BI 304 Dukek ch. 2 carbohydrates PrepU

The nurse recognizes that whole-grain products must consist of the certain components of the grain. What of the following is one of those components?

bran Whole-grain products must contain the entire kernel, which consists of the bran, endosperm, and germ layers.

The nurse is providing education on nonnutritive sweeteners. The nurse should include a cautionary discussion about using nonnutritive sweeteners when trying to lose weight for which of the following reasons?

calories come from more than just sugar Some foods have calories that come from a mixture of sugar, starch, protein, and fat, even if no sugar or a small amount of sugar is used.

The nurse recognizes that carbohydrates are a class of energy-yielding nutrients that contain which of the following elements? Select all that apply.

carbon hydrogen oxygen Carbohydrates contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, arranged into basic sugar molecules.

The nurse is preparing to teach a class on the benefits of eating whole grains. The nurse is aware that eating patterns rich in whole grains are associated with a lower risk of which of the following health problems?

cardiovascular disease Studies show that diets rich in whole grains are associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease, certain types of cancer, and type 2 diabetes and may aid in weight management.

The National Academy of Sciences has put forth a recommendation to replace the terms "insoluble" and "soluble" with terms more descriptive of the physiologic benefits of particular fibers. What term has been suggested for intact and naturally occurring plant fiber?

dietary fiber The National Academy of Sciences recommends that the terms "insoluble" and "soluble" be phased out in favor of attributing specific physiologic benefits to a particular fiber. "Dietary fiber" refers to intact and naturally occurring fiber found in plants. "Functional fiber" refers to fiber that has been isolated or extracted from plants that has beneficial physiologic effects in the body. The sum of dietary and functional fiber equals total fiber. Functional fiber is plant fiber that has been isolated or extracted from plants for the beneficial physiologic effects on the body. Total fiber is the sum of dietary and functional fiber. The term "true" fiber has no meaning in this chapter.

When teaching clients nutritional interventions for preventing long term health problems, the nurse should emphasize limiting the intake of sugar for which of the following reasons?

diets high in sugar are likely to provide inadequate amounts of nutrients Research does not show that added sugar causes ADHD or type 2 diabetes. Diets high in sugar can lead to inadequate essential nutrients because empty calorie foods are likely to displace more nutritious foods.

The nurse is explaining the different type of sugars to a client. The nurse correctly classifies maltose and lactose in which of the following sugar categories?

disaccharides Disaccharides are sucrose, maltose, and lactose. Monosaccharides are glucose, fructose, and galactose. Polysaccharides are starch, fiber, and glycogen. There are no trisaccharides.

When explaining the nutritional value of adding fruit to an eating pattern, the nurse states that most of the calories in fruit come from which of the following sugars?

fructose Generally, almost all calories in fruit come from fructose and glucose.

The nurse is explaining to a group of college students how the body tries to maintain a steady supply of glucose for energy between meals. The nurse explains that the liver breaks down which substance to release glucose?

glycogen Liver glycogen breaks down and release glucose into the bloodstream between meals to maintain normal blood glucose levels. Glucagon is the hormone released by the pancreas to balance the action of insulin. Galactose and sucrose are types of carbohydrates.

The nurse instructs a client on foods to increase total fiber intake to 25 grams/day. Which breakfast choice indicate that teaching has been effective?

½ cup all bran cereal, ½ cup skim milk, 1 slice whole wheat bread, sliced pear The breakfast choice of all bran cereal, whole wheat bread, and a pear provides 18 grams of fiber. The breakfast choice of ½ cup strawberries provides 1.5 grams of fiber. The breakfast choice with orange slices provides 4 grams of fiber. The breakfast choice with oatmeal and banana provides 7 grams of fiber.

The nurse is seeing a client who has been reading about the different nonnutritive sweeteners that are listed on his menu plan as acceptable alternatives to sugar. The client is questioning saccharin because he read that it is a potential carcinogen. How should the nurse respond?

"The FDA has officially withdrawn the proposed ban because the evidence is weak" Saccharin may be a potential weak carcinogen; however, the FDA has officially withdrawn its proposed ban because of research findings.

A client is distressed because a weight loss diet that focused on glycemic load has not resulted in an appreciable reduction in weight. What should the nurse respond to this client?

"Unfortunately, claims that a low glycemic index diet promotes weight loss aren't proven." Glycemic load is not a reliable tool for choosing a healthy diet, and claims that a low glycemic index diet promotes significant weight loss are unfounded. A glycemic load diet does not help with weight reduction. There is no evidence to support that varying the glycemic loads of foods promotes weight loss. High-fat foods may have a low to moderate glycemic index however eating them does not promote weight loss. A food's actual impact on glucose levels is difficult to predict because of the many factors influencing glycemic load.

A nurse has been trying to teach a client newly diagnosed with diabetes how to interpret food labels and recognize sugars. The client is very upset. He understood about "glucose" but considered "fructose" to be safe to eat without monitoring the amount of intake. Which of the following would be an appropriate response from the nurse?

"fructose is changed into glucose by the liver" It is important to remain nonjudgmental and validate the client's concerns. It is also important to continue teaching and reteaching without becoming impatient or angry with the client. Teaching the basic facts would be an important step. If the client continues not to understand, the nurse should evaluate the way in which the teaching is occurring and perhaps find a different way to share the information. Dextrose and glucose are interchangeable terms, both refer to the same type of monosaccharide. Glycogen is the animal (including human) version of starch; it is stored carbohydrate available for energy as needed. It cannot be consumed directly from food.

The American Heart Association (AHA) has shared recommendations for maximum caloric intake for adults related to added sugars. Which of the following is this recommendation?

100 cal/day for women; 150 cal/day for men In 2009, the AHA recommended that most women limit added sugar intake to a maximum of 100 cal/day (25 grams or 6 teaspoonfuls) and men at 150 cal/d (38 grams or 10 teaspoonfuls).

The nurse is helping a client calculate how many calories the client is eating through carbohydrates. If the client consumes 30 grams of carbohydrate a day, how many calories is she consuming with those carbohydrates? Enter the correct number ONLY.

120 Carbohydrates provide 4 cal/g. If the client has consumed 30 grams, then 30 x 4 = 120 calories.

When providing nutritional information to a client seeking to make eating pattern changes, the nurse correctly states the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) for total carbohydrate intake for adults is how much?

130 g/day When providing nutritional information to a client seeking to make eating pattern changes, the nurse correctly states the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) for total carbohydrate intake for adults is how much?

A client has brought in a food log with the grams of carbohydrates noted. The log shows: breakfast - 1 cup plain yogurt, 1 cup whole-oat cereal, 1 cup black coffee, 3/4 cup grapefruit juice; lunch - 2 slices whole-wheat bread, 3 oz cold chicken breast, 2 slices leaf lettuce, 1 slice Swiss cheese, 1 med apple, 1 cup skim milk; and dinner - 3 oz poached salmon with dill, 1/2 cup baked potato, 1/2 cup steamed asparagus, 1 cup green salad with oil and vinegar dressing, and 1 cup sliced strawberries. Approximately how many grams of carbohydrates did this client consume on this day? (Round to the nearest whole number.)

150 According to MyPlate guidelines, this client consumed the following: breakfast - 1 cup plain yogurt (12 g), 1 cup whole-oat cereal (15 g), 1 cup black coffee (0 g), 3/4 cup grapefruit juice (15 g); lunch - 2 slices whole-wheat bread (30 g), 3 oz cold chicken breast (0 carb g), 2 slices leaf lettuce (5 g), 1 slice Swiss cheese (0 carb g), 1 med apple (15 g), 1 cup skim milk (12 g); and dinner - 3 oz poached salmon with dill (0 carb g), 1/2 cup baked potato (15 g), 1/2 cup steamed asparagus (5 g), 1 cup green salad with oil and vinegar dressing (10 g), and 1 cup sliced strawberries (15 g). When added together, this client consumed 149 g of carbohydrates on this day.

A client who is on a low-carbohydrate diet is having difficulties making suitable food choices during meal times. Which of the following food choices is the BEST for a low-carbohydrate intake eating pattern?

2 cups green beans The choices contain the following amounts of carbohydrate: 2 cups green beans (20 g), 1 cup lentil soup with ham (30 g), 2 slices whole-wheat bread (30 g), and 1 cup unsweetened canned fruit (30 g). The green beans are lower in carbohydrates than the other choices.

The nurse is teaching a nutrition class with a group of clients who are overweight. The nurse indicates that the adequate intake (AI) for total fiber is set at which of the following amounts?

25 g/day for women; 38 g/day for men. The AI for total fiber is set at 14 g/1000 calories or 25 g/day for women and 38 g/day for men.

The nurse is reviewing a client's food log and calculating how many calories the client has consumed. The nurse knows that there are how many calories in a gram of carbohydrates? Enter the correct answer ONLY.

4 Carbohydrates provide 4 calories per gram.

The nurse is helping a client incorporate vegetables into a carbohydrate reduced meal plan. The nurse explains that half a cup of "watery" vegetables contains approximately how many grams of carbohydrates?

5 A half cup of "watery" vegetables contains approximately 5 grams of carbohydrates. Starchy vegetables contain approximately 15 grams of carbohydrates per serving.

The nurse recognizes that the most common monosaccharides contain how many carbon atoms?

6 The most common monosaccharides in foods are hexoses, which contain 6 carbon atoms.

The nurse is providing a follow up nutritional session with a client. The client is surprised to learn that carbohydrates have fewer calories than fat does. The client has calculated that she consumed 200 grams of carbohydrates for the day. The nurse knows the client consumed a daily total of how many calories?

800 calories There are *4 calories in each gram of carbohydrates*. This client consumed 200 grams, so 200 x 4 = 800 calories.

A mother is asking for suggestions to increase her family's intake of whole grains. What are some suggestions the nurse can make? Select all that apply.

add bulgar to soups add whole-grain cereal to your yogurt substitute brown rice for white rice Adding barley, brown rice, or bulgur to soups, stew, bread stuffing, or casseroles; adding a handful of oats or whole-grain cereal to yogurt; and switching to brown rice are just a few ways to increase whole grains in the diet.

The school health nurse is providing education to a group of children about the differing nutritional values of sugars. When discussing added sugars, the nurse knows teaching has been effective when the children state which of the following?

add sugars provide empty calories Empty carbohydrate calories are calories that come from added sugars and syrups. Only the calories of the added sugar are considered "empty." The other choices, though reflective of the added calories, are not correct terms.

The nurse should caution clients to be aware of increased caloric value of food due to the inclusion of which of the following ingredients?

added sugars Sometimes 100% of the calories in a food are from added sugar.

The nurse cares for a client with liver cirrhosis. In which way will the nurse expect this health problem to impact the client's nutritional status?

altered amount of stores glycogen Glycogen is stored in the liver. In the client with liver disease, the storage of this nutrient will be altered. The liver does not store glucose as such. It is stored as glycogen. Liver disease will alter the metabolism of glucose. Glucose is not broken down. It is transported into the cells to be used for energy.

The nurse recognizes that nonnutritive sweeteners are produced from a variety of sources. One common sweetener is produced by combining amino acids aspartic acid and phenylalanine. This common nonnutritive sweetener is called which of the following?

aspartame Aspartame is made from the amino acids aspartic acid and phenylalanine.

A young mother is concerned about her children developing dental caries and is asking for appropriate suggestions to help prevent them. Which of the following is an appropriate suggestion for the nurse to offer?

avoid sugary items that stay in your mouth a long time The client should avoid high-sugar items that stay in the mouth for a long time. Individuals should brush their teeth promptly after eating. Gum should be sweetened with polyols and not sucrose, which can be fermented by bacteria in the mouth and promote cavities. Soft drinks should be limited at all times.

The nurse who is providing education during a nutritional class shares that the individual body cells take only as much glucose as is needed for immediate energy. The nurse knows teaching has been effective when the students states the liver and muscle cells store excess glucose as which of the following?

glycogen Muscle and liver cells store extra glucose as glycogen. Glucose is used for energy and must be changed to be stored. Glucagon is the hormone secreted by the pancreas in response to lower blood glucose levels to signal the need to convert stored glycogen back into glucose. Galactose is a monosaccharide that is converted to glucose by the liver.

The nurse is aware that the body can convert glucose to other essential carbohydrates as needed in the body. Which of the following are some of those carbohydrates containing compounds? Select all that apply.

keratin sulfate hyaluronic acid The body can convert glucose to other essential carbohydrates such as ribose, keratin sulfate, and hyaluronic acid.

A client has been brought to the unit with general complaints of nausea, fatigue, and anorexia. On assessment, the nurse learns that the client has not been eating well and has been eating mainly a low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet. The nurse is aware that which of the following may be occurring?

ketosis Without adequate glucose, the body may use protein, and this can lead to ketosis. An increasing production of ketone bodies can cause nausea, fatigue, loss of appetite, and ketoacidosis.

When teaching about the path of glucose in the body, the nurse can explain that after it is absorbed into the intestinal mucosa, glucose travels next to which of the following body organs?

liver Glucose, fructose, and galactose are absorbed through the intestinal mucosa and travel to the liver via the portal vein. They are then sent throughout the body, where they are used as energy.

The nurse recognizes that glucose, fructose, and galactose are also referred to as which of the following?

monosaccharide Glucose, fructose, and galactose each contain a single molecule of sugar and are referred to as monosaccharides. Disaccharides contain two molecules of sugar, and polysaccharides contain long chains of molecules. There are no specific trisaccharides.

The nurse is teaching a nutrition class. The nurse recognizes that the students understand the lesson when one student makes which of the following statements?

monosaccharides are absorbed in the body without undergoing digestion Monosaccharides are absorbed in the body without needing to be broken down or split into smaller components before absorption. Maltose and lactose are disaccharides. Fiber is a complex carbohydrate, also a type of polysaccharide.

The nurse recognizes that the bran layer of grains contains many components that are beneficial. When teaching about the nutritional benefits of whole grains, the nurse states that one of the nonnutrient compounds that has been associated with a reduced risk of chronic diseases is which of the following?

phytonutrients Phytonutrients are bioactive, nonnutrient plant compounds found in bran that is associated with a reduced risk of chronic diseases. Protein and starch are found in the endosperm layer, and vitamin E is located in the germ layer of grain.

If a client is not consuming enough carbohydrates, the nurse realizes that the body will use what to try to meet its energy needs?

protein Protein can provide energy; however, it has other specialized functions that it needs to perform, and it cannot do both. Consuming adequate carbohydrates to meet energy needs has the effect of protein sparing.

The nurse educator is discussing the effects of the digestion process of starch in a nutritional health class. The class should understand that cooked starch begins digestion due to the action of which of the following?

salivary amylase Cooked starch begins to undergo digestion in the mouth due to the action of salivary amylase. This action is stopped by stomach acids. Most digestion occurs in the small intestine, where pancreatic amylase reduces the complex carbohydrates into smaller chains and disaccharides.

The nurse is facilitating a weight management class for a group of adolescents. Today's discussion is about recognizing the added sugars in their diets. After the meeting, the students can successfully recognize that which product contains the most added sugar?

soda Soda, energy drinks, and sport drinks are the largest contributor to empty calories in the American diet.

The nurse is discussing disaccharides with the nutrition class. Students in the class correctly indicate that disaccharides are split by which of the following enzymes?

special enzymes on the surface of cells of the small intestine split disaccharides into monosaccharides Disaccharidase enzymes on the surface of the cells of the small intestine split disaccharides into monosaccharides.

The nurse is seeing a client who is newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. The client tells the nurse she does not want to consume chemical based nonnutritive sweeteners. Which of the following sugar alternatives should the nurse recommend?

stevia Stevia is produced from the stevia plant, an herb. The other choices are produced by mixing various chemicals.

The nurse recognizes that disaccharides are composed of two sugar molecules. The combination of glucose and fructose creates:

sucrose Sucrose is composed of glucose and fructose. Maltose is composed of two glucose molecules. Lactose is composed of glucose and galactose. Galactose is a monosaccharide.

The nurse is conducting a nutrition class of individuals newly diagnosed with diabetes. The nurse explains that shortly after eating, what happens in the body?

the pancreas releases insulin to move the glucose from the blood stream to the individual cells A rise in blood glucose after eating causes the pancreas to secrete insulin, which moves the increased glucose out of the blood into the body's cells, where it is used as energy. Glucagon is a hormone released by the pancreas as the blood glucose levels fall. The liver stores excess glucose as glycogen.

When asked the function of polyvols by a client, the nurse correctly states which of the following?

they foster growth of colonic bacteria Polyols that are not absorbed in the small intestine enters the large intestine and function as a prebiotic; they ferment into short chain fatty acids, which foster the growth of colonic bacteria.

During a home visit the nurse notes that a client's stage 2 pressure injury is not healing as quickly as expected. Why should the nurse assess this client's intake of carbohydrates?

they spare the protein needed for healing As a primary source of energy, carbohydrates spare protein and prevent ketosis. Consuming adequate carbohydrate to meet energy needs spares protein from being used for energy. An adequate carbohydrate intake is especially important whenever protein needs are increased such as for wound healing. Carbohydrate does not build new tissue.

The nurse is concerned that a client is consuming an excessive amount of carbohydrates. It is important for the nurse to recommend eating pattern changes to the client in order to prevent an increase in which of the following?

triglycerides Any glucose remaining after energy needs have been met, glycogen stores have been saturated, and other specific compounds have been made is converted by the liver to triglycerides.