Bernstein's Learning Stages
Dominant vs. Non dominant handwriting
>Fewer DOF in non dominant limb >Dominant- showed wrist, elbow, and shoulder moving independently
Balancing on platform stage 2 (more practice)
>High frequency >High amplitude
Evidence for Bernstein's
>Initial low amp and high freq >after multiple practice days- high amp and freq >more use of joints through practice
Stage 1 (Freeze Limbs)
>Learner attempts to freeze as many DOF as possible -Restricting independence of body parts >Success is then achieved b/c there is less that can go wrong
Expert vs. Novice pistol shooter
>Novices-lock the DOF in arms >Experts- no locking; use compensatory actions which allow more arm control and less pistol motion
Stage 2 (Release Limbs)
>Practice ups the independence of the body parts >Constraints on DOF are down, allowing greater independent motion
Balancing on platforms stage 1
>difficulty moving the platform >low amplitude >high frequency >restricted movements
Stage 3 (Exploitation with Environment)
>motor system takes advantage of mechanical-inertial properties of the limbs >less need for info processing >faster movements >less energy costs
Bernstein's Perspective
Learning means you are solving the degrees of freedom problem
Bernstein's Learning Stages
Learning occurs in three stages: 1. freeze limbs 2. release limbs 3. exploitation with environment
Evidence Against Bernstein
One size does not fit all ---task dependent
Bernstein's Perspective (Coordinative Structures)
formed by constraining or limiting potential options (muscles/joints) appropriately for a particular movement pattern ex. pole vaulters form coordinative structures to swing their trail leg forward & row arms down while keeping arms & legs straight