BCH 330 Sentences
A molecule is perturbed by light because its distribution of electrical charge is altered by the ____________________________
A molecule is perturbed by light because its distribution of electrical charge is altered by the oscillating electrical field of light
A ______________________ is applied by the potential Vcap, which causes variable amounts of mixing state psi(a) into the original state psi to form the final states psi(a). The probability that other __________________________ become populated is Pmix = <psi[Vcap]psi(a)>
A perturbation is applied by the potential Vcap, which causes variable amounts of mixing state psi(a) into the original state psi to form the final states psi(a). The probability that other (mixed) states become populated is Pmix = <psi[Vcap]psi(a)>
A plot of ________ is linear. The results are fit to the following equation: log(MW) = um + b
A plot of log(MW) vs mobility (u) is linear. The results are fit to the following equation: log(MW) = um + b
A _________ can be characterized by the standard __________ called Hooke's law: vo = (1/2(pi))(k/u)1/2, where k is the _______ for _________.
A simple diatomic molecule can be characterized by the standard molecular mechanical model called Hooke's law: vo = (1/2(pi))(k/u)1/2, where k is the Hooke's law force constant for bond stretching.
A ________________ from one______________________ to another may be quantized as follows: Ev = (v + 1/2) h v0, where v is the _______________________
A transition from one vibrational state to another may be quantized as follows: Ev = (v + 1/2) h v0, where v is the vibrational quantum number
A specific frequency corresponds to a specific position in space along the field gradient
A specific ___________________ corresponds to a specific _______________________ along the field gradient
Applying an _________ (E ) to a particle with charge (q) produces a force (F): F = qE. This velocity is opposed by an equal and opposite velocity due to the _________(f): u = qE/f.
Applying an electrophoretic field (E ) to a particle with charge (q) produces a force (F): F = qE. This velocity is opposed by an equal and opposite velocity due to the frictional force (f): u = qE/f.
_______________________________ depend on the concentration of the solute (freezing/melting point)
Colligative properties depend on the concentration of the solute (freezing/melting point)
Combining the _________ and ________, the ___________ is: f oc u/Q
Combining the Einstein-Smoluchowski equation and Stokes law, the molecular radius is: f oc u/Q
A LBHB forms between histidine and serine in the _________________ of ________________________
A LBHB forms between histidine and serine in the catalytic triad of serine proteases
A ________________________________________ in the catalytic triad of serine proteases
A LBHB forms between histidine and serine in the catalytic triad of serine proteases
A goniometer is used to align the sample precisely in the beam, and measure environmental factors
A ________________________ is used to align the sample precisely in the beam, and measure environmental factors
A beam of light is directed at the surface and bounces off, producing an ________________________________
A beam of light is directed at the surface and bounces off, producing an evanescent surface wave
Redox processes occur near or at the Hg drop surface, so they are heterogeneous reactions. Their rates can be dramatically affected by details of particle transit through the _________.
Redox processes occur near or at the Hg drop surface, so they are heterogeneous reactions. Their rates can be dramatically affected by details of particle transit through the boundary layer.
____ _______ are produced by induction of circulating __ ________ in a _______ ____ or ______ ____ by the bulk magnetic field. Three different ring current environments produce three different ______ ______ in benzene.
Ring currents are produced by induction of pi electrons circulation within double bonds and aromatic rings by the bulk magnetic field. Three different ring current environments produce three different chemical shifts in benzene.
_____________ uses a __________________ to maximize the resolution.
Sedimentation velocity uses a high rotor speed and a long column to maximize the resolution.
The __________ becomes as likely to be negative as positive, and the cosine averages to zero.
The cosine of the angle becomes as likely to be negative as positive, and the cosine averages to zero.
The ________________________________, 1/V0 vs 1/[S], is used to determine the KM and Vmax values
The double-reciprocal (Lineweaver-Burk) plot, 1/V0 vs 1/[S], is used to determine the KM and Vmax values
The efficiency of a donor and acceptor energy transfer can be ______ and used as a "_____ ______." This is the efficiency of _______-____ _______ _______.
The efficiency of a donor and acceptor energy transfer can be calibrated and used as a "molecular ruler." This is the efficiency of Forester-type energy transfer.
The __________ is defined as: u = ze/(6(pi)nR).
The electrophoretic mobility is defined as: u = ze/(6(pi)nR).
The energy associated with one _____________________________ = 1/2 kB T
The energy associated with one degree of freedom = 1/2 kB T
The energy can be apportioned into the _________ of one strand around the other (Tw) or the ________ of the duplex axis in space (Wr).
The energy can be apportioned into the twisting of one strand around the other (Tw) or the writhing of the duplex axis in space (Wr).
The experiments involve determining ________________________________ using a range of different substrate concentrations
The experiments involve determining initial velocities/rates (V0) using a range of different substrate concentrations
The first bound ligand induces _______________ in binding of subsequent ligands, for example binding of the _____________ drug ____________ has been characterized
The first bound ligand induces cooperativity in binding of subsequent ligands, for example binding of the intercalator drug ethidium has been characterized
The following ______________________ define the key constraints, a model that incorporates a _____________________________
The following boundary conditions define the key constraints, a model that incorporates a particle in a box model
The following equation describes how motion is related to the autocorrelation function: G(t) = exp(-t/tcorr)
The following equation describes how motion is related to the _____________________________: G(t) = exp(-t/tcorr)
The following ratio is defined as the ______: Re = pul/n
The following ratio is defined as the Reynold's number: Re = pul/n
The goal is to calculate the rate at which _____________________ transitions between the wave function (psi a) and all other states
The goal is to calculate the rate at which light induces transitions between the wave function (psi a) and all other states
The ____________________________ is restricted to ___________________ between adjacent orbitals
The harmonic oscillator is restricted to transitions between adjacent orbitals
The _____________________ (at constant pressure) (Cp) is: Cp = (deltaH/deltaT)p
The heat capacity (at constant pressure) (Cp) is: Cp = (deltaH/deltaT)p
The __________________________ is: r = cLB/cAT
The hyperbolic binding equation is: r = cLB/cAT
The ___________ i = (-1)1/2 is the square root of -1.
The imaginary root i = (-1)1/2 is the square root of -1.
The ______________________________ of a molecule (E) (often called U or even V) is: Ee + Ev + Er
The internal energy of a molecule (E) (often called U or even V) is: Ee + Ev + Er
The ________ of _________ in proteins provides an internal reporter group that allows one to study processes that perturb its signal.
The intrinsic fluorescence of tryptophan in proteins provides an internal reporter group that allows one to study processes that perturb its signal.
The key advantage of _________ with regard to biological studies is that the method is not active with the __________, while IR is active.
The key advantage of Raman spectroscopy with regard to biological studies is that the method is not active with the symmetric stretch mode of H2O, while IR is active.
The key conclusion is that the _______________________ involves accusing the ____________________________ necessary to form a small number of base pairs, called a ________________
The key conclusion is that the rate-determining step involves accusing the activation energy necessary to form a small number of base pairs, called a nucleus
The key task in three bond dihedral angle constraints is to _____ _____ _____ in the 1H spectrum to a specific proton site in the macromolecule
The key task in three bond dihedral angle constraints is to assign each peak in the 1H spectrum to a specific proton site in the macromolecule.
The ________________________________ oscillates in a preferred direction relative to the _____________________, usually in a plane of aromatic rings
The light-induced transition dipole oscillates in a preferred direction relative to the chromophore, usually in a plane of aromatic rings
The link between ________ _________ and observation motion is called the _______ equation.
The link between fluorescence lifetime and observation motion is called the Perrin equation.
The locations of the nodes are characterized in the 3D lattice known as "________________________"
The locations of the nodes are characterized in the 3D lattice known as "reciprocal lengths"
The ___________________________________ is: ptr = (2 h v / c) sin theta
The momentum transferred to the crystal is: ptr = (2 h v / c) sin theta
The natural logarithmic form of the ______________________ is: ln k = ln A -Ea/R T, this equation provides an approach to determine the _____________________ for a forward and reverse reaction
The natural logarithmic form of the Arrhenius Equation is: ln k = ln A -Ea/R T, this equation provides an approach to determine the activation energy for a forward and reverse reaction
The nature of symmetry is seen by comparing the respective expressions: _________________________: H(f) = h(t)e _____________________________: H(t) = h(f)e
The nature of symmetry is seen by comparing the respective expressions: Time Domain Function: H(f) = h(t)e Frequency Domain Function: H(t) = h(f)e
The nuclear resonance energy is very sensitive to the details of the chemical environment nearby. The ______ (______) _______ changes the bulk field to the actual magnetic field.
The nuclear resonance energy is very sensitive to the details of the chemical environment nearby. The shielding (screening) constant changes the bulk field to the actual magnetic field.
The number 3N accounts for the ______________________________ associated with the property of interest in N particles
The number 3N accounts for the degrees of freedom associated with the property of interest in N particles
The number of times one strand passes around the other is a constant that cannot change called the ________.
The number of times one strand passes around the other is a constant that cannot change called the linking number (Lk).
The parameter c is the molar concentration of the ___________________ and e is the molar extinction coefficient
The parameter c is the molar concentration of the chromophore and e is the molar extinction coefficient
The ____________________________ Q is: Q = Ej Cj
The partition coefficient Q is: Q = Ej Cj
The ____________________________ is described in three dimensions as follows: V(x,y,z) = Vx(x) + Vy(y) + Vz(z)
The potential energy function is described in three dimensions as follows: V(x,y,z) = Vx(x) + Vy(y) + Vz(z)
The predisposition of the protein to adopt the denatured state is driven by forming more __________________ in the denatured state
The predisposition of the protein to adopt the denatured state is driven by forming more configurations in the denatured state
The ______________________ that a system will be found at time t between q1 and q1 + dq1..... is: P = psi(q,t) psi^2(q,t)dq.......
The probability that a system will be found at time t between q1 and q1 + dq1..... is: P = psi(q,t) psi^2(q,t)dq.......
The ___________________ is a plot of d[P]/dt measured at a specific enzyme and substrate concentration
The progress curve is a plot of d[P]/dt measured at a specific enzyme and substrate concentration
The quantity <Ns> represents an _________________________________ in the ___________________________
The quantity <Ns> represents an average over the microstates in the canonical ensemble
The _______________________ depends on temperature as : k = A exp(-Eact/R T)
The rate constant (k) depends on temperature as : k = A exp(-Eact/R T)
The ____________________________ idea is essential to understanding ____________________________ results and how to extract the ____________________ and molecular shape from the data
The reciprocal lattice idea is essential to understanding x-ray crystallography results and how to extract the space group and molecular shape from the data
The respective amount of each species (bound and free) is determined from _________.
The respective amount of each species (bound and free) is determined from electrophoretic band intensities.
The _________ from __________ requires that the relaxation pathway follow a _______ corkscrew-like route.
The right-hand rule from electromagnetism requires that the relaxation pathway follow a chiral corkscrew-like route.
The ________ depends on the shape of the particle: tau = 1/D = f/(2kBT).
The rotational correlation time depends on the shape of the particle: tau = 1/D = f/(2kBT).
The __________ relates the two parameters: w = Frot/theta
The rotational frictional coefficient (theta) relates the two parameters: w = Frot/theta
The __________________________________ is: Er = (h^2/8pi I) J (J+1), where I is the _____________________________ of the molecule about the _______________________, Er is the energy of the spin, and J is the _____________________________
The rotational spectral energy is: Er = (h^2/8pi I) J (J+1), where I is the moment of inertia of the molecule about the molecular axis of rotation, Er is the energy of the spin, and J is the rotational quantum number
The signal describes a _________ ____ ____ called a _____ ______ ______ signal.
The signal describes a dampened sine wave called a free induction decay.
The ___-___ (______) ______ ____ (__) is related to the peak width, which is quantified as the _______ at _____ _____.
The spin-spin (traverse) relaxation time (T2) is related to the peak width, which is quantified as the linewidth at half-height (delta v sub1/2).
The _______________________ is represented by deltaE0', and the ___________________________________ is represented by: deltaE0' = -(RT/nF)/n Keq
The standard reduction potential is represented by deltaE0', and the standard reduction potential change is represented by: deltaE0' = -(RT/nF)/n Keq
The starting point for _______________ mechanics is the concept called "blackbody" radiation
The starting point for quantum mechanics is the concept called "blackbody" radiation
The symbol c is the __________________: 3E8ms-1
The symbol c is the speed of light: 3E8ms-1
The target of many Quantum Mechanical calculations, a _______, only has physical meaning when multiplied by its ________ to produce psi2.
The target of many Quantum Mechanical calculations, a wavefunction (psi), only has physical meaning when multiplied by its complex conjugate (phi*) to produce phi2.
The time required for [A]0 to drop 1/2[A]0 is called the ____________________
The time required for [A]0 to drop 1/2[A]0 is called the half-life (t1/2)
This device allows us to keep track of the effect causes by two scattered waves simultaneously
This device allows us to keep track of the effect causes by ________________________ simultaneously
This information is then used to identify the space group
This information is then used to identify the __________________
This is achieved by going to larger scattering angles and/or reducing the wavelength
This is achieved by going to ______________________ and/or reducing the wavelength
This phenomenon has been used to determine the ________________ of _________________________________ relative to unpaired strands
This phenomenon has been used to determine the stabilities of nucleic acid double helices relative to unpaired strands
This produces a magnetic field with a _____________________ as follows: mu = the/(4pim0c)
This produces a magnetic field with a magnetic dipole as follows: mu = the/(4pim0c)
This protein is remarkably useful because the ______ can be _________. Importantly, GFP can be attached to form a ________ with a second protein of interest using standard cloning procedures.
This protein is remarkably useful because the fluorophore can be encoded in the amino acid sequence. Importantly, GFP can be attached to form a fusion protein with a second protein of interest using standard cloning procedures.
This separation into two absorption energies/peaks is called _______________________________
This separation into two absorption energies/peaks is called exciton splitting
To initiate an NMR experiment, one "flips" the __________ by "90 degrees" using a rf pulse, resulting in rotation about the z-axis in the x-y plane.
To initiate an NMR experiment, one "flips" the NMR spin vector by "90 degrees" using a rf pulse, resulting in rotation about the z-axis in the x-y plane.
To keep it simple, consider the _____________________________ psi(a) (ground state) and psi(b) (excited state)
To keep it simple, consider the transitions between 2 states psi(a) (ground state) and psi(b) (excited state)
_____________________ can either be from a to b (________________) or b to a (________________)
Transitions can either be from a to b (absorption) or b to a (emission)
Unit cells are then organized within the crystal lattice by repetition, according to one of 65 space group patterns
Unit cells are then organized within the ______________________ by repetition, according to one of 65 space group patterns
Using a small analog of the peptide bond, N, N dimethyl foramide, the rate constant for impeded rotation about the amide bond was determined
Using a small analog of the peptide bond, _________________________, the rate constant for _____________________________ was determined
Values of K(T), deltaG(T), deltaH and deltaS(T) can be determined using _____________________ spectroscopy
Values of K(T), deltaG(T), deltaH and deltaS(T) can be determined using absorbance spectroscopy
Waves that are separated by r are out of phase by 2pi, leading to constructive interference, they add together
Waves that are separated by r are out of phase by 2pi, leading to ______________________________, they add together
We also cannot know the __________ and ____________ perfectly simultaneously
We also cannot know the energy and time perfectly simultaneously
We can compose a ______________________, or any other form, from _______________. The is called Fourier Synthesis
We can compose a synthetic square-wave, or any other form, from sine waves. The is called Fourier Synthesis
We cannot simultaneously know both ________________ (x,y,z) and _________________ (p = mv) of a particle perfectly.
We cannot simultaneously know both position (x,y,z) and momentum (p = mv) of a particle perfectly.
When a _____ molecule is irradiated and an ______ molecule is in close proximity, the excited-state energy of D can be transferred to A.
When a donor molecule is irradiated and an acceptor molecule is in close proximity, the excited-state energy of D can be transferred to A.
When a molecule is spun in the presence of a heavy salt (e.g. CsCl) the salt sets up a _________.
When a molecule is spun in the presence of a heavy salt (e.g. CsCl) the salt sets up a density gradient.
______________________________ produces a net relaxation time: t = 1/kobs
DNA duplex formation produces a net relaxation time: t = 1/kobs
If Re > 1 inertia dominates, if Re < 1 ______ dominates.
If Re > 1 inertia dominates, if Re < 1 viscosity dominates.
If one divides the ______ by the local ________, one removes the dependence on the amount of material present, the resulting ____________ is: f = J/c.
If one divides the flux by the local concentration, one removes the dependence on the amount of material present, the resulting translational frictional coefficient is: f = J/c.
It is impossible to measure the precise _______ acting under _________.
It is impossible to measure the precise speed of a particle acting under Brownian motion.
KM is also the dissociation equilibrium constant for the __________________________
KM is also the dissociation equilibrium constant for the enzyme-substrate (Michaelis) constant
__________ was first discovered based on circular dichroism results.
Left-handed DNA was first discovered based on circular dichroism results.
____________________________ binding techniques describe a competitive binding technique that makes use of the parameter ________, which is the concentration of _____________ X
Ligand-competition binding techniques describe a competitive binding technique that makes use of the parameter IC50, which is the concentration of inhibitor X
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) operates in the radio frequency region
Magnetic _______________________________ operates in the radio frequency region
______________________ attempted to quantify how blackbody radiation depended on wavelength
Max Plank attempted to quantify how blackbody radiation depended on wavelength
Sk is called an ____________________. The symbol $ refers to ________________ over _____________________________
Sk is called an action integral. The symbol $ refers to integration over one cycle of the motion
(Bohr-like) orbital models are very restrictive and produce unrealistic __________________________. Actual orbitals are composed of diffuse complicated cloud-like structures. Examples are: ________________________, ___________________________, and lone-pair elections on oxygen in H2O
(Bohr-like) orbital models are very restrictive and produce unrealistic electron distributions. Actual orbitals are composed of diffuse complicated cloud-like structures. Examples are: tetrahedral sp^3 hybridized orbitals, aromatic pi orbitals, and lone-pair elections on oxygen in H2O
lambda/c
1/frequency
A two-dimensional NOE approach is called a ______ experiment. The pulse sequence contains a ______ ____ during which _____-_________ occurs between nearby protons.
A two-dimensional NOE approach is called a NOSEY experiment. The pulse sequence contains a mixing time during which cross-relaxation occurs between nearby protons.
A typical thermal ________________ curve is shown for myoglobin
A typical thermal denaturation curve is shown for myoglobin
According to _________________, a key interpretation is that psi^2 is the ____________________ of whatever one has calculated
According to Heisenberg, a key interpretation is that psi^2 is the probability of whatever one has calculated
An ___________________________ is formed by the separation of charges across a membrane of most living cells
An electric potential (deltaPSI) is formed by the separation of charges across a membrane of most living cells
An _________________________ consists of coupled electric and magnetic waves, oscillating at the same frequency
An electromagnetic wave consists of coupled electric and magnetic waves, oscillating at the same frequency
An electron with charge e and mass m0, in an orbital of ______________________ has the following angular frequency: w=kh/2pi
An electron with charge e and mass m0, in an orbital of angular momentum has the following angular frequency: w=kh/2pi
Bacteria move in a ________. They sense that the concentration of nutrient is increasing and _________ in one direction. When they do not sense an increasing gradient, the direction of flagellar rotation reverses. Since the flagellar fibers are not meant to go in that direction, the bacterium ___________.
Bacteria move in a roll-and-tumble mode. They sense that the concentration of nutrient is increasing and rotate their flagellum in one direction. When they do not sense an increasing gradient, the direction of flagellar rotation reverses. Since the flagellar fibers are not meant to go in that direction, the bacterium tumbles in a random-walk fashion.
Because light is time-dependent, the _____________________________________ must be solved
Because light is time-dependent, the time-dependent Schrodinger equation must be solved
____________________ is given in the differential form below: i-dI/I = ce lambda db
Beer's Law is given in the differential form below: i-dI/I = ce lambda db
Better (smaller) structural resolution is achieved by measuring and analyzing data at larger (h, k, l) values in reciprocal space
Better (smaller) structural resolution is achieved by measuring and analyzing data at larger ___________________ in ______________________
___________________________ is the probability that a randomly chosen molecule will be in state s
Boltzmann Distribution is the probability that a randomly chosen molecule will be in state s
______________________________ has the dimensions of entropy (1.381e-23 JK-1)
Boltzmann's constant (kB) has the dimensions of entropy (1.381e-23 JK-1)
_________________________, which was first described in the context of pollen grains in water under a microscope, is modeled as a _____________________
Brownian Motion, which was first described in the context of pollen grains in water under a microscope, is modeled as a stochastic process
By capturing a frequency-labelled slice in all three dimensions, one can measure the NMR characteristics of a small cubic volume of space, which is called a voxel
By capturing a frequency-labelled slice in all three dimensions, one can measure the NMR characteristics of a ________________________ of space, which is called a _____________
By carrying out electrophoresis with a set of proteins of known _______, one can calibrate the date under a given gel condition.
By carrying out electrophoresis with a set of proteins of known MW, one can calibrate the date under a given gel condition.
By following changes in the ______ ________, FCS can be used to monitor the hybridization process.
By following changes in the diffusion coefficient, FCS can be used to monitor the hybridization process.
Characteristic CD spectra are found with the 3 typical ___________, _________, ________, and ________.
Characteristic CD spectra are found with the 3 typical secondary structures in proteins, a-helices, B-sheets, and U turns.
Charge will only transfer when enough excess has built up to force the event, the excess potential/charge is called the ____________________________
Charge will only transfer when enough excess has built up to force the event, the excess potential/charge is called the current overpotential
______________ produce an arrangement that preferentially absorbs either right-or-left-handed CP light.
Chiral arrays of chromophores produce an arrangement that preferentially absorbs either right-or-left-handed CP light.
Circularly polarized light is produced using a ________, which makes use of the piezoelectric effect in reverse.
Circularly polarized light is produced using a Pockels cell crystal, which makes use of the piezoelectric effect in reverse.
________ are territorially __________, but free to translate along the backbone.
Condensed counterions are territorially (atmospherically) bound, but free to translate along the backbone.
Consider an _________________ with momentum p that collides with, and ______________ from, a _______________________ at angle theta
Consider an x-ray photon with momentum p that collides with, and refracts from, a crystal lattice at angle theta
Consider _______ in the ___________ (a large egg and small sperm). The size difference between the sperm and egg allows for mobile sperm and a less mobile (or immobile) egg with a good __________.
Consider gametes in the oogenic scenario (a large egg and small sperm). The size difference between the sperm and egg allows for mobile sperm and a less mobile (or immobile) egg with a good target cross-section.
__________ ___________ is a two dimensional method that leads to ___-______ ____ that correspond to J-coupled protons.
Correlation Spectroscopy (COSY) is a two dimensional method that leads to off-diagonal peaks that correspond to J-coupled protons.
___________________________________ allows one to sweep back and forth through a voltage range and study the response of a biomolecule
Cyclic Voltammetry allows one to sweep back and forth through a voltage range and study the response of a biomolecule
____________ studies the binding of a given ligand to its acceptor molecule based on how the more mobile free molecule is converted to the less mobile bound species.
DNA mobility-shift analysis studies the binding of a given ligand to its acceptor molecule based on how the more mobile free molecule is converted to the less mobile bound species.
______ is accomplished using the dye _______. This _______ inserts itself between every other base pair, so the _______ is protected from _______ within the DNA, leading to an intense orange-pink fluorescence.
Detection of DNA on gels is accomplished using the dye ethidium bromide. This intercalating dye inserts itself between every other base pair, so the fluorescence is protected from quenching within the DNA, leading to an intense orange-pink fluorescence.
Detectors affect the system and change it, so the measurements become imperfect, as expressed by ________________________________________
Detectors affect the system and change it, so the measurements become imperfect, as expressed by Heisenberg's uncertainty principle
___________ refers to a specific gel layer technique that focuses a protein band. The mechanism involves creating a large voltage gradient between Cl- and the _________ in a layer called the ________, which has a reduced pH.
Discontinuous gel electrophoresis refers to a specific gel layer technique that focuses a protein band. The mechanism involves creating a large voltage gradient between Cl- and the glycinate zwitterion in a layer called the stacking gel, which has a reduced pH.
___________________________ _____________ progressively as steps proceed, so they characterize the ______________ associated with the process
Distribution functions randomize progressively as steps proceed, so they characterize the entropy associated with the process
Due to their _______, droplets minimize their free energy by forming a sphere, with the smallest possible surface area. Energy minimization begets the optimized shape.
Due to their surface tension, droplets minimize their free energy by forming a sphere, with the smallest possible surface area. Energy minimization begets the optimized shape.
Each is a type of quantified molecular energy: 1. ________________ energies, Ee 2. _______________ energies, Ev 3. _______________ energies, Er
Each is a type of quantified molecular energy: 1. electronic energies, Ee 2. vibrational energies, Ev 3. rotational energies, Er
Eggs evolve toward larger sizes, driven by the increased _______ and increased fertility. The _________ is 77 times that of the _______.
Eggs evolve toward larger sizes, driven by the increased target size and increased fertility. The optimum egg radius is 77 times that of the sperm.
Emission or absorption of light by a ________________________ could in principle, occur at frequencies corresponding to multiple deltanV0
Emission or absorption of light by a harmonic oscillator could in principle, occur at frequencies corresponding to multiple deltanV0
______________ (H) reflects ______________________________, _______________ (S) reflects ______________________________
Enthalpy (H) reflects bond breakage/dissociation, entropy (S) reflects the number of available configurations
__________ defines the flow associated with a chemical as it moves (diffuses) through a solvent: J = -AD(dc/dx), where J is the ______ of a chemical of concentration c through an _______ A perpendicular to the direction (x). D is the _____________.
Fick's law of diffusion defines the flow associated with a chemical as it moves (diffuses) through a solvent: J = -AD(dc/dx), where J is the flux of a chemical of concentration c through an area A perpendicular to the direction (x). D is the translational diffusion coefficient.
Flow in a tube is characterized by __________: Qf = pi(P1-P2)a4/8Ln
Flow in a tube is characterized by Poiseuille's law: Qf = pi(P1-P2)a4/8Ln
Forester-type energy transfer was ______ using a series of doubly-labeled _________________ _________, where two fluorophores were at known distances from each other, allowing _______ of the EsubT versus R0 curve.
Forester-type energy transfer was calibrated using a series of doubly-labeled dansyl-[L-Pro]sub-n-naphthyl peptides, where two fluorophores were at known distances from each other, allowing calibration of the EsubT versus R0 curve.
Fourier transformation of G(t) leads to spectral density function J(w)
Fourier transformation of G(t) leads to ______________________ J(w)
I and I0 are the __________________ before and after passage of the beam through the sample
I and I0 are the light intensities before and after passage of the beam through the sample
_________________________ are __________________________________, energies are ________________________, so they are not path dependent
Heat and work are path-dependent functions, energies are state functions, so they are not path dependent
Helping binding is called ____________________ (a < 1)
Helping binding is called positive cooperativity (a < 1)
____________________________ expressed the relation between wavelength and frequency (v) of the radiation: v = c/lambda
Hertz-Maxwell equation expressed the relation between wavelength and frequency (v) of the radiation: v = c/lambda
Hooke's Law characterizes the mass dependence of the ________________________
Hooke's Law characterizes the mass dependence of the fundamental vibrational frequency (v0)
___________________________ represents the absorption intensity of a duplex at 260 nm is smaller than 2 denatured single strands
Hypochromaticity represents the absorption intensity of a duplex at 260 nm is smaller than 2 denatured single strands
Hypochromicity is used to study the _______________________________________
Hypochromicity is used to study the single strand to duplex equilibrium
If one knows the lifetime of the fluorophore, one can calculate the _____ _______ of the protein or other biomolecule from the slope of the perrin equations.
If one knows the lifetime of the fluorophore, one can calculate the hydrated volume of the protein or other biomolecule from the slope of the perrin equations.
If the region contains a charge density p, one obtains the __________: del-squared(psi) = -4(pi)(p/e), where e is the ___________.
If the region contains a charge density p, one obtains the Poisson equation: del-squared(psi) = -4(pi)(p/e), where e is the dielectric constant.
_____ are often handy in derivations and manipulations of equations containing ______.
Imaginary numbers are often handy in derivations and manipulations of equations containing vectors.
In ____________________________________, one measures q as a function of [L]
In Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC), one measures q as a function of [L]
In Raman and ________, the frequency axis units are usually expressed as wavenumbers.
In Raman and IR spectra, the frequency axis units are usually expressed as wavenumbers.
In order to determine smaller r values (higher resolution), one must go to larger Q
In order to determine smaller r values (higher ______________), one must go to larger Q
In three dimensions, given the 3D ________: Δ2 =
In three dimensions, given the 3D Laplacian operator (del-squared): Δ2 =
Integration is carried out are Q space (reciprocal space). The quantity dVQ is a volume element in Q space. The inverse Fourier transform allows calculation of the diffraction pattern from the structure of the particle
Integration is carried out are Q space (________________________). The quantity dVQ is a volume element in Q space. The ____________________ allows calculation of the _____________________ from the __________________________
____________ ___________ (U): deltaU = q + w, q is the amount of _______ given to the __________ and w is the amount of work done on the __________
Internal Energy (U): deltaU = q + w, q is the amount of heat given to the system and w is the amount of work done on the system
________ involves using a strip of solid medium that is coated with a series of _______ solutions. Protein samples are placed in the middle of the strip and electrophoresed. The pH at which the protein band focuses is called the ___________.
Isoelectric focusing involves using a strip of solid medium that is coated with a series of ampholyte solutions. Protein samples are placed in the middle of the strip and electrophoresed. The pH at which the protein band focuses is called the isoelectric point.
____________ is based on charge, not MW.
Isoelectric focusing is based on charge, not MW.
Medical applications of Re and Poiseuille's Law include: sickle cell anemia where elongated red blood cells impede arterial flow, especially in _______. Cholesterol -induced plaques are also where blood ________.
Medical applications of Re and Poiseuille's Law include: sickle cell anemia where elongated red blood cells impede arterial flow, especially in narrow capillaries. Cholesterol -induced plaques are also where blood flow becomes impeded.
________________________________ are used to determine how changing the concentration of an enzymatic substrate affects the rate of product formation
Michaelis-Menton kinetics are used to determine how changing the concentration of an enzymatic substrate affects the rate of product formation
More shielded atoms have a higher _____ _______, and are located more upfield.
More shielded atoms have a higher chemical shifts, and are located more upfield.
__________________________________ measure the degree of electron-dependent _________________ of a hydrogen in a hydrogen bond
NMR Chemical Shifts measure the degree of electron-dependent deshielding of a hydrogen in a hydrogen bond
NMR allows one to calculate the rate of exchange of an atom that has different tautomers
NMR allows one to calculate the ______________________ of an atom that has different _________________
_____ ____ _______ is an adsorption method. One irradiates the ______ ___ ______ (______) which ______ in the lowest energy state.
NMR is an adsorption method. One irradiates the nuclear spin dipole (vector) which precesses in the lowest energy state.
________ _________ ____ experiments allow one to determine as many _____-_____ pair distances as possible. The mechanism involves through-space transfer of resonance spin energy.
Nuclear Overhauser Effect experiments allow one to determine as many proton-proton pair distances as possible. The mechanism involves through-space transfer of resonance spin energy.
___-_______ _____ in the ___ ________ ________ correspond to NOEs. By analyzing _________ ________, based on _________ _______ ______, one can make assignments that lead to protein structure.
Off-diagonal peaks in the two dimensional spectrum correspond to NOEs. By analyzing connectivity patterns, based on sequentially related NOEs, one can make assignments that lead to protein structure.
One can follow _______ _________ between a labeled probe strand and unlabeled complementary target sequence.
One can follow duplex hybridization between a labeled probe strand and unlabeled complementary target sequence.
Orienting orbitals in space can be accomplished by applying a weak _____________________________ in the z axis
Orienting orbitals in space can be accomplished by applying a weak magnetic or electrical field in the z axis
____________________________ definitions and their equations are used to describe a derivative when one or more variables are held constant
Partial differential definitions and their equations are used to describe a derivative when one or more variables are held constant
________________________ of a solute (V-bar, V/n), V-bar can be smaller due to ____________________, the H2O in the ________________________ surrounding the protein has a larger concentration than the bulk solution
Partial specific volume of a solute (V-bar, V/n), V-bar can be smaller due to electrostriction, the H2O in the Donnan Sphere surrounding the protein has a larger concentration than the bulk solution
____________________________________ allows one to measure transport through a single ion channel in a small patch of membrane
Patch Clamp Technique allows one to measure transport through a single ion channel in a small patch of membrane
__________ of _______from the _______ form has been characterized using both absorbance and IR absorption methods. This transformation leads to ___________.
Photo-induced transformation of retinal from the cis to trans form has been characterized using both absorbance and IR absorption methods. This transformation leads to visual perception.
Plank invented a new principle, in which matter is interpreted as consisting of a _____________________________
Plank invented a new principle, in which matter is interpreted as consisting of a collection of linear oscillators
____________________ is the relation developed by Plank where E=hv
Plank's Law is the relation developed by Plank where E=hv
Plotting cLB/cLF vs cLB can determine the ________________________________
Plotting cLB/cLF vs cLB can determine the number of binding sites/stoichiometry (p)
Plotting ln Kd vs 1/T (an __________________) produces a straight line
Plotting ln Kd vs 1/T (an Arrhenius Plot) produces a straight line
________ is a __________ that has two functions: Prevent molecules from diffusing into broad bands and provide a sieving material that obstructs the movement of larger particles more than smaller ones, allowing one to separate them.
Polyacrylamide is a support medium that has two functions: Prevent molecules from diffusing into broad bands and provide a sieving material that obstructs the movement of larger particles more than smaller ones, allowing one to separate them.
_______________________________________ only accept frequencies in which the quantum number n changes by delta = +- 1
Quantum mechanical selection rules only accept frequencies in which the quantum number n changes by delta = +- 1
Sometimes the sum produces a more intense signal at a given point in space and time (_______________________)
Sometimes the sum produces a more intense signal at a given point in space and time (constructive superposition)
Specialized _____ ______ sequences are used to make specific assignments within specific protein spin networks, where the pulses involve transfer of information only through _-________ _______.
Specialized filter pulse sequences are used to make specific assignments within specific protein spin networks, where the pulses involve transfer of information only through J-coupling networks.
Specific quantized values of __________________________ occur as integral multiples of h/2pi
Specific quantized values of angular momentum occur as integral multiples of h/2pi
_____ are made in much larger numbers; however, the net amount of cytoplasm used in the much ______ is comparable.
Sperm cells are made in much larger numbers; however, the net amount of cytoplasm used in the much larger eggs is comparable.
________________________ only pertains to macroscopic properties such as pressure, surface tension, etc.
Statistical Mechanics/Thermodynamics only pertains to macroscopic properties such as pressure, surface tension, etc.
_____ ______ __________is only sensitive to the _____ __ _______ _______ if the lifetime of the fluorophore (tau sub F) is comparable to the _____ ______ ______.
Steady state anisotropy is only sensitive to the rate of rotational diffusion ( 1/tau sub-c) if the lifetime of the fluorophore (tau sub F) is comparable to the rotational correlation time (tau sub-c).
_________: solvent moves with the particle; most particles stick.
Stick boundary conditions: solvent moves with the particle; most particles stick.
Substituting the Einstein relation for f into the Svedburg equation produces a second form in which the __________ can be determined from s and D.
Substituting the Einstein relation for f into the Svedburg equation produces a second form in which the molecular mass (M) can be determined from s and D.
Such chemicals that function to provide communication between individuals of the same species are called ________.
Such chemicals that function to provide communication between individuals of the same species are called pheromones.
____________________________ is used to study binding equilibria
Surface Plasma Resonance is used to study binding equilibria
T2 values are measured using a spin-echo pulse sequence, (90-t1-180-2t2-180-acquire)
T2 values are measured using a ___________________________, (90-t1-180-2t2-180-acquire)
The intensity of the diffraction spots is more important in determining the structure of the macromolecule than the pattern of the spots, which is mostly due to the space group pattern
The _________________________ is more important in determining the ________________________________ than the __________________________, which is mostly due to the ________________________
The 3 types of ionic interaction are: site bound, territorially bound, and the diffuse ion atmosphere, which includes ____________ counterions. In the simplified ____________ model, the DNA polyanion is treated as a single line of charges spaced a set distance from each other.
The 3 types of ionic interaction are: site bound, territorially bound, and the diffuse ion atmosphere, which includes atmospherically-bound counterions. In the simplified counterion condensation model, the DNA polyanion is treated as a single line of charges spaced a set distance from each other.
The ______________________ allows one to calculate the KIE in terms of rate constants
The Arrhenius equation allows one to calculate the KIE in terms of rate constants
The B-barrel protects the GFP from _________.
The B-barrel protects the GFP from quenching.
The ________ protein _____, and related variant protein constructs, contain 3 amino acids that undergo an oxidative reaction to form an intense __________.
The B-barrel protein GFP, and related variant protein constructs, contain 3 amino acids that undergo an oxidative reaction to form an intense intrinsic fluorophore.
The _______ ________ characterize the motion of the ______ with respect to measurements made from each of the three axes in the lab frame.
The Bloch equations characterize the motion of the vector with respect to measurements made from each of the three axes in the lab frame.
The ____________________________ indicates that protons only produce a macroscopically observable diffraction peak when this relation is true: n lambda = 2dsin(theta)
The Bragg Equation indicates that protons only produce a macroscopically observable diffraction peak when this relation is true: n lambda = 2dsin(theta)
The DNA may be forced to adopt a higher level of structure, referred to as _______.
The DNA may be forced to adopt a higher level of structure, referred to as supercoils.
The ________________________ is dependent on the product at two factors ei and ej
The Dirac Delta Function is dependent on the product at two factors ei and ej
The activation energy for rotation around the amide bond is calculated from the k values using the Arrhenius equation
The ___________________________ for rotation around the amide bond is calculated from the k values using the _______________________________
The measured quantity is the diffraction spot intensity F(Q)^2, not the unsquared function F(Q)
The ____________________________ is the diffraction spot intensity F(Q)^2, not the unsquared function F(Q)
The ___________ describes diffusion for the situation in which a particle moves with a velocity proportional to the applied force and is modulated by the energy kBT: D = kBT/f. In terms of friction during ________ f is proportional to s/[m(1-Vbarpo)], where s is the __________.
The Einstein-Smoluchowski equation describes diffusion for the situation in which a particle moves with a velocity proportional to the applied force and is modulated by the energy kBT: D = kBT/f. In terms of friction during sedimentation f is proportional to s/[m(1-Vbarpo)], where s is the sedimentation coeffiecient.
The _______ allows one to interconvert ________ with their equivalent _____________, which are often much easier to manipulate.
The Euler relation allows one to interconvert trigonometric (wave) expressions with their equivalent exponential functions, which are often much easier to manipulate.
The ________________________________ shows that solvent molecules occupy the volume of polymer ____________________
The Flory-Huggins Lattice Polymer Model shows that solvent molecules occupy the volume of polymer chain segments
The ______ _______ _______ experiment involves measuring fluctuations in fluorescence emitted from a very small volume and number of molecules. ______ _______ leads to stochastic appearance and disappearance of fluoresce from the observed volume. The fluctuations are recorded and then analyzed to calculate the autocorrelation function, which allows one to calculate the average diffusion time and the number of molecules in the ______.
The Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy experiment involves measuring fluctuations in fluorescence emitted from a very small volume and number of molecules. Brownian motion leads to stochastic appearance and disappearance of fluoresce from the observed volume. The fluctuations are recorded and then analyzed to calculate the autocorrelation function, which allows one to calculate the average diffusion time and the number of molecules in the volume.
The ____________________________ is the main stabilization factor of proteins, where <60 degrees C proteins are stable, and >60 degrees C proteins are denatured
The Hydrophobic effect is the main stabilization factor of proteins, where <60 degrees C proteins are stable, and >60 degrees C proteins are denatured
The _______________________________ shows the relation between ground and excited energy states
The Jablonski Diagram shows the relation between ground and excited energy states
The _______ _______ describes the dependence of J values on the dihedral angle between two protons located on adjacent carbons. A given J value generally corresponds to one of two possible dihedral angles, so one may sometimes use additional _______ to decide which value is correct.
The Karplus equation describes the dependence of J values on the dihedral angle between two protons located on adjacent carbons. A given J value generally corresponds to one of two possible dihedral angles, so one may sometimes use additional constraints to decide which value is correct.
The Larmor frequency gives the Larmor equation, which correlates _____ with ______ _____.
The Larmor frequency gives the Larmor equation, which correlates frequency with magnetic field.
The ___________ showed that DNA replication in E. coli cells is ______________ using ______________ and __________.
The Meselson and Stahl experiment showed that DNA replication in E. coli cells is semiconservative DNA replication using density gradient centrifugation and 14N/15N labeled nucleotides.
The _______________________ is determined as the midpoint value of [S] on the sigmoidal plot of V0 vs log [S]
The Michaelis constant (KM) is determined as the midpoint value of [S] on the sigmoidal plot of V0 vs log [S]
The ____________________________ equation describes the total potential energy (Vtot) of the system, using the ______________________________ to calculate it
The Molecular Mechanics Master equation describes the total potential energy (Vtot) of the system, using the bond-bending energetic contributions to calculate it
The _________________________ is the centerpiece of electrochemistry
The Nernst equation is the centerpiece of electrochemistry
The ____________________________ established a general theory of quantum mechanics in which the integers in the quantization arise naturally
The Schrodinger Equation established a general theory of quantum mechanics in which the integers in the quantization arise naturally
The T2 relaxation process involves loss of population _____ ________ in the x, y plane.
The T2 relaxation process involves loss of population phase coherence in the x, y plane.
The _________________________ is ln Keq = -deltaH/R T + deltaS/R
The Van't Hoff equation is ln Keq = -deltaH/R T + deltaS/R
The unit cell contains one or more copies of the macromolecule packed in some organizational pattern
The __________________ contains one or more copies of the macromolecule packed in some organizational pattern
The order parameter (S^2) characterizes the magnitude of fluctuation of the bond/vector between 2 atoms
The ____________________ (S^2) characterizes the magnitude of fluctuation of the bond/vector between 2 atoms
The inter-atom vector R is reciprocally related to the scattering vector Q
The ____________________ R is ____________________ to the ______________________ Q
The phase difference between 2 waves is: delta = 2rdelta/lambda
The _____________________ between 2 waves is: delta = 2rdelta/lambda
The vector diagram shows that the magnetization defocuses prior to the 180 pulse then refocuses after
The ________________________ shows that the ______________________________ prior to the 180 pulse then ___________ after
The structure of the particle f(r) can be calculated from the observed scattering amplitude F(Q) using Fourier Transform
The ______________________________ f(r) can be calculated from the observed ___________________________ F(Q) using Fourier Transform
The amount of _______________________ (qj) is: qj = Vcell/deltaH delta[Lj,bound]
The amount of heat absorbed and released (qj) is: qj = Vcell/deltaH delta[Lj,bound]
The _________ (G) is equal to the square of the _________ (w) of the rotor times the _____________ (r ) of the particle from the center of the ______.
The applied centrifugal field (G) is equal to the square of the angular velocity (w) of the rotor times the radial distance (r ) of the particle from the center of the rotor.
The _______________________ vs free ligand concentration (cLF) has equal error at every point on the plot
The binding function (r) vs free ligand concentration (cLF) has equal error at every point on the plot
The bra-ket form of the Schrodinger equation is: H[psi> = E[psi>, where psi is the ____________________. E is the ______________________ of the _______________________ H. The ________________ is P = [psi psi*]
The bra-ket form of the Schrodinger equation is: H[psi> = E[psi>, where psi is the eigenfunction. E is the eigenvalue of the Hamiltonian Operator H. The probability is P = [psi psi*]
The ___________________________ defines the concentration dependance of deltaG
The chemical potential defines the concentration dependance of deltaG
The ________________________ is: w=2pi v = 2pi c/lambda, where v is the ________________ in Hz
The circular (radial) frequency is: w=2pi v = 2pi c/lambda, where v is the frequency in Hz
The _________ data acquired during each half of the duty cycle is stored as Al and Ar, respectively.
The circular dichroism data acquired during each half of the duty cycle is stored as Al and Ar, respectively.
The _______________________________ in terms of ____________ is: [AB]/[A]tot = 1-[X]/([X] + IC50)
The competition equation in terms of IC50 is: [AB]/[A]tot = 1-[X]/([X] + IC50)
The time required for ____ __ _______ after a brief excitation pulse is used to determine the ________ ________ of the fluorophore.
The time required for decay of emission after a brief excitation pulse is used to determine the fluorescence lifetime of the fluorophore.
The total free energy change for _________________________ is: deltaG = nF deltaPSI + 2.303 n R T deltapH, where the term deltaG/nF is the __________________________
The total free energy change for proton transport is: deltaG = nF deltaPSI + 2.303 n R T deltapH, where the term deltaG/nF is the proton motive force
The ____________________________ is described as zi e psi
The transmembrane potential is described as zi e psi
The typical standard ______________________ across a plasma membrane is -60 mV, with an excess of _____________________________
The typical standard electric potential across a plasma membrane is -60 mV, with an excess of negative charge inside the cell
The value of KM=[S] when V0 is equal to 1/2 of the ________________________
The value of KM=[S] when V0 is equal to 1/2 of the maximum initial velocity (Vmax)
The _________________________ psi(q,t) involves a set of ____________________ required to describe the system of interest
The wave function psi(q,t) involves a set of coordinates (q) required to describe the system of interest
The wave travels as the _______________________________ at right angles to and in phase with each other, perpendicular to the direction the wave propagates
The wave travels as the electrical (E) and magnetic (M) vectors oscillate at right angles to and in phase with each other, perpendicular to the direction the wave propagates
The ____________________ of emitted light is inversely proportional to its energy; a larger ___________________ (lambda) corresponds to smaller energy (E)
The wavelength of emitted light is inversely proportional to its energy; a larger wavelength (lambda) corresponds to smaller energy (E)
When a pulse is applied, the z spin flips into the x, y plane. As it relaxes back to the initial precession situation, the _________ of the _____ passes the ______ in the y direction. The spin returns to the z direction and the magnetization becomes progressively smaller. The signal describes a dampened sine wave called a _____ ________ ______.
When a pulse is applied, the z spin flips into the x, y plane. As it relaxes back to the initial precession situation, the magnetization of the spin passes the detector in the y direction. The spin returns to the z direction and the magnetization becomes progressively smaller. The signal describes a dampened sine wave called a free induction decay.
When electrons fall from S1 back to lower energy ______________________ in S0, ___________________________ are promoted to S1 by absorption
When electrons fall from S1 back to lower energy vibrational-rotational levels in S0, quantized energy changes are promoted to S1 by absorption
When i is ____________________ to j, the states do not overlap, state i is not __________________ to state i so they overlap perfectly
When i is orthogonal to j, the states do not overlap, state i is not orthogonal to state i so they overlap perfectly
When many states are possible, all of which may be exactly the same, called ____________________________
When many states are possible, all of which may be exactly the same, called degenerate states
When performing MRI, the object whose image is to be acquired is placed in a magnetic field that varies linearly from one end of the object to the other, a linear field gradient
When performing MRI, the object whose image is to be acquired is placed in a magnetic field that varies linearly from one end of the object to the other, a ___________________________
When the ______ is induced to "tilt" in one direction, the E vector of the light is rotated and ___________ is produced.
When the Pockels cell crystal is induced to "tilt" in one direction, the E vector of the light is rotated and right-handed circularly polarized light is produced.
When the _________ is switched back to the original structure, the E vector is rotated in the opposite direction to produce __________.
When the Pockels cell crystal is switched back to the original structure, the E vector is rotated in the opposite direction to produce left-handed circularly polarized light.
When the electrons fall from S1 back to lower energy _________ in So, the ___________ are the same as when electrons are promoted to S1 by absorption.
When the electrons fall from S1 back to lower energy vibrational-rotational levels in So, the quantized energy changes are the same as when electrons are promoted to S1 by absorption.
When the pulse is applied, the power is adjusted in order to make the time required to achieve the ____ _______of the spin dipole short. The short time leads to a ______ ______ __ _________.
When the pulse is applied, the power is adjusted in order to make the time required to achieve the 90degree rotation of the spin dipole short. The short time leads to a broad band of excitation.
When the two ends of a linear DNA are joined to the other two ends to produce a circularized species, the ends cannot rotate with respect to each other, creating a ___________.
When the two ends of a linear DNA are joined to the other two ends to produce a circularized species, the ends cannot rotate with respect to each other, creating a topological constraint.
When we ________ _______ the Free Induction Decay, we get a single peak in the _______ ______.
When we Fourier Transform the Free Induction Decay, we get a single peak in the frequency domain.
Wilson and Sommerfield developed a way to characterize ______________________, in which oscillations occur but mass is constrained to a __________________________
Wilson and Sommerfield developed a way to characterize stationary state, in which oscillations occur but mass is constrained to a single geometric center
With ________, the _________ can survive for a much longer time period - allowing it to nurture the fertilized zygote.
With more cytoplasm, the larger egg can survive for a much longer time period - allowing it to nurture the fertilized zygote.
Heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy (HETCOR) is a 20 technique that allows one to determine the J-coupling patterns between H and C, or N
__________________________ is a 20 technique that allows one to determine the J-coupling patterns between H and C, or N
More clearly defined atomic details is achieved by measuring and analyzing data at larger (h, k, l) values in reciprocal space
________________________________________ is achieved by measuring and analyzing data at larger (h, k, l) values in reciprocal space
deltaGo' is the _________, and deltaG is the actual free energy
deltaGo' is the standard state free energy, and deltaG is the actual free energy
The term Q is called the _________ coefficient, or partition coefficient.
mass action