Bias in research

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What is bias in research

A form of systematic error in the research process: Planning, Data collection and intervention, Data analysis and publication, that consistently shifts results in one direction.

Self-selection and convenient sample

Characteristics of those who volunteer (or are referred) to participate in a study are often different from the non-volunteers (not referred).

How to avoid confounding bias

Control identified con-founders w/ study design and during data analysis. Unidentified con-founders can only be controlled with randomization during participants selection and enrollment.

How to avoid compliance bias

Design protocols that are simple and easy to follow and comply w/; identifying subjects who are unable or unmotivated to comply during the enrollment process; contact subjects frequently to maintain interest and motivation.

Design bias and how to avoid it

Flawed study design/ Select an adequate study design for the research question. such as Prevalence for cross sectional study and Incidence and Prognosis for Cohort.

Confounding Bias

Occurs when an estimated association between exposure and outcome is biased by a third factor associated with both exposure and outcome.

Recall bias

Occurs when measuring the outcome or the exposure requires individuals to remember past events.

Publication bias

Occurs when researchers and research sponsors are unwilling to publish unfavorable results.

Compliance bias

Occurs when some subjects do not adhere to the planned treatment.

Attrition bias

Occurs when subjects who leave the study (dropouts) differ significantly from those that remain.

Measure Bias

Occurs when the measurement tool is not sensitive enough to detect the exposure or outcome of interest.

Interviewer bias

Occurs when there is a systematic difference between how information is asked, recorded, or interpreted.

How to avoid non-response

Provide incentives for completing survey, Explain why survey is imp, and Keep survey short.

How to avoid self-selection and Convenient sample

Randomly select the sample. Make sure each member of the study population has an equal chance of being included in the sample.

Selection Bias

Situation where some individuals are more likely to be selected for the study than others.

How to avoid interviewer bias

Standardizing protocols for data collection, training interviewers, binding the interviewers to the study hypothesis.

Non-response

Those who did not respond/participate often have different characteristics from those who did respond/participate.

What is essential for evidence-based practice

Understand how bias might influence a study's results and conclusions.

How to avoid attrition bias

Use protocols to contact participants by email, post, SNS etc, provide incentives, and keep the interviews short.

How to avoid measure bias

Use validated measurement tools that have high sensitivity and specificity to minimize bias.

How to avoid recall bias

Using a well-structured questionnaire that has been validated against direct measures. Giving the participants enough time to reflect before answering.


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