BI 112 TEST 4

Given these parts of a nephron: 1. loop of Henle, 2. collecting duct, 3. Bowman's capsule, 4. distal tubule, 5. proximal tubule. Arrange the parts in order as fluid flows through the nephron.

35142

The second fetus of a mother may be harmed or killed if the mother's blood type is ____ and the fetus (and the prior fetus) blood type is ____. A+ ... A+ O- ... O- A+ ... A- O- ... O+

A+...A+

The regulation of water volume in the blood involves which hormone?

ADH

A macromolecule produced in the body, which recognizes another molecule as "foreign" to the body, is a(n) _____.

ANTIBODY

____ that are transferred from mother to child through the placenta (and breastmilk) provide ____ immunity for the child. T cells ... active Antibodies ... active T cells ... passive Antibodies ... passive

Antibodies ... passive

Which statment best describes the difference in responses of effector B cells and cytotoxic T cells? B cells confer active immunity; cytotoxic T cells confer passive immunity. B cells kill viruses directly; cytotoxic T cells kill virus-infected cells. B cells secrete antibodies against a virus; cytotoxic T cells kill virus-infected cells. B cells accomplish the cell-mediated response; cytotoxic T cells accomplish the humoral response.

B cells secrete antibodies against a virus; cytotoxic T cells kill virus-infected cells.

____ stimulates oogenesis and spermatogenesis.

FSH

Every time you eat a cookie or candy bar, your blood sugar increases. This triggers an increase in the hormone _____.

INSULIN

What is the function of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle? It loses urea to the renal medulla, helping this tissue to maintain its concentration gradient of solutes. It helps maintain the concentration gradient of NaCl in the interstitial fluid, thus increasing water reabsorption. It absorbs some drugs and poisons from surrounding capillaries. It collects processed filtrate from the renal pelvis.

It helps maintain the concentration gradient of NaCl in the interstitial fluid, thus increasing water reabsorption.

What is the role of a second messenger in hormone action?

It relays a hormone's message inside a target cell.

Which of the following INCORRECTLY matches hormone with its effect? erythropoietin ... increases red blood cell production parathyroid hormone ... increases blood calcium LH ... controls maturation of T cells FSH ... stimulates spermatogenesis

LH ... controls maturation of T cells

Which of the following organs does NOT contain cells that secrete hormones? kidney brain intestine liver

Liver

Which of the following homones is NOT secreted by the anterior pituitary? melatonin prolactin FSH ACTH

MELATONIN

Blood type ____ is considered the universal donor type because it has ____. O ... neither A or B antibodiES O ... neither A or B antigens AB ... both A & B antibodies AB ... both A & B antigens

O ... neither A or B antigens

Which of the following is a hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary?

OXYTOCIN

Cyclic changes in secretion of a hormone from the ____ gland regulates daily and seasonal rhythms in an animal.

PINEAL

Which is NOT an accurate pairing of an excretory function with its definition? Reabsorption is the process where toxins, drugs, and excessive ions that remain in the blood after filtration are transported into the nephron for disposal in the urine. Excretion moves urine, the processed filtrate, out of the kidney, through the ureter, the bladder, and finally out of the body via the urethra. Secretion transports certain toxins, drugs, and excessive ions from the capillaries to the filtrate. Filtration happens when blood pressure forces water, nitrogenous waste, and valuable solutes from the blood into Bowman's capsule of the nephron.

Reabsorption is the process where toxins, drugs, and excessive ions that remain in the blood after filtration are transported into the nephron for disposal in the urine.

Hormones produced by the ____ help coordinate the release of pancreatic enzymes.

SMALL INTESTINE

How does the hypothalamus control the secretion of growth hormone (GH) from the anterior pituitary? The hypothalamus produces a releasing hormone that stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete GH. The hypothalamus sends a hormone to the target cells that makes them receptive to GH. Feedback from the target cells is sent to the posterior pituitary, which signals the hypothalamus to stimulate the anterior pituitary. The hypothalamus stimulates an action potential in the posterior pituitary, which then sends a releasing hormone to the anterior pituitary.

The hypothalamus produces a releasing hormone that stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete GH.

Which is an accurate statement about the anatomy of the human kidney? The proximal tubule is the portion of the nephron tubule farthest from Bowman's capsule. The renal cortex, which contains much of the nephrons, is interior to the renal medulla. The loop of Henle is located between the proximal tubule and the distal tubule. The distal tubule of a nephron connects with the renal pelvis of the kidney via the ureter.

The loop of Henle is located between the proximal tubule and the distal tubule.

Which of the following is NOT true about helper T cells? They function in cell-mediated and humoral responses. They are activated by polysaccharide fragments. They are subject to infection by HIV. When activated, they secrete cytokines.

They are activated by polysaccharide fragments.

What do macrophages and neutrophils have in common?

They phagocytize pathogens.

SCID is caused by ____.

absent or defective T cells and B cells

Which of the following is NOT part of insect immunity? activation of natural killer cells phagocytosis by hemocytes production of antimicrobial proteins a protective exoskeleton

activayion of natural killer cells

Which of the following hormones specifically act(s) to trigger secretion of hormones by another endocrine gland? thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) progesterone adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Which of the following is filtered from blood but not normally found in urine? water red blood cells H+ ions amino acids

amino acids

The most toxic nitrogenous waste is ____.

ammonia

The primary nitrogenous waste excreted is ____ for fish and ____ for lizards and birds. ammonia ... uric acid uric acid ... urea urid acid ... ammonia urea ... ammonia

ammonia ... uric acid

The ability of some animals such as "water bears" to survive in an extremely dehydrated, dormant state is called ____.

anhydrobiosis

Which of the following is an acquired (adaptive) immune defense in humans? reduced bacterial growth during a fever antibody production by lymphocytes body surface prevents entry of microbes into tissues phagocytosis by macrophages during inflammatory response

antibody production by lymphocytes

Interferons and complement are ____.

antimicrobial proteins that fight viruses, cut holes in microbial membranes, and target microbes for macrophages

Immunity gained from the antibodies in snake-bite antiserum are an example of ____ immunity.

artificial passive

Diseases like multiple sclerosis and lupus are ____.

autoimmune diseases

The proliferation of the B lymphocyte to which a specific antigen binds is referred to as _____.

clonal selection

For a bony fish to maintain osmotic balance in seawater, it must ____ water from the environment and ____ sodium and chloride ions across the gills. drink ... actively uptake drink ... actively secrete not drink ... actively uptake not drink ... actively secrete

drink ... actively secrete

Which one of the following is NOT a function of the excretory system? elimination of nitrogenous wastes maintenance of salt balance elimination of undigested foods maintenance of the water balance

elimination of nitrogenous wastes

The bed of capillaries in a vertebrate kidney where water, urea, and salts are filtered out of the blood is the ____.

glomerulus

FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone) are hormones known as _____.

gonadotropins

Osmoconformers are animals that ____.

have an internal environment that is osmotically similar to their external environment, which does not require energy expenditure

Allergy occurs when the body produces too much ____ upon exposure to an allergen.

histamine

The cells of a freshwater fish are ____ to the environment, and thus the fish ____ the environment. hypotonic ... loses water to hypotonic ... gains water from hypertonic ...loses water to hypertonic ... gains water from

hypertonic ... gains water from

If an animal became dehydrated, then the level of ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) would ____ so that water reabsorption would ____ and make the urine more concentrated.

increase ... increase

Which of the following hormones have antagonistic effects? thyroxine and calcitonin insulin and glucagon ACTH and glucocorticoids epinephrine and norepinephrine

insulin and glucagon

Cortisol and estrogen are ____ hormones and thus the protein receptors for these hormones are ____ the target cells. lipid soluble ... inside lipid soluble ... on the surface of water soluble ... inside water soluble ... on the surface of

lipid soluble ... inside

To conserve water, desert rodents have relatively ____ loops of Henle which allow these animals to produce a very ____ urine. short ... dilute short ... concentrated long ... dilute long ... concentrated

long ... concentrated

The nephrons of fish, amphibians and reptiles do not have the ____ which is present in the nephron of mammals.

loop of Henle

If a diet is deficient in iodine, a goiter may form because _____. the thyroid cannot release T3 and T4 so the hormones build up in the gland low blood levels of T3 and T4 inhibit the negative feedback loop. An overload of TSH causes enlargement of the gland high blood levels of T3 and T4 inhibit the negative feedback loop. Inadequate TSH causes shrinkage of the gland researchers are not sure why goiters form during iodine deficiency

low blood levels of T3 and T4 inhibit the negative feedback loop. An overload of TSH causes enlargement of the gland

During the primary response to an infection, some ____ are stimulated to divide and form effector and memory clone cells.

lymphocytes

Which of the following cells are part of the innate, second (internal) line of defense? cytotoxic T cells B cells macrophages platelets

macrophages

B lymphocytes _____.

make antibodies that circulate in blood and lymph

Which of the following is an INCORRECT pairing of organism and excretory structure? flatworm ... protonephridia malpighian tubules ... annelids green glands ... crustaceans protozoans ... contractile vacuoles

malpighian tubules ... annelids

Which of the following types of cells initiate a secondary immune response?

memory cells

The adrenal gland is ____ and secretes hormones such as ____. near the kidney ... norepinephrine and corticosteroids near the kidney ... prolactin and FSH attached to the brain ... norepinephrine and corticosteroids attached to the brain ... prolactin and FSH

near the kidney ... norepinephrine and corticosteroids

A doctor might give an expectant mother _____ to stimulate uterine contractions (induce labor).

oxytocin

A rabies shot or tetanus shot provides ____ immunity because it ____. passive ... contains antibodies produced by another animal passive ... stimulates production of effector cells active ... contains antibodies produced by another animal active ... stimulates production of effector cells

passive ... stimulates production of effector cells

In the winter, the _____ of many vertebrates is apt to produce _____ than in summer months. pineal gland ... more melatonin pineal gland ... less growth hormone hypothalamus ... less melatonin hypothalamus ... more growth hormone

pineal gland ... more melatonin

Which disorder is correctly matched with its cause? pituitary dwarfism ... hyposecretion of growth hormone low blood calcium ... hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone diabetes mellitus ... hypersecretion of insulin acromegaly ... hyposecretion of growth hormone

pituitary dwarfism ... hyposecretion of growth hormone

Which one of the following endocrine organs does not actually manufacture hormones but, rather, stores hormones produced elsewhere? thyroid adrenal cortex anterior pituitary posterior pituitary

posterior pituitary

The mammary glands of a pregnant female will begin to produce milk in response to changes in the level of which hormones?

prolactin

Nitrogenous wastes (e.g., urea) are produced as a byproduct of the metabolism of ____.

proteins

In the ____ of the nephron, bicarbonate reabsorption and H+ secretion occur to maintain blood pH.

proximal and distal tubules

Secretion of drugs, toxins and poisons from the blood occurs primarily in the ____.

proximal and distal tubules

Active reabsorption of glucose and amino acids occurs primarily in the ____.

proximal tubule

If microorganisms penetrate the innate defenses, an inflammatory response may be initiated by the _____.

release of chemicals such as histamine by damaged cells and mast cells

What is a characteristic of early stages of local inflammation?

release of histamine

The ____ collects urine for drainage from the kidney and the ____ carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder. proximal tubule ... distal tubule Bowman's capsule ... collecting duct renal pelvis ... ureter ureter ... urethra

renal pelvis.. ureter

The active transport of substances from the blood in capillaries around the proximal tubule into fluid inside this tubule is ____.

secretion

Which of the following results in long-term (adaptive) immunity? the passage of maternal antibodies to a developing fetus the inflammatory response to a splinter injection of serum from people immune to rabies the administration of the chicken pox vaccine

the administration of the chicken pox vaccine

The idea behind vaccination is to induce _____ without the vaccinated individual having to get sick.

the primary immune response

The first line of defense against infection is _____.

the skin and mucous membranes

The ____ produces a hormone that controls maturation of T lymphocytes.

thymus

Calcitonin is secreted from the ____ and acts to ____ blood calcium. intestines ... decrease intestines ... increase thyroid gland ... decrease thyroid gland ... increase

thyroid gland ... decrease

Hyperthyroidism, typically characterized by a high metabolic rate and high blood pressure, might be expected when _____. the pituitary secretes high concentrations of thyroxine thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration is high a person has an iodine deficiency thyroxine concentration is low

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration is high

In our bodies, the primary nitrogen-containing compound excreted by our kidneys is ____.

urea

Excretion of ____ requires the least amount of water loss from the animal.

uric acid