the main effects of the independent variables must be qualified -can be seen easily when means for all conditions are presented in a graph

sequential method

the longitudinal and cross-sectional methods are used in combination

regression toward the mean

the principle that extreme scores on a variable tend to be closer to the mean when a second measurement is made

in the simplest experimental design there are __________ levels of the IV

two

moderater definition

variable that AFFECTS the direction or STRENGTH of the relationship between two other variables

mediator

variable that EXPLAINS the relationship between two variables