Benchmark Q3

Liberal

- More protection from the government - more laws and taxes to provide protection -more government agencies (big central federal government) -change is okay.

What were four freedoms all citizens should have according to FDR?

- The Freedom of speech and expression - Freedom to worship God in our own way - Freedom from want, meaning economic understandings will allow for all people to have a healthy peacetime life - Freedom from fear, which meant the world-wide reduction of war equipment to prevent war and the general threat of aggression

Jane Addams

-1860 -1935. She was the founder of the first settlement house movement -Created the Hull House: The most famous settlement house in America which offered critical social services, such as health care, education, and foster care to the poor. -Opened to help Euro. immigrants. -Settlement house: Institution that provided various community services especially to large city immigrants and poor places. -Won the nobel peace prize in 1931 as president of -Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. -Importance: Advocate for poor, women, peace, and immigrants. ~Opened horizons for immigrants and the poor by her settlement house movement. ~Went against child labor, supported suffrage, and promoted reforms. ~Settlement houses are still present today, and offer services just as she did.

Summarize what the Progressive movement was about.

-1890-1920, urbanization, immigration and industrialization caused social and political problems in America. -Progressivism aimed to improve social and political problems caused by the three factors. Such as improving work and living conditions in America. It began as a social movement and later on grew to be a political movement. -Progressives were reformers who tried to fix the problems of the Gilded age. - Writers (Muckrakers) wrote about problems to give info to the public. -Scientists: study the problem and recommended laws to fix it -Gov: made laws to fix problems. Urged Americans to think about democracy and to vote, and also to not be scared of immigrants. Exposed corporate greed.

Ida Tarbell

-Attacked John D. Rockefeller's Monopoly in her book "The History of Standard Oil." -Muckraker who wrote in the magazine Mcclure's in 1921. -Published the history of standard oil in 1904. -Her reporting lead to the breakup of Standard Oil monopoly. -Exposed unfair practices of Standard Oil Company. (horizontal then vertical, reaped profits but did not pay workers well, drove competition out of businesses, and then hiked up their prices. ~Importance: Her investigations lead to the breakup of monopolies and trusts. Took standard oil to be investigated in 1911, showing that they violated the Sherman Antitrust Act.

Negative Accomplishments of Reconstruction

-Black codes (limited slaves from traveling, working, voting) - segregation - KKK clan -Jim Crow Laws: segregation against AA and whites is legal -Share cropping: slaves shared their owners land and had to give a share of their crops, left them w/ no profit and in debt.

Americanization

-Blend people into American culture. Key to immigrant children's success. -Immigrants were taught to have American names, learn English, and US history/culture. -Making immigrants a true American by abandoning their previous cultures. - However, many immigrants objected and did not want to abandon their ethnic values bc many stayed in ethnic neighborhoods.

What followed the explosion of the battleship Maine in Havana Harbor?

-February 15, 1898. -The biggest question was who sank the battleship Maine. -Yellow Journalism boomed, where writers exaggerated news to lure and enrage readers. -William Randolph Hearst offered $50k for the capture of spaniards who played a role in blowing up the ship. - The US Maine was sent to Cuba to bring home U.S citizens who were in danger due to fighting going on 260k men killed

Positive accomplishments of Reconstruction

-Freedmen's Bureau- Congress gave newly freed African Americans food, housing, education, health care and employment as well as legal advice. -Freedmen able to own land and live a free life -South and North United -Three Amendments: 13th, 14th and 15th African Americans became more involved, took gov. positions and established schools. -Forced congress to allow slaves to vote and be freed.

Why were the Conservatives opposed to the New Deal?

Conservatives believed in a limited government. They wanted more freedom and less government interference. The New deal contradicted that, as it meant the government would have to have a more hands on approach. They thought the new deal would give the government more power, power may be used to oppress people.

Explain Kennedy's New Frontier and Johnson's Great Society.

Kennedy's New Frontier was that he used this speech to inspire Americans to support his cause and he addressed the current issue of the fears being installed in Americans in the day and age. He wanted to increase education, health insurance and improve urban affairs. The Great Society followed Kennedy's New Frontiers of opportunities, as Lyndon B. Johnson enforced domestic programs to eliminate injustices and poverty.

What events led up to the U. S. entering WWI?

MANIA: Militarism, Alliances, Nationalism, Imperialism, and Assasination Nationalism Nationalism threatened minority groups within a nation Social Darwinism Serbia emerging as an independent nation challenged Austria-Hungary Militarism produced arms race, glorification of war. Germany v. Britain Alliances Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy Triple Entente: France, Russia, and Great Britain Acted restlessly, if war erupted powerful allies obligation to fight w/ them Assassination: MAJOR! June 28th, 1914: Archduke Francis Ferdinand- heir to Austria Hungary and wife Sophie left to Sarajevo Handful of bosnians had other plans, saw F.F as a tyrant Archduke's driver made a wrong term; Gavrilo Princip, one of the conspirators noticed the couple in the car, pulled a pistol from his pocket Fired twice, Sophie then F.F died LEAD TO WAR!! Alliances began. Germany v. Russia France vs. Germany Germany v. Belgium Central Powers: Germany and Austria Hungary Allies: Britain, France, Russia, and Serbia Britain put a blockade on Germany, named every product contraband German submarines violated neutral rights, Germany responded by putting a blockade on Britain even though it lacked naval forces Sank allied ships using u-boats or submarines Americans said ship that is unarmed and unresisting should not be sunk w/o being warned (Lusitania) Germany said they would not sink anymore passenger ships 1916: Germany violated promise by sinking unarmed French ship the Sussex Sussex pledge would not last long US entered war Effects on home front Women took jobs traditionally/previously held by men who have enlisted in the war They worked as nurses, munitions factories (supplied troops with equipment used to fight), railroads, telegraph, trolley conductors, etc. Total war: civilians were involved in war, rationing African Americans moved to Northern cities to find jobs; experienced racial discrimination Propaganda changed the opinion of Americans in regards to the war.

"Big stick" diplomacy.

T.R believed we should carry a big stick but speak softly - Signified U.S's willingness to use military (navy and all) as an international police power - In Rooselvelt collary said he would use force to protect econ. interests in Latin America and the Western Hemisphere - Part of the whole new imperialism, colonialism drama that happened in late 19th early 20th century for relative world power. - US, Eu, and Jap. all sought empires for economic (free market enterprise), strategic (military), and missonary (religious) reasons. Importance: Roosevelt's diplomacy meant that he would protect Latin American interests from Eu. interests, doing whatever it takes, force and all, to do so. He later added the roosevelt collary to the Monroe Doctrine.

How did the Gulf of Tonkin resolution lead us to war in Vietnam?

The Gulf of Tonkin resolution lead to war because on August 7, 1964, Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin resolution which allowed President Lyndon B. Johnson to take any measures in order to ensure international peace and security in Southeast Asia and defend U.S forces in southeast Asia as Johnson launched a bombing campaign on the North which allowed U.S forces to have open warfare in North Vietnam. Led U.S to enter war basically. Gulf Tonkin: off the coast of North Vietnam.

Define the Marshall Plan, domino theory, Red Scare, and Truman doctrine.

The Marshall Plan was designed to send $17billion to finance the economic recovery of Western Europe: provided food to reduce famine, fuel to heat houses and factories and money to jumpstart economic growth between 1948 to 1951, also offered to Satellite states but Stalin refused. Red Scare: Communist activities with strikes across United States prompted first ever American Red Scare. A wave of widespread suspected communist and radicals thought to be plotting within the United states. Leading figure was Palmer who led the Palmer raids: police arrested thousands of people who were radicals or immigrants from Southern/Eastern Europe and deported. Suspicion of communism and fear of widespread infiltration of communism in U.S and hysteria. Truman Doctrine: U.S sent $400 million in aid to Greece and Turkey to prevent communist take over, passed in March 1947. Wanted to scare American people into supporting plan and defined U.S policy for next 20 years The domino theory: Cold War policy that suggested a communist government in one nation would quickly lead to communist takeovers in neighboring states, each falling like a perfectly aligned row of dominos. Comm. failed to spread in Southeast Asia; only Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia

How was the Tet offensive a turning point in the war?

The Tet offensive was a turning point of the war because the tet offensives were a series of attacks that were led by communist forces, in early 1968, the communists held attacks during the time of tet which showed they were not about to stop anytime. Johnson and others believed the Vietnam war was coming to a quick end, but the tet offensive proved the war was far from being over. This also led Johnson to reconsider his constant bombing of N. Vietnam, trying to lessen the frequency of it.

Depositors withdrawing all the money out of their accounts had what effect on banks?

The banks lost money or liquidity: the ability of which assets can be converted into cash, and eventually collapsed. The bank was unable to provide the cash that was needed as they too invested in the stock market. The banks failed.

What effect did the New Deal have on the role of gov't in the US?

The government began to have a more hands on approach The goverment began to play a bigger role in the economy. Such as housing. The government had a bigger role and more responsibility. -B4 the new deal, the government played a laissez faire approach. They did not regulate banks or buisnesses. Now, the government has a bigger role in the economy and buisness.

pump priming

The spending of gov. funds in commerical enterprises which stimulated the government's economy. Derived from creation of RFC which was designed to make loans to the industry Importance: Designed to stimulate economic growth

What is a trust and why were they formed?

Trust: combination of companies controlling an industry- reduced competition. -John D. Rockefeller exercised this. Companies merged by buying out the stock of another company. -Companies turn their stocks over to a group of trustees who were people that ran the companies as one large company and each company profited. -On paper, it seemed as though they were separate companies but they really were not. -Resulted in Sherman AntiTrust act 1890

Identify Tuskegee airmen, 442nd, and Navajo Code Talkers.

Tuskegee airmen: Escorted and protected planes that carried bombs, most popular of escort crew. Special unit of African American pilots, more than 1,500k missions over Europe. Did not lose a single bomber. 442nd: Unit of the United States Army that was all Japanese Americans and fought primarily in Europe during WWII, most highly decorated unit in the history of the United States Armed Forces Navajo Code talkers: played a vital role in Pacific island hopping campaign. Used a code based on their own language, mystery to Japanese. Navajo radio operators sent critical message from island to island. Used knowledge of Native American language to transmit coded messages. Around 400-500 in Marine Corps.

The main goals of the United Nations.

United States led united Nations. Founded after WW11 in 1946. All members sat on General Assembly. Five Major allies: United States, Soviet Union, Britain, France, and China were assigned permanent seats on most powerful arm of U.N. Maintain world peace, develop good relations between countries, promote cooperation to solve world problems, and encourage respect for known rights.

Identify Vietminh and Vietcong, and what their strategy was.

Viet Minh: organization that aimed to win Vietnam's independence from foreign rule which was lead by Ho CHi Minh which fought with the French to liberate Vietnam. The Vietminh outran the French forcing them to surrender wanted independance from France empire and Japan. Vietcong: a communist opposition group in the South which attacked the Diem government and assassinated thousands of South Vietnamese officials.They used surprise/guerilla attacks and destroyed roads and bridges supplied by communists ad North Vietnam wanted to weaken Diem's control on South Vietnam.

Define Vietnamization.

Vietnamization was the withdrawal of American troops and increase of military involvement. Which withdrew American soldiers and replaced them with Vietnamese ones supplying them with American equipment which allowed for Vietnam to fight for their cause. The Vietnam war had several outcomes, many casualties of American troops resulted and $167 billion was spent to fund the war. Then, in 1975, Vietnam fell to communism which resulted in the domino theory that lead Cambodia and Laos to fall to communism as well. As a result of the war, America withdrew itself from the Vietnam war instead of furthering tensions that would prevent progress. South Vietnam continued to fight the communists but eventually gave in and united as a communist country.

What New Deal program extended job opportunities to Mexican-Americans? Identify the WPA and court packing.

WPA and court packing. WPA and CCC M.A worked in farms so they were affected and lost their jobs WPA provided jobs for M.A in relief programs Works Progress Administration: employed several unskilled men, like immigrants to help with public work programs. Like building public buildings and roads. CCC: provided jobs for men, such as replanting forests and establishing trails Court packing: Increased the size of the Supreme Court and bring new justices who would change the balance of opinion in the court. Court justices from 9 to 15.

Describe the goals and impact of the Women's suffrage movement including National American Women's Suffrage Association (NAWSA). Women's suffrage urged women to be in political parties and gain the rights to vote around the 1920s.

-Goal: for women to have a greater role in society and politics. -Effects: Women were able to take on greater roles in society, able to enter male dominated professions and attend college. Secure place in society. More education opportunities lead to women to see their potential and so they took on careers. Women's salaries increased as well, although it was not equal to men. Women gained more rights/privileges. Women were basically able to vote! NAWSA: formed in May 5, 1869. Wanted women to have more rights, including the right to vote. Key figures: Carrie Chapman Catt, Susan B. Anthony. Impact: played a huge role in women gaining the rights to vote in 1920.

Why did Hamilton and Jefferson argue over the idea of a national bank?

-Hamilton wanted a central bank because he believed it would stabilize American Economy. -Jefferson believed the opposite, he believed the constitution should be followed word for word, and if it does not, then it is unconstitutional. -He believed that a central bank would only father northern industrial interests and ignore South, since he believed Southern states already paid off the debt. -while Hamilton believed federal gov't should take over and pay debt for all states. -National Bank would make Fed. Gov too powerful, Jefferson believed states should take over their own finances.

How Natural Laws Influenced the Enlightenment

-It influenced the enlightenment because the enlightenment was all about learning reason and logic to solve problems. - Therefore, many believed that to become enlightened they have to learn through reason and logic to solve their problems.

How did the colonists justify ending their political ties to Britain?

-Justified it in the Declaration of Independence. -Thomas Jefferson wrote it, and he believed that people get the right to rule from the consent of the people. -He believed that all men deserved unalienable rights: life, liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness. ----The gov must give ppl these rights and if they do not, the people have a right to overthrow the government. - The colonies were oppressed by the king so they have a right to disband from his rule. -July 4th, 1776 -grievances

What caused the migration of people from rural areas of the country to urban areas?

-Lack of opportunities in rural areas. Urban cities had more jobs available. - During 1865 to early 1900s factories replaced farming as the main source of economic growth, so farmers wanted to go to urban areas to find more job opportunities. - There was also more education opportunities and job opportunities in Urban Areas. African Americans also migrated: known as "Great Migration." -Technology, higher wages and standard of living. -Rise of industrial revo.

What flaws in the Articles of Confederation caused the drafting of the Constitution?

-Made central government too weak, federal government under articles did not have power b/c they were unable to enforce their laws. - The constitution was much stronger and flexible, and was able to become the basic principles/laws a nation follows.

Upton Sinclair.

-Muckraker who exposed workers problems and unsafe food in "The Jungle." Revealed disgusting parts of the Meat Packing Industry. Fiction, but based on the things Sinclair has seen. ~Importance: lead to many food reforms that are still present to this day. - Such as the Pure foods and drug act, meat inspection act.

Characterize the nativists attitudes about immigration?

-Nativists: a position of preserving status for people living in a certain nation. -Basically preserving culture. Favored greater rights for white and native born Americans. -Nativists did not like immigration because they were afraid immigrants would spoil America's cultural values

Explain what happened on Black Tuesday.

-October 29, 1929. - Stock market crashed with 16.5 million "shares" sold, prices dropped. - Those who bought on margin/credit were stuck with huge debts. -After Black Tuesday, many Americans panicked and withdrew their money, the unemployed could not pay back credit debt and banks that invested in the stock market lost money. -The government also had low cash reserve requirements and people lost their savings.

Compare and contrast the Populists and Progressives.

-Populists: Rural areas. Reformers sought to take the burden of debt off farmers and other workers. They wanted to give a greater voice to farmers and people in government. Political reforms for farmers in debt. Lead by farmers. 19th century. Sought for economic reforms. -Progressives: Lead by highly educated leaders who believed they should use their education to benefit society. Changing political system: less corruption and better living and working conditions. 20th century. -Both: wanted social and political reforms. They knew that the 3 factors lead to problems, so both movements sought to solve such problems. Both sought to get rid of corrupt government officials and the abuse of workers.

Florence Kelley

-Reformer who sought to prohibit child labor and improve working conditions for female workers. -Social reformer for women, children, AA, and consumers. -Served as general secretary for national consumers league: represented consumers on marketplace and worker issues. -Importance: Sought to establish minimum wage, eight hour workdays, and children's rights, still present today.

Margaret Sanger

-Sought to legalize birth control in early 1900s. As a nurse, she saw the poor suffering caused by unwanted pregnancies. ~Importance: founded the first birth control clinic in the US and the American Birth Control league, which later became Planned Parenthood. ~Advocation for birth control lead to many reforms.

Why did T. Roosevelt use troops in Panama?

-The Panama isthmus was under the control of Columbia and they refused to give us permission to build on the land. -We supplied weapons and organized a handful of Panamanian rebels and encouraged them to start a revolution against Columbia. -The Panamainans won and we took their land to build a canal. We signed a treaty with Panama that gave us the right to build a Canal there for $10 million. -The finishing of the Panama Canal became Important part of the US becoming a world power. -We could now use the canal for strategic(military) reasons to combine our Pacific ad Atlantic fleet, and use it to facilitate trade in the region. -In summary, because the Columbians did not allow for us to build the Panama Canal on their land, so we had to use force to take it. -Support panamian rebels and build canal or cheaper price.

Explain the events that led to the annexation of Hawaii by the U.S.?

-The US wanted Hawaii because they believed foreign markets are the answer to the thirst for new markets and unemployment as American businesses were making more than people could buy and they needed new customers in the market. -The US took Hawaii which signified a cry for annexation and the end of a monarchy because Hawaii was economically important to the US since merchants stop on their way there to China/East India. -Military and economic leaders valued the island and so they pressured Hawaii into letting them build naval base in Pearl Harbor. -Hawaii's King Kalakaua had been strong armed by white business leaders who forced him to amend the constitution to grant voting rights to wealthy landowners. -The King died and Queen Liliuokalani steps up. With help of marines, ambassador John Stevens organized a revolution. Sanford B/ Dole set up a government. -Pres. Cleveland wants queen restored to power when Dole refuses to give up his power. Pres. Cleveland recognizes republic of Hawaii and refuses to consider annexation unless Hawaiians favor it. -1897: Mckinley is pres. wants annexation. Congress reclaims Hawaii as an American Territory in 1898 - Hawaii becomes 50th state in 1959.

What problem did Upton Sinclair expose in his book The Jungle?

-The harsh conditions of the meat packing industry. -He exposed the sick conditions of the meat industry and the exploitation of men and women workers for profit. -This resulted in the Meat Inspection Act (1906) which rallied for clean standards -As well as the pure food and drug act which called for truth in labeling and getting rid of contaminated food.

Natural Laws

-Things that can be learned through observation, reason, and logic. -People live their lives and organize their society on the basic set of rules laid down by God. Everyone inherently deserves such rights.

How does the idea of separation of powers apply to our government?

-Three branches that make up government: Legislative (congress), executive (pres.), and judicial (supreme court). -The separation of powers applies to the government because by limiting the branches powers, making sure that they check one another so no branch is too powerful ensures that no tyranny or oppression will happen.

What aspects of John Locke's ideas about government influenced Jefferson's writing of the Declaration of Independence?

-Three natural rights: life, liberty, and property. should be by the people and for the people, which is what the D.O.I is all about, it is about giving the people the right to govern themselves how they want to and they have a right to take down a government that does not allow them freedom.

Purpose of The Federalists Paper

-Written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, & John Jay. -Essays that appeared to be anonymous appearing in newspapers between 1787-1788. -Important b/c it played a role in interpreting and understanding the original intent of the Constitution. -Originally used to persuade anti-federalists to ratify the constitution: approve it to be used statewide.

Great Compromise

-there should be 2 houses: senate and the house of representatives. -Senate: 2 senates per state - H.O.R: representation based on population every state gets 2 senate -Synthesized NJ and Virginia plan b/c it resolved the differences between both plans. It allowed both plans to be combined to come to an agreement.

Describe Senator Joe McCarthy's tactics and downfall, define McCarthyism

America was unconfident and so Americans worried about nation's security. McCarthy took advantage of the fear and helplessness. Believed that traitors were inside the U.S Smear Tactics: accused people without substantial evidence. McCarthyism made allegations, McCarthy discredited legitimate concerns about domestic communism. Rose to power through McCarthyism. McCarthyism: campaign against alleged communists in the US government and other institutions carried out under Senator Joseph McCarthy in the period 1950-54. Many of the accused were blacklisted or lost their jobs, although most did not in fact belong to the Communist Party. Attacked George Marshall, national hero and Marshall plan. In 1954, after going after U.S army, officials responded that it was self motivated. Senate censured him for his reckless accusations, still served in the Senate but lost all power and influence. Signaled downfall of red Scare. Nation damaged by suppression of free speech and lack of open honest debate and came to realize importance of democratic institutions.

What did the anti-Federalists demand before they would ratify the Constitution?

Anti Federalists believed that a list of rights was crucial, so they demanded a Bill of Rights in the Constitution.

List the reasons for Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor.

Attack on December 7, 1941. Tensions between Japan and U.S were mounting Japan was isolated but then invaded Manchuria, in 1931. League of Nations condemned invasion, and Japan withdrew from L.O.N until 1945. U.S began to pass econ. Sanctions against Japan: trade embargoes on aircraft exports, oil and scrap metal, among other key goods. In September 1940, Japan signed the Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy, the two fascist regimes then at war with the Allies. May 1940, the United States had made Pearl Harbor the main base for its Pacific Fleet. As Americans didn't expect the Japanese to attack first in Hawaii, some 4,000 miles away from the Japanese mainland, the base at Pearl Harbor was left relatively undefended, making it an easy target. Admiral Yamamoto planned attack to destroy Pacific Fleet. Aimed to destroy Pacific Fleet and morale of U.S navy so that it will not fight back Japanese forces. Hit all eight U.S. battleships, sinking four and damaging four others, destroyed or damaged more than 300 aircraft and killed some 2,400 sailors at Pearl Harbor Increase need for natural resources for Japanese expansion in the Pacific: oil, mineral, steel to expand Asia and the Pacific. Conquer Philippines U.S placed restriction on Japan Business: Japanese assets in U.S were frozen. Japan wanted to expand in the pacific: military and political leaders saw U.S and Japan war was inevitable and to avoid was to create an attack, Japan did that. 2,500 Americans, 18 ships and 300 air planes destroyed. No expansion, no acquiring natural resources, and restrictions lifted.

John Steinbeck

Author who wrote the "Grapes of Wrath" Realist writer Set during the Great Depression Importance: Wrote about the reality of the Great Depression. Centered around a family of "Okies" who moved to Cali due to the dust storms to find jobs, land, and dignity. Wanted readers to see how it was really like for dust bowl residents.

Identify the Battle of Midway, Bulge, Okinawa and Iwo Jima.

Battle of Midway: Turning point of the war in the Pacific, ending the seemingly unstoppable Japanese advance. Admiral Yamamoto knew U.S navy was a threat,Yamamoto sought to destroy AMerican aircraft carriers in the Pacific, turned attention to Midway. American naval base in Central Pacific that as back to the California coast, wanted to take midway and establish military presence in Aleutians, string of islands off the coast of Alaska. Jap. still had powerful navy, commited troops, and positions. No longer would threaten Hawaii or Pacific. Battle of the Bulge: December 1944, Hitler demanded a counterattack. Allied troops strung out between the English Channel and the alps, German forces massed near the Ardennes. Hitler's scenario called for English-speaking German soldiers in U.S uniforms to cut telephone lines, change road signs, and spread confusion. German tanks would then secure communication and transportation hubs. Germans caught Allies by surprise created a bulge in the American line and captured sev. Key towns. At Belgian town of Bastogne, American forces held despite frostbite and brutal German assaults. On December 23, the skies cleared and Allies bombers attacked German positions. Allies went back on offensive and pushed Germans out of France. Attempted to drive a wedge between America and Britain, however, demoralized German troops. Battle of Okinawa Last major battle of WWII April 1, 1945, 180k U.S Army and Navy descended on Okinawa PArt of Operation Iceberg to invade and occupy Ryukyu Islands, including Okinawa. America knew if they successly executed this battle, they would have Japan. Larges assault in the Pacific War 82-day-long battle. After a long campaign of island hopping. the Allies were approaching Japan, and planned to use a large island close to mainland Japan as a base for air operations on the planned invasion of Japanese mainland many local civilians were killed or committed suicide Battle of Iwo Jima 19 February 1945 Marines landed in the Pacific in what was the largest all-Marine battle in history. It was also the bloodiest in Marine Corps history. The US suffered over 7,000 casualties. The capture of Iwo Jima greatly increased the air support and bombing operations against the Japanese home islands. US victory

What happened at the Bay of Pigs and Cuban Missile Crisis?

Bay of Pigs: After breaking diplomatic relations with Cuba in 1961, Eisenhower authorized the CIA to plan an invasion of Cuba to overthrow Castro. CIA recruited Cuban exiles and trained them in Gutamemala. Kennedy decided to implement the plan. April 17, 1961, CIA led Cuban exiles to attack CUba. However, it was mismanaged. Forces were poorly equipped and all except 300 invaders were killed or captured because the Cuban government knew about invasion in advance. Attempted to avoid war. Cuban Missile Crisis: 1962: U.S intelligence discovered that Soviets were building nuclear missile sites in CUba to protect Castro from another American invasion. Kennedy demanded removal of missiles. And Blamed Nikita Khrushchev and wanted to block Cuba to prevent Soviets from completing bases Indicated that he would remove U.S missiles in turkey and italy if Soviets removed missiles in Cuba. Missiles had possibility of hitting all states near Cuba. Navy escorts ships carrying USSR missiles, no more accepting missiles from USSR. Fulgencio Batista: dictator before castro

Truman's reason for using the atomic bomb on Japan.

By August, 1945 Japan had lost World War II, but there was little known of when Japan would surrender. They either could surrender or fight to the end so Truman decided to rush the end of the war through the bombing of Japan. End war quickly Less lives Keep Russia out of war as much as possible to not give credit to a Cold War

Goals of the New Deal.

Established the New Deal. Relief those suffering from the depression Reform the econ. Reforms that would prevent econ. crises Nationalwide bank holiday- eliminate paranoid bank withdrawls Acts Glass Steagall Banking Act (1933): separated investment and commercial banking activities Federal Securities Act: Regulate sales of securities/ stock market National Industrial Recovery Act: Developed codes of fair competition to gov and whole industries Agricultural Adjustment Act: Provided financial Aid to farmers Tennessee Valley Authority: Built dams to generate electricity Civilian COnservation Corps: Provided jobs for more than 2 million men, replanted forests and established trails Federal emergency relief act: Granted fed. funds to state and local agencies Public Works Administration: built bridges, dams, power plants, and gov. buildings Civil Works Administration: provided jobs for civil works and projects Home Owners Loan Corporation: loaned money and low interest rates to homeowners who could not meet mortgage payments In general, wanted quick relief and immediate recovery.

After he was elected, what was Roosevelt's first action to solve the economic problems?

Established the New Deal. Shut down banks: established Emergency Banking relief Act which allowed the Treasury Department to inspect and close banks which would restore public confidence in banks.

What factors may of hid the economic problems lurking below the economic "boom" of the twenties?

Factors such as there was an increase in production and also an increase in buying credit Americans purchased consumer goods on credit, which masked the problem in which eventually the unemployed would not be able to pay back their credit debt.

What was the economic situation of farmers during the 1920's?

Farmers made up ¼ of workforce During WW1 farmers were able to supply food to Britain and France, and increased harvest yields and bought more land, costly tractors and other mechanized farm equipment, led to huge debt. After demand for crops fell, production was still high due to mechanized farm equitment. After countries began growing their own food, there was overproduction so farmers found it hard to sell their food falling prices, farmers burdened with debt one in four farms sold to pay for debt and farmers moved to urban areas Few farmers had electricity or running water price of cotton crashed, dust storms destroyed crops Led to rural depressions, forced to sell in a competitve market they had no cash to buy consumer goods and lived on credit from month to month.

Who were Charles Coughlin, Francis Townsend, and Huey Long and what were their views on the depression?

Father Charles Coughlin Anti New deal Catholic priest Began broadcasting in 1930 and was silenced in 1942 when broadcasts became too radical. Believed great depression was a "Cash famine" Was for then against FDR Francis Townsend Retired physician who developed a plan in which the government would give monetary resources to those 60 and over Thought FDR was not doing enough believed by getting seniors to spend more money on consumer goods and by providing jobs for youth, great depression would end. Huey Long Louisiana govenor who ran powerful political machine and advocated for the redistribution of income. "Share the wealth" charge high taxes on wealthy and large corporations and redistribution of their income to poor Americas. Believed that by redistributing wealth, the great depression would improve.

The economic policies of Harding and Coolidge favored what aspect of the country's economy?

Favored the area of business growth, conservative Decreased national spending, Decrease debt Lowered taxes reduced regulations on buisness put into place by progressives

Causes of the Korean War...why was it a stalemate?

For attacking Japan at the end of WW11, the soviets allowed to maintain control of north korea until 38th parallel. Aimed to reunify Korea. June 25, 1950 North Korea crosses over the 38th parallel into South Korea. June 27th, Truman orders air and naval forces to assist Korea. U.N denounces North Korean act Macarthur commanded United nation troops and a counterattack pushed them back into the 38th, then they advanced north where Chinese helped North korea. N.K finally recognizes 38th parallel as the dividing line with South korea on July 27 1953. It was a stalemate because no one won, they both called it a draw and declared their border territories. It was a stalemate because no one won, they both called it a draw and declared their border territories as Chinese army pushed United Nation troops back to 38th parallel. No invasion of China to prevent WW3 U.N nation troops led by McArthur, not U.S!

Locate the Western Front and main trench lines.

France, Alsace, and Belgium North sea through Belgium and France Germany opened front by invading Luxemberg and Belgium

. How did Roosevelt try to help retirees?

He introduced the social securities act of 1935. Created a federal insurance program based on the automatic collection of taxes from employees and employers throughout people's working career Recieved in a monthly pension (benefits) Unemployed, disabled, and mothers also received this money.

The "crash" of 1929, what factors led to it?

High demand for consumer goods and ag. products led to overproduction BUT! a limit to consumption means a drop in demand, a drop in production, and eventually a drop in employment Wages did not increase but the cost of living did So, many Americans relied on credit which as helped by low intrest rates Americans suffered from high debt, low prices, and no electricity 2) Stock market Problems Stock market: shares of companies are bought and sold speculation: buying stocks and bonds hoping for a quick profit Margin: paying a small % of a stock's price as a down payment Stock market crashes on Oct. 29 1929 People who bought on margin/credit where stuck with huge debts 3) Bad Banking and Money Policies Many Americans panicked and withdrew their money Unemployed unable to pay back credit debt Banks who invested in stock market lost money

What was Hitler's "final solution" to Germany's problems? Define genocide.

Hitler's final solution was designed to exterminate Jewish people, and the extermination was not just limited to Europe. Genocide is the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially of a particular group or nation.

What was the Ho Chi Minh trail, and why did Nixon bomb it?

Ho Chi Minh Trail: Ho Chi Minh used to supply weapons to the Vietcong along the the borders of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. Nixon bombed it in hopes that N. Vietnam would call off the offensive they were planning and to hurry the end of the Vietnam war. As well as securing victory for the South who were fighting against Communism.

Why did Hoover take a cautious approach to solving the depression?

Hoover believed that the stock market crash was a natural occurrence in daily life. He believed that he should have a hands off policy and believed turmoil was natural. He believed money should be in the hands of people and businesses. Americans should join forces to combat the depression and gov. should not interfere with events. Rugged "individualism" encouraged businesses to regulate themselves. Provided direct relief: non profit organization that helped those in poverty.

What was the point of Nixon visiting China?

In 1973 Nixon announced an agreement with North Vietnam to end American involvement. He visited Brezhnev and Nixon visited him so that after Soviet China split, U.S could have a higher standing in the Cold War. Nixon visited China to maintain peace between the U.S and China which ended 25 years of tension filled no interaction. Which allowed America and China's relations to be normalized as well as the USSR.

List the results of the Vietnam War

In October 1972, U.S and North Vietnam came to terms on a peace settlement. January 1973 U.S and Vietnam and Vietcong signed Paris Peace Accords.Parties agreed to ceasefire and U.S troops withdrawal from South Vietnam, POW would be exchanged but N. Vietnam would still remain in South. More than 58k died and 300k wounded. Vietnamese 2 million. 1973: Nixon announced he will be abandoning Truman Doctrine due to the inability to contain communism. Communist power came into reign in Laos and Cambodia and Vietnam. (Domino theory) War divided Americans and led Americans to have a lack of confidence. Some argued America should have never entered the war in the first place, others felt it was needed to contain communism. Veterans suffered psychological effects. Lyndon B. Johnson's great society was ruined because their lacked funds. War undermined Americans' trust in their leaders and fragmented the Cold War consensus on foreign affairs. 1973: War Powers Act- restricted the President's war making powers by requiring him to consult with Congress within 48 hours of commiting. Vietnam was ruined; everything was destroyed and they had to fight wars with Cambodia and China before independence was secured Nearly 20 years before America intervened with world affairs. 167 billion spent on war.

What is the relationship between intensive farming and the dust bowl?

Intensive farming: using less area of land to farm but have large amounts of fertilizers and machinery Farmers plowed their soil too fine, which contributed to the creation of the dust bowl. Early 1920s and 1930s, farmers plowed their fields right after the previous harvest, leaving soil open for months until it was time to plow again soils dried out and began to blow, thus creating the Dust bowl. Over farming + drought = dust bowl Due to the dust bowl, farmers lost their crops and therefore had to relocate to urban areas/ elsewhere to start over. Intensive farming led to protected grasses being removed "Okies"

The Scopes trial revolved around the issues of

July 1925- sub violated Ten. But. Act which made it unlawful to teach human evolution. whether or not Darwin's theory of natural selection/Human evolution should be taught in school. John T. Scopes violated Tennessee's Butler Act

MLK's philosophy and tactics to achieve Civil Rights.

MLK believed that through being peaceful in his equality crusade would ensure that he would make a difference in the equality of minorities and the Civil Rights Movement. MLK's philosophy was based on peace, on progress. Although he encouraged peace, he wanted his followers to be resistant in order to achieve success and Civil Rights. He used tactics that exhibited his need for peaceful protest, from doing protests in public to make America aware of their desperate need for civil equality, to emphasizing his need to protest in a nonviolent manner, to serving as a leader for the Civil Rights movement by speaking out against the injustices and inspiring his followers to do the same. He also established many groups and lead many peaceful protests which began to get America to critically think about their lack of expressing equality for minorities. His peaceful tactics brought hope to Americans in a time where there was political and social unrest.

Conservative

More freedom - less laws and taxes - less government agencies (small government/individual state governments) -change is bad

collective bargaining

Negotiation between representatives of a union and employers (represented by management) Bargain wages, hours, benefits, etc. Importance: Allowed for fairness. By bargaining wages, hours, and benefits there was more fairness going on during work.

What was the Teapot Dome scandal and who was involved?

Oil reserves given to the Secretary of the interior's friend b/c undrr Harding's administration, they were corrupt and he did not understand the majority of the issues he was facing. Albert Fall was involved, charged for accepting bribes from oil companies to drill on federal land 1st cabinet official to be sent to prison Albert Fall transfered oil reserves in Elk Hills to Teapot Dome, Wyoming. Oil was intended for navy's use in time of emergency, Harding signed transfer. Fall leased properties to private oilmen in return for loans

Reparations

Payments Germany had to pay to the Allies for the damage they caused during WW1. Payments required by the Treaty of Versailles Importance: by paying reparations it was as if Germany was to be blamed for the war, and so they had to repay for the damages they caused in the war. As if Germany caused and accepted blame for the war.

Identify the Plessy v. Ferguson case, Brown v. Board, sit-ins, freedom riders, de jure and de facto segregation, Jim Crow laws.

Plessy vs. Ferguson case: Homer Plessy was denied being able to sit in a white car and was forced to sit in a colored car despite being majorly European. However, despite having a trial to talk about the wrong of segregating based on skin color, Plessy's case was not won and from that point, segregation was allowed because it was "Separate but equal." Brown vs. Board of Topeka: African American parents sued the Board of Topeka for its policy on racial segregation, they won as the court declared that racial segregation meant equality which then meant it was unconstitutional. Sit ins: four African American students sat down on February 1st 1960 in a white lunch counter, they were denied service and stayed there until closing time. The next day, a group of 30 students did the same thing to fight for equality, hostile students began to abuse the protestors but they still carried on, many began having this approach to protest racial segregation. Freedom riders: May 4, 1961 African Americans traveled on buses and used white only toilets and restaurants. A law began to be passed in 1960 that declared African Americans had equal rights as they did on the bus they must be able to have the same rights at terminals. De Jure segregation: legal seperation of people enforced by law. De Facto segregation: was legal racial seperation did by "facts" and not by law. Jim Crow Laws: enforced the segregation of African Americans from whites which denied African Americans social, economic, and political rights.

What prompted Americans to seek new leadership in 1932?

President Hoover's volunterism and "trickle down economy" had failed. He believed that by loaning money through providing money Reconstruction Finance Corportation: aimed to improve lack of credit, gave loans to railroads and big buisnesses. Believed that employers would employ more employees and banks would increase their loans. Believed the money would trickle down to those who needed it most, but it failed as they used the money for themselves. His hands off approach led to an even worse situation. He failed to recognize how truly severe the Great Depression was and contributed to making it even worse.

William Howard Taft.

President after Theodore Roosevelet Angered progressives due to cautious approach towards reforms Raised tarrifs Dollar Diplomacy; loaned money to Latin American countries so that they could repay their debts and then got the money back in one way or another Did this in Nicaragua by loaning enough money for them to repay their debts and then got the money back by collecting their custom duties. Guranteed loans made to foreign countries by American buisness people. Importance: busted trusts 27th president who went above and beyond what Teddy roosevelt did but lost roosevelts support and was defeated for a second term.

What made buying stock on margin profitable?

Profitable because there is a down payment of a stock's price and borrowing the rest from a bank or a broker. Value that was bought by stocks by borrowed money would fluctuate exponentially. They thought the prices of stock would go up. Allowed for a quick profit since a lot of people were buying and they did not need to have the funds to do so.

What was relationship between organized crime and prohibition, why?

Prohibition: banning of alcohol use manufacture, distribution and sale of alcohol anywhere in the US 18th amendment: forbid manufacture, distribution, and sale of alcohol in U.S. Volstead act passed to strenghten amendment. Laws and individual desires do not mix. 1917, 75% counties banned liquor speakeasies: places to drink alcohol secretly bootleggers: sold illegal alcohol organized crime spread to other areas of the city Relationship: more and more organized crime because of prohibition. Prohibition encouraged many to act out to sell alcohol and such. Prohibition opened a door for many to begin to do illegal things, such as sell, manufacture, or purchase alcohol.

The League of Nations was formed to

Purpose: L.O.N was an international organization to address diplomatic crises like those that sparked the war Provided forum for nations to discuss and settle their grievances w/o going to war Treaty of Versailles: Big Four: Wilson, Clemenceau, George, Orlando worked on treaty details for themselves Wilson conceded on most of his 14 points in return for establishment of L.O.N Wilson did not compromise with congress so there was no league Refusal to compromise w/ members of congress regarding league led to U.S never signing the Treaty of Versailles Isolationism: policy for remaining apart from from affairs or interests from other groups, political affairs of other countries.

Describe the push and pull factors of immigrants from their home countries?

Pushed Factors: -Religious and political persecution and mandatory military services pushed immigrants to leave their home countries. -As well as a lack of job opportunities for immigrants and a lack of freedom. - Pull factors included: -more jobs; immigrants were willing to come to the US for more job opportunities and were willing to work in factories for low wages. -As well as religious and political freedom. Higher standard of living overall.

What did the literature of the Harlem Renaissance reflect?

Reflected wanting to redefine white's views of african americans, the "new negro" of the 1920s. rebirth of literature in an African American space self sufficency in their literature, reflected on their views as an A.A of the world around them. 33. What was the Teapot Dome scandal and who was involved? Oil reserves given to the Secretary of the interior's friend b/c undrr Harding's administration, they were corrupt and he did not understand the majority of the issues he was facing. Albert Fall was involved, charged for accepting bribes from oil companies to drill on federal land 1st cabinet official to be sent to prison Albert Fall transfered oil reserves in Elk Hills to Teapot Dome, Wyoming. Oil was intended for navy's use in time of emergency, Harding signed transfer. Fall leased properties to private oilmen in return for loans

What is the SEC and what is its purpose?

Securities and Exchange Commission. Protect investors and and maintain a fair, orderly, and efficient market. Purpose: Protect investors from dangerous or illegal financial practices or fraud by requiring full and accurate financial disclosure by companies offering stocks, bonds, mutual funds, and other securities to the public.

What did Executive Order 9066 do?

Signed in February 19, 1942 President Franklin D. Roosevelt allowed removal of any or all people from military areas that they deemed necessary or desirable. Created concentration camps for Japanese, German, and Italian Americans. Wanted to prevent spying. Violated civil rights

What happened in the Berlin blockade and what was the US's response?

Soviet Union declared that their currency was official in all Berlin Blocked highways and railroads into West Berlin Shut off electric power U.S responded with the Berlin air lift in June 29, 1948, planes flew into Berlin to deliver supplies for 11 months non stop. Hamburg to Frankfurt into Berlin and then to Hanover. 4K supplies a day and 2.5 million tons during the 11 months. Eased German hatred towards its former enemies Dropped gifts May 1949: blockade lifted

Following WWI explain the course of the economy in the U. S.

When WW1 began, the US was in a recession But 44 month economic boom ensued from 1914-1918 b/c Eu. began purchasing U.S goods U.S's entry in WW1 caused federal spending which shifted national production from civilian to war materials 1914-1918 3 million added to military half a million to gov. So unemployment decreased War industries board created: ensure the support of organized labor during duration of war to help pay for war. Majority of war paid by money borrowed from the public, some taxes, some creation of money Price of goods and services increased average income increased inflation rose gov. spending for weapons and supplies cause a rise in demands for other goods goods also were overcharged to help pay for the war Manufacturing, production and efficiency had increased America: world industrial leader US economy was booming, profits were increasing which led to the period in American history called the Roaring Twenties with a massive rise in consumerism for the wealthy. Inflation was high so companies laid off workers to keep down operating costs So unions grew and 1919 saw a surge of strikes

"Moral" diplomacy.

Wilson argued that we had a moral responsibility to deny recognition to any Latin American country that was oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile to US interests. Importance: Used this in Mexico against General Victoriano Huerta in Vera Cruz. This ideology grew nations who believed in the same ideals the U.S did and damage the nations who did not in turn. Wanted to make more countries as democratic as ours is.

William Randolph Hearst.

Yellow journalist who tainted journalism. exaggerated news Offered 50k for the capture of spaniards who played a role in blowing up the USS Maine Importance: Introduced the idea of exaggerating news "clickbait" which forever changed the foundation of journalism.

Did Henry Ford affect the cost of the automobile and how did he do it?

Yes because he provided an automobile that fit the price limit of the average American. Steadily reduced his Model T. The automobile soon became a main part of American society rather than a luxury. Did so through an assembly line: helped produced automobiles in a fraction of the time, which allowed the prices of automobiles to go down and the need for workers to go up. Mass production: rapid manufacturing of large numbers of identical products. 1908: introduced Model T, reliable car the average american could afford $850, soon, opened a new plant on the Detroit River. Detroit location gave Ford access to steel, glass, oil, and rubber manufactured in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois Sciencetists help him find efficently and inexpensive ways to sell. Assembly lines: each worker does something to construct automobile, Model T from 12 hours to 90 minutes. Allowed Ford to drop prices from $350 n 1916 to $290 in 1927.

Anti-Federalists

against the constitution, wanted strong state gov.

15th amendment

all men (including African Americans) deserve the right to vote.

Define the Lend-Lease act and how it led us to war. -

allowed sales or loans of war materials to any country whose defense the president deems vital to the defense of the U.S -Late 1940 and passed in March 1941. -Providing U.S. military aid to foreign nations during World War II. It authorized the president to transfer arms or any other defense materials for which Congress appropriated money to "the government of any country whose defense the President deems vital to the defense of the United States." -By allowing the transfer of supplies without compensation to Britain, China, the Soviet Union and other countries, the act permitted the United States to support its war interests without being overextended in battle. - America= great arsenal for democracy - Econ. decoration of war against Germany and Axis Powers b/c U.S sent aid to Allies. -because America lent war equipment to Britain, it allowed Britain to continue fighting and lead America to integrate into war effort.

13th amendment

no slavery allowed

14th amendment

states could not limit the rights of citizens

Federalists:

supporters of the constitution, wanted a strong central gov.