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BIG test 5 psych 320 TAMU

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_________________ papillae are the small structures on the tongue that have no taste function and are responsible for its bumpy appearance. A) Filiform B) Fungiform C) Foliate D) Circumvallate E) None of the above

A) Filiform

In signal detection theory, the _____________ is an internal threshold that is set by the observer. A) criterion B) shift C) sensitivity D) method of limits E) method of adjustment

A) criterion

The ability to match the intensities of sensations that come from different sensory modalities is known as A) cross-modality matching. B) cross-adaptation. C) variety matching. D) sensory integration.

A) cross-modality matching.

If a stimulus is present and the observer reports it as present, this is called a A) hit. B) miss. C) false alarm. D) correct rejection. E) criterion.

A) hit.

Which of the following is the translation of a chemical stimulus into a smell sensation? A) odor B) odorant C) olfactory entity D) olfactory stimulus E) olfactant

A) odor

The doctrine of specific nerve engines involves the stimulation of A) sensory fibers. B) sensations. C) nerve endings. D) signals. E) All of the above.

A) sensory fibers.

The labeled lines theory of taste coding holds that each ___________ carries a particular taste quality. A) taste nerve fiber B) taste receptor site C) papilla D) taste neruon D) taste bud

A) taste nerve fiber

Dualism is the idea that A) the mind has an existence separate from the body. B) two sensations can co-occur simultaneously. C) one sensation often follows another. D) the body can be divided into two parts. E) All of the above

A) the mind has an existence separate from the body.

Weber proposed that the smallest change in a stimulus that can be detected is a(n) __________ proportion of the stimulus level. A) ever-changing B) constant C) opposite D) small E) one-fifth

B) constant

The method of _______________ requires the random presentation of many stimuli, ranging from rarely to almost always perceivable, one at a time. A) limits B) constant stimuli C) adjustment D) sensation and perception E) matching

B) constant stimuli

_______ is the competition between two nostrils for odor perception.

Binaral rivalry@

______ are narrow diameter unmyelinated sensory nerve fibers that transmit signals from pleasant touch

C tactile afferents

_______ are narrow-diameter, unmyelinated sensory nerve fibers that transmit signals from pleasant touch.

C tactile afferents

Absolute threshold is the minimum amount of stimulation necessary for a person to detect a stimulus __________% of the time. A) 30 B) 100 C) 50 D) 80 E) 99

C) 50

_____________ are the precursor cells to olfactory sensory neurons. A) Mitral cells B) Juxtaglomerular neurons C) Basal cells D) Tufted cells E) Granule cells

C) Basal cells

______________ is the psychological process by which, after long-term exposure to an odorant, one is no longer able to detect that odorant or has very diminished detection ability. A) Anosmia B) Receptor adaptation C) Cognitive habituation D) Cross-adaption E) Odor repression

C) Cognitive habituation

________________ refers to an increased ability to detect odors. A) Hyposmia B) Parosmia C) Hyperosmia D) Anosmia E) Phantosmia

C) Hyperosmia

Mechanoreceptors that have a fast adaptation rate and large receptive field size are called A) Meissner corpuscles. B) Ruffini endings. C) Pacinian corpuscles. D) Merkel cell neurite complexes. E) None of the above has a fast adaptation rate and large receptive field size.

C) Pacinian corpuscles.

___________ are chemicals emitted by one member of a species that triggers a psychological or behavioral response in another member of the same species. A) Odors B) Olfactants C) Pheromones D) Odorants E) Primers

C) Pheromones

A reduction in response caused by prior or continuing stimulation is known as ________________. A) habituation B) desensitization C) adaptation D) disengagement E) change blindness

C) adaptation

Standard connectionist neural networks...

Can learn to accomplish a given task when provided with a training data set

Our perceptual systems are most strongly tuned to detect:

Change

The area on S1 associated with the thumb is as large as the area for the forearm. This is an example of

Cortical Magnification

The ___________ pathway is the route from the spinal cord to the brain that carries most of the information about skin temperature and pain. A) dorsal column-medical lemniscal B) primary somatosensory C) dorsalateral D) spinothalamic E) ventricular

D) spinothalamic

Odor hedonics is A) responsible for odor detection. B) the precise description of various odors. C) the intensity ratings of various odors. D) the "liking" dimension of odor perception. E) the study of odor creation.

D) the "liking" dimension of odor perception.

The vibration theory of olfaction contends that A) trigeminal nerve vibrations transmit odor sensations. B) vibrations cause odorous molecules to spread through the air. C) vibrations mediate the transfer of neural signals in the brain. D) there is a different vibrational frequency for every perceived smell. E) maxillary nerve vibrations transmit odor sensations.

D) there is a different vibrational frequency for every perceived smell.

The olfactory epithelium contains each of the following cells EXCEPT A) supporting cells. B) basal cells. C) olfactory sensory neurons. D) turbinates. E) All of the above are contained in the olfactory epithelium.

D) turbinates.

The A-delta and C fibers are types of A) photoreceptors. B) thermoreceptors. C) nociceptors. D) mechanoreceptors. E) Both b and c

E) Both b and c

Which of the following is NOT a type of papillae? A) Filiform B) Fungiform C) Foliate D) Circumvallate E) Circular

E) Circular

Which of the following parts of the body has the largest representation in the somatosensory map? A) Eyes B) Forearm C) Back D) Neck E) Hand

E) Hand

Which of the following terms describes the perception of the position and movement of our limbs in space? A) Homunculus B) Thermoception C) Nociception D) Neural Plasticity E) Kinesthesis

E) Kinesthesis

___________ are sensory receptors located in a muscle that sense the muscle's tension. A) Thermoreceptors B) A-beta fibers C) A-delta fibers D) C fibers E) Muscle spindles

E) Muscle spindles

Which of the following is a chemical sensing organ at the base of the nasal cavity with a curved, tubular shape in mammals? A) Orbitofrontal cortex B) Prefrontal cortex C) Main olfactory bulb D) Accessory olfactory bulb E) Vomeronasal organ

E) Vomeronasal organ

Which of the following is the correct order of body parts, from the largest two-point threshold to the smallest? A) lips; back; forehead B) forehead; back; Lips C) forehead; lips; back D) back; lips; forehead E) back; forehead; lips

E) back; forehead; lips

The shape-pattern theory of olfaction is based on the idea that A) every perceived smell has a different vibrational frequency. B) the olfactory receptors can change their shapes to fit the odorants' shapes. C) the firing pattern of neurons in the olfactory bulb is not important to odor perception. D) the olfactory bulb recognizes specific patterns of odors. E) odorants' shapes fit into the olfactory receptors' shapes.

E) odorants' shapes fit into the olfactory receptors' shapes.

The ______________ is a narrow space at the back of the nose in which air flows and where the main olfactory epithelium is located. A) olfactory sensory neuron (ONR) B) odorant receptor (OR) C) olfactory mucosa D) olfactory bulb E) olfactory cleft

E) olfactory cleft

_______ refers to the distance between the location of a retinal image and the fovea

Eccentricity

The ________ describes the system that transmits pain and incorporates modulating signals from the brain.

Gate control theory

The most common form of synesthesia (when considering the classical definition of "synesthesia" and what most people would initially report as being "synesthesia") is:

Grapheme - color

what type of perception is knowledge of the of the world that is derived from sensory receptors in skin, muscles, tendons, and usually involves active exploration?

Haptic

According to predictive processing models, top-down influence...

Has no effect on bottom-up processing

The theory that psychedelics reduced the cognitive ability to engage in attentional filtering was first formally proposed by:

Huxley

An increased or heightened response to normally painful stimulus is called...

Hyperalgesia

Hallucinations occuring as you wake up (and those associated with sleep paralysis) are called:

Hypnopompic hallucinations

If you get a shot of novocain at the dentist and it happens to numb your chorda tympani nerve, what will most likely be a side effect?

Impaired taste

VR has which depth cues

Motion parallax, monocular cues and binocular cues

________ are chemicals emitted by one member of a species that triggers a psychological or behavioral response in another member of the same species.

Pheromones@

What does it mean when a cat's eyes appear to be glowing at night?

Photons from inside the cat's eyeballs entered your eyeballs.

Video compression works because there is a lot of ____________ between consecutive frames.

Redundancy

____ reacts to light to start the process of transduction

Retinal

The Ganzfeld procedure is most closely related to what type of hallucinations?

Sensory deprivation

Classical psychedelics (psilocybin, lsd) are mostly associated with:

Simple hallucinations

Which of the following situations does NOT involve prediction?

None of the above (they all involve prediction)

_______ are structures that give the tongue its bumpy appearance.

Papillae

The "fear" of certain textures is known as:

Trypophobia

Which of the following is a chemical sensing organ at the base of the nasal cavity with a curved, tubular shape in mammals?

Vomeronasal organ

The outfielder's problem (and solution) illustrates how...

We update predictions based on moment-to-moment feedback concerning the current location of the ball and the current location of our body

If your vestibular system is removed, could you still determine heading while you are moving?

Yes, because optical flow is still providing information

In Chun and Jiang's (1998) study on visual search, participants were trained to search displays of T's and L's. After training, participants could not explicitly identify training displays from new displays. Amazingly, they were faster to find the target in the old training displays. These researchers dubbed the ______. a. Contextual cuing b. Satisfaction of search c. Attentional blink d. Serial search e. Early selection

a. Contextual cuing

Maria loves the fourth of July because she likes to write her name with a sparkler. The fleeting, blurred streak of sparkler is due to what? a. Iconic memory b. Visual attention c. Light adaptation d. Flashbulb memory e. Retinal smearing

a. Iconic memory

The below figure is a demonstration of a(n) _______. **house outlined by circles and lines** a. Illusory contour b. Shadow boundary c. Ambiguous figure d. Accidental viewpoint e. Isoluminant contour

a. Illusory contour

According to Anders Ericsson, reaching mastery at a task requires... a. Many years of practice. b. Innate talent in a given domain. c. Training from early childhood. d. B & C e. A, B, & C

a. Many years of practice.

The _____ is the relay station in the brain stem where inputs from both ears contribute to the detection of interaural time differences. a. Medial superior olive b. Frontal lobe c. Lateral superior olive d. Pons e. Cochlea

a. Medial superior olive

If you take a bland food like tofu and add some acid to it, it will taste ______. a. More sour b. More bitter c. Spicier d. Saltier e. Sweeter

a. More sour

Jane is riding her motorcycle down the interstate. She looks to her right and notices that objects in the far distance seem to be moving faster than nearby objects. What phenomenon is she noticing? a. Motion parallax b. Second-order motion c. Looming d. Optic flow e. Apparent motion

a. Motion parallax

If two objects fall on the cone of confusion, what is the best way to make their locations distinguishable? a. Move your head or body b. Plug one of your ears with you finger c. Calculate the relative harmonic of the objects d. Close your eyes and focus really hard on trying to localize the noise e. Give up and walk away

a. Move your head or body

Which manipulation would cause the visual angle of a balloon to increase? a. Moving the balloon closer b. Deflating the balloon c. Moving the balloon farther away d. Rotating the balloon upside down e. Popping the balloon

a. Moving the balloon closer

Why does chocolate smell different than roses? a. Roses and chocolate elicit a unique recognition profile from several olfactory sensory neurons. b. Molecules vibrate at the olfactory receptor site to activate the globerulus. c. We have a unique type of olfactory sensory neuron for chocolate and roses. d. Roses involve olfaction through your nasal passages, whereas chocolate is chewed. e. None of the above

a. Roses and chocolate elicit a unique recognition profile from several olfactory sensory neurons.

Which of the following is not true about color perception? a. The ability to perceive colors varies from culture to culture b. In English, there are 11 basic color terms c. Dichromats perceive color differently the trichromats d. The amount of basic color terms vary from culture to culture d. All of these statements are true

a. The ability to perceive colors varies from culture to culture

Which best describes cortical magnification in primary visual cortex (V1)? a. The center of the visual field gets enhanced cortical representation b. The periphery of the visual field gets enhanced cortical representation c. The center and periphery are equally represented d. None of the above

a. The center of the visual field gets enhanced cortical representation

Vokey and Key (1983) studied participant's ability to understand backwards messages. They found that participants could discriminate whether the backward message was: a. The voice of a previously heard speaker. b. Satanic, christian, "adult", nursery rhyme, or advertisement. c. An advertisement for bottles water or soda d. B & C only e. A & B only

a. The voice of a previously heard speaker.

Suppose a rat pup is born to a mother who does not lick and groom her offspring but is raised by a foster mother who does lick and groom the rat pup. What can we expect of the rat pup's behavior as they mature?

The rat pup will be less timid and more likely to groom its own offspring.

The "Welcome to Wonderland" study found that:

The size of our hands influence perceived object size

Center-surround receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells are partly due to

lateral inhibition from horizontal cells.

a ________ is often responsible for our disliking of a particular food after gastric illness

learned taste aversion

All complex systems have which of the following?

"Rules" that agents follow

________ are chemicals emitted by one member of a species that trigger a psychological or behavioral response in another member of the same species

pheromones

The membrane potential for a rod photoreceptor in the dark is about -30 mV. In light the rod's membrane potential will likely be:

-80 mV

_______ means mapped in correspondence to the skin

somatotopic

which functionality would be most affected if you lose your F A I (Meissner) touch receptors

the ability to detect stable grasp and whether an object is slipping

which functionality would be most affected if you lost your F A II (pacinian) touch receptors

the ability to feel when an object you are holding contacts another object, or a mosquito landing on your arm

There are ____ different types of olfactory receptors in humans

approximately 350

The perceived sensation from a physically amputated limb of the body is known as a. fake sensation. b. phantom limb. c. nonexistent limb. d. missing limb. e. illusory limb.

The processing of components in an odorant mixture is completed by using a. detection and regulation. b. analysis and synthesis. c. olfactory digestion. d. olfactory separation. e. frequency vibrations.

Touch receptors can be found in the epidermis and a. skull. b. dermis. c. muscle spindle. d. spinothalamic pathway. e. intrafusal muscle fibers.

Which of the following refers to a specific aromatic chemical? a. Odor b. Odorant c. Olfactory entity d. Olfactory stimulus e. Olfactant

___ is the inability to identify objects by touch. a. Somatosensory agnosia b. Tactile agnosia c. Prosopagnosia d. Proprioception e. Kinesthagnosia

____ are chemicals released by the body that block the release or uptake of neurotransmitters necessary to transmit pain sensations to the brain. a. Neurotransmitters b. Endogenous opiates c. Touch neurotransmitters d. Heterogeneous fibers e. Corticosteroids

_____ is a method of communication that uses touch sensations only. a. Proprioception b. Braille c. Affection d. Haptic perception e. Sign language

_____ perception is knowledge of the world that is derived from sensory receptors in skin, muscles, tendons, and joints, and usually involves active exploration. a. Comprehensive body b. Haptic c. Active d. External e. Reactive

_______ are chemicals released by the body that block the release or uptake of neurotransmitters necessary to transmit pain sensations to the brain. a. Neurotransmitters b. Endogenous opiates c. Touch neurotransmitters d. Heterogeneous fibers e. Corticosteroids

_______ is a method of communication that uses touch sensations only. a. Proprioception b. Braille c. Affection d. Haptic perception e. Sign language

_______ is the inability to identify objects by touch. a. Somatosensory agnosia b. Tactile agnosia c. Prosopagnosia d. Proprioception e. Kinesthagnosia

_______ perception is knowledge of the world that is derived from sensory receptors in skin, muscles, tendons, and joints, and usually involves active exploration. a. Comprehensive body b. Haptic c. Active d. External e. Reactive

With soundwaves, the ___ of a waveform corresponds to loudness whereas the ___ of a waveform corresponds to pitch. a. Phase; amplitude b. Amplitude; frequency c. Physical intensity; phase d. Amplitude; phase e. Frequency; amplitude

b. Amplitude; frequency

You are arguing with a friend about a political candidate. He explains all of the positive things about the candidate. When you tell him negative facts about the candidate, he just ignores them. Your friend concludes that political candidate will make a great president. What cognitive bias is he making? a. Playing the odds b. Confirmation bias c. Law of large numbers d. Illusory correlation e. Hindsight bias

b. Confirmation bias

Visual information crosses over at the optic chiasm so that the primary visual cortex (V1) represents the ________ visual field. a. Lateral b. Contralateral c. Ipsilateral d. Collateral e. Isolateral

b. Contralateral

If a fly lands on your nose and you turn your eyes inward to look at it, what kind of eye movement are you making? a. Free fusion b. Convergent c. Divergent d. Lateral e. Saccade

b. Convergent

The twelve pairs of nerves that originate in the brain stem and reach sense organs and muscles through openings in the skull are called the _______. a. Optic tracts b. Cranial nerves c. Nervy dozen d. Peripheral nerves e. Lateral geniculate nuclei

b. Cranial nerves

The ______ is a bony structure riddled with tiny holes, at the level of the eyebrows, which separates the nose from the brain. a. Olfactory mucosa b. Cribriform plate c. Olfactory epithelium d. Olfactory bulb e. Glomerulus

b. Cribriform plate

According to gate control theory, what is a good way to counteract pain? a. Use some sort of pain blocker at the dorsal horn of the spinal cord b. Pinch or rub the area next to the painful area c. Use cognitive control to think about some happy situation that is not painful d. Immediately take an analgesic such as an external opiate e. Take an anti-inflammatory to reduce swelling

b. Pinch or rub the area next to the painful area

suppose you enter a hair salon and the smell of the hair dyes and other chemicals is very strong and distinctive at first. however, after a few minutes you no longer smell those chemicals. what process is responsible for this phenomenon

cognitive habituation

suppose you leave town for a few weeks and when you return your house has a strange smell that you didnt notice before you left. what might be the explanation

cognitive habituation

The _______ is a bony structure riddled with tiny holes, at the level of the eyebrows, which separates the nose from the brain.

cribriform plate

the ________ is a bony structure riddled with tiny holes, at the level of the eyebrows, which separates the nose from the brain

cribriform plate

In signal detection theory, the _______ is an internal threshold that is set by the observer.

criterion

_________ might cause a wine to taste very different when you are sampling may other wines at the same time, compared to drinking the wine on its own

cross-adaptation

The ability to match the intensities of sensations that come from different sensory modalities is known as

cross-modality matching

Which sound frequency would have the most similar tone chroma to a 220 Hz? a. 200 Hz b. 320 Hz c. 400 Hz d. 440 Hz e. 500 Hz

d. 440 Hz

Psychedelic/MDMA therapy might be useful in treating...

depression, PTSD, addiction

which pathway is the route from the spinal cord to the brain that carries signals from skin, muscles, tendons, and joints.

dorsal column-medial lemniscal

Which of the following is the correct order of body parts, from the largest two-point threshold to the smallest? a. Back; lips; forehead b. Forehead; lips; back c. Lips; back; forehead d. Forehead; back; lips e. Back; forehead; lips

e. Back; forehead; lips

what describes the system that transmits pain and incorporates modulating signals from the brain?

gate control theory

People with damage to their vestibular systems experience _______ in their blood pressure after whole body tilt motion, compared to people with normal vestibular systems.

greater changes

The "trigger" for a synesthetic association is known as the _____________ while the associative aspect is known as the _____________.

inducer; concurrent

The refractive error that produces farsightedness

is due to an eyeball that is too short

Most of the signals travel from the retina to the ____ via the optic nerve

lateral geniculate nucleus

Suppose you leave town for a few weeks and when you return, your house has a strange smell that you didn't notice before you left. What might be the explanation?

Cognitive habituation

_______ is the psychological process by which, after long-term exposure to an odorant, one is no longer able to detect that odorant or has very diminished detection ability.

Cognitive habituation@

_______ are specialized detectors of angular motion located in each semicircular canal in a swelling called the ampulla.

Cristae

_______ is the reduction in detection of one odorant following exposure to another odorant.

Cross-adaptation

______________ is the reduction in detection of one odorant following exposure to another odorant. A) Anosmia B) Receptor adaptation C) Cognitive habituation D) Cross-adaption E) Odor repression

D) Cross-adaption

Mechanoreceptors that have a slow adaptation rate and small receptive field size are called A) Meissner corpuscles. B) Ruffini endings. C) Pacinian corpuscles. D) Merkel cell neurite complexes. E) None of the above has a slow adaptation rate and small receptive field size.

D) Merkel cell neurite complexes.

_____________ is the idea that the mind produces ideas that are not derived from external sources and that we have abilities that are innate and not learned. A) Empiricism B) Materialism C) Mentalism D) Nativism E) Descartes principle

D) Nativism

________________ are structures that give the tongue its bumpy appearance. A) Taste buds B) Taste receptor cells C) Cranial nerves D) Papillae E) Chorda tympani

D) Papillae

______________ is the act if giving meaning to a detected sensation. A) Judgment B) Discrimination C) Learning D) Perception E) Cognition

D) Perception

Which of the following factors contributes to our ability to detect as many different odors as we do? A) pattern of activation across receptor types B) time order of activation across receptor types C) concentration of the odorant D) all of the above E) none of the above

D) all of the above

The twelve pairs of nerves that originate in the brain stem and reach sense organs and muscles through openings in the skull are called the A) Muller mileau. B) specific nerves. C) nervy dozen. D) cranial nerves. E) cranial tracts.

D) cranial nerves.

Airport security is very tight. If a traveler even jokes about a bomb, they are detained and questioned to ensure that no real terrorist threat succeeds. In terms of signal detection theory, airport security would rather have a _____________ than a ____________. A) hit; miss B) miss; correct rejection C) correct rejection; miss D) false alarm; miss E) miss; false alarm

D) false alarm; miss

A _______________ is an individual born without receptors for the bitter PROP. A) supertaster B) taster C) blocked taster D) nontaster E) gustanomic

D) nontaster

In the brain, the ___________ is associated with cognition and executive control and is involved when, for example, cancer patients dread facing another round of chemotherapy because they remember the pain of the first round. A) primary somatosensory cortex (S1) B) secondary somatosensory cortex (S2) C) extrastriate body area (EBA) D) prefrontal cortex E) anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)

D) prefrontal cortex

Sometimes odorants can stimulate the somatosensory system through polymodal nociceptors. These sensations are mediated by the ____________, which transmits information about the "feel" of an odorant. A) prefrontal cortex B) ciliary nerve C) maxillary nerve D) trigeminal nerve E) endocrine system

D) trigeminal nerve

Synesthesia usually involves:

Different sensory modalities, over learned sequences, and projected or imagined associations

An electrode is placed in an orientation column that responds best to orientations of 45 degrees. The adjacent column of cells will probably best respond to orientations of

40 degrees

Which stimulus would optimally activate an OFF-center ganglion cell

A shadow in the center of the receptive field

_________________ form part of the deepest layer of cells in the olfactory bulb. Each of these cells responds only to a few specific odorants. A) Mitral calls B) Juxtaglomerular neurons C) Basal cells D) Tufted cells E) Granule cells

A) Mitral calls

The story of soldiers in battle who did not feel painful wounds until the stress was over describes a damping of pain sensations known as A) analgesia. B) blocked pain. C) delayed pain perception. D) phantom limb phenomenon. E) battle frenzy.

A) analgesia.

The insular cortex A) is the first primary cortical processing area for taste. B) is the last area to receive taste information during the gustation process. C) integrate taste and smell sensations. D) processes information about harmful tastes only. E) protects the taste area of the brain.

A) is the first primary cortical processing area for taste.

The smallest detectable difference between two stimuli is called the A) just noticeable difference. B) sensitivity. C) criterion. D) amplitude. E) phase.

A) just noticeable difference.

The _____________ is the part of the brain responsible for processing olfaction and for assigning affective value to stimuli. A) orbitofrontal cortex B) prefrontal cortex C) temporal lobe D) occipital lobe E) thalamus

A) orbitofrontal cortex

The _______ pathway is the route from the spinal cord to the brain that carries signals from the skin, muscles, tendons, and joints.

Dorsal column medial lemniscal

The theory that synesthetes have greater physical connectivity between disparate areas of their brains is associated with which researcher?

DuMaurier

Over the course of 30 days, the percentage of correct recognitions of an odor A) changes dramatically. B) becomes better. C) becomes worse. D) is based on retention levels. E) remains relatively constant.

E) remains relatively constant.

In order to detect vibrations a mechanoreceptor must

Adapt Rapidly

_______ flow inward to the central nervous system from sensors in the periphery, while _______ flow outward from the central nervous system to the periphery.

Afferent signals; efferent commands

What is required for learning?

All of the above

Which sensation would you become insensitive to if you lost your thermoTRP receptors

All of the above

_______ is the total inability to smell, most often resulting from sinus illness or head trauma.

Anosmia

The tilt illusion is most effective...

At negative or positive 15 degrees tilt, and when there is no clear view of the horizon

"Precision weighting" in predictive processing models is another name for what process?

Attention

Although more rare than visual capture, ________ capture can be demonstrated through the double flash illusion.

Auditory

____________ can be modeled as a deep failure of the mind to correctly resolve predictive error, leading to a persistent hyper-aroused state of trying to explain away this error.

Autism

___________ are chemicals released by the body that block the release or uptake of neurotransmitters necessary to transmit pain sensations to the brain. A) Hyperalgesics B) Endogenous opiates C) Touch neurotransmitters D) Heterogeneous fibers E) Corticosteroids

B) Endogenous opiates

____________ is the founder of psychophysics. A) Berkeley B) Fechner C) Weber D) Plato E) Wundt

B) Fechner

______________ is the biochemical phenomenon, occurring after continual exposure to an odorant, whereby receptors stop responding to an odorant and detection ceases. A) Anosmia B) Receptor adaptation C) Cognitive habituation D) Cross-adaption E) Odor repression

B) Receptor adaptation

_______________ fibers respond best to sustained downward pressure and particularly to lateral skin stretch, and they terminate in Ruffini endings. A) SA I B) SA II C) FA I D) FA II E) None of the above

B) SA II

Touch receptors can be found in the epidermis and A) skull. B) dermis. C) muscle spindle. D) spinothalamic pathway. E) intrafusal muscle fibers.

B) dermis.

The limbic system is a group of neural structures that is involved in many aspects of A) odor detection. B) emotion and memory. C) odor adaptation. D) pain regulation involving odors. E) odor habituation.

B) emotion and memory.

The ___________ describes the system that transmits pain and incorporates modulating signals from the brain. A) two-point threshold B) gate control theory C) pain sensitization theory D) theory of vestibulation E) theory of kinesthetics

B) gate control theory

A(n) _____________ is often responsible for our disliking of a particular food after gastric illness. A) odor trauma B) learned taste aversion C) restricted aversion D) odor dilemma E) virus

B) learned taste aversion

All of the following are potential causes of olfactory problems EXCEPT A) smoking B) neck injury C) dental problems D) exposure to insecticides E) some antibiotics

B) neck injury

Nociceptors transmit information about A) hot or cold stimuli. B) noxious or painful stimuli. C) muscular pain. D) any stimuli that touch the skin. E) body position.

B) noxious or painful stimuli.

An ____________ is a molecule defined by its physiochemical characteristics and is capable of being translated by the nervous system into the perception of smell. A) odor B) odorant C) olfactory entity D) olfactory stimulus E) olfactant

B) odorant

Materialism is the notion that A) all materials influence the mind. B) physical matter is the only reality. C) materials are important to functioning. D) materials help the mind. E) happiness results from acquisition of material possessions.

B) physical matter is the only reality.

The popularity of the spicy flavor of chili peppers in Mexico is an example of the effect of ___________ on taste. A) medical intervention B) social infulences C) taste aversion D) smell E) genetic heritage

B) social infulences

The ____________ phenomenon is the inability to name an odorant, even though it is very familiar. A) missing odor B) tip-of-the-nose C) blocked identification D) tip-of-the-tongue E) stereoisomer

B) tip-of-the-nose

Sometimes called the fifth basic taste, ________________ is the taste sensation evoked by MSG. A) sweet B) umami C) sour D) salty E) bitter

B) umami

If you get a shot of novocain at the dentist and it happens to numb your chorda tympani nerve, what will most likely be a side effect?

Impaired taste

it describes the center of a reference frame

Egocenter

_______ are chemicals released by the body that block the release or uptake of neurotransmitters necessary to transmit pain sensations to the brain.

Endogenous opiates

what are chemicals released by the body that block the release or uptake of neurotransmitters necessary to transmit pain sensations to the brain?

Endogenous opiates

_______ fibers respond best to low-frequency vibrations from about 5 to 50 Hz, such as are produced when an object slips from one's grasp, and they terminate in Meissner corpuscles.

FA I

what kind of fibers respond best to low-frequency vibrations from 5 to 50 Hz, such as are produced when an object slips from one's grasp, and they terminate in Meissner corpuscles.

FA I

What kind of fibers respond best to high-frequency vibrations from 50 to 700 Hz, which occur when an object first makes contact with the skin or when two objects contact each other, and they terminate in Pacinian corpuscles.

FA II

_________ fibers respond best to high-frequency vibrations from about 50 to 700 Hz, which occur when an object first makes ontact with the skin or when two objects contact each other, and they terminate in Pacinian corpuscles

FA II

"Good" art should be...

Familiar Surprising Moderately predictable

What is hyperopia?

Far-sightedness

The Frisson response:

Is associated with emotional engagment and excitation

Why is lateral inhibition important for retinal ganglion cell receptive fields?

It creates the center-surround receptive field structure

What does "blue" taste like?

It depends on your culture and lived experience

What happens to the spatial frequency of a grating if you view it from a greater distance

It increases

Which of the following statements is true concerning microdosing psychedelics?

It is associated with cognitive benefits including increased measures of divergent thinking (creativity)

In presbyopia, the lens becomes stiff with age and cannot change its shape. What is the perceptual consequence of this change?

It may become difficult to focus on objects at certain depths.

which of the following terms describes the perception of the position and movement of our limbs in space?

Kinesthesis

What term describes the perception of the position and movement of our limbs in space?

Kinesthsis

Ian was able to sense limb position because his ____ pathway was intact, but could not feel pain because of damage to his ____ pathway

Lemniscal; Spinothlamic

In a line drawing of an object, which spatial frequencies are least represented

Low frequencies

_______ is a psychophysical method in which the participant assigns values according to perceived magnitudes of the stimuli.

Magnitude Estimation

The _______ occurs when women who live in close proximity to one another begin to have menstrual cycles that coincide over time.

McClintock effect

the _________ occurs when women who live in close proximity to one another begin to have menstrual cycles that coincide over time

McClintock effect

mechanoreceptors that have a fast adaption rate and small receptive field size are called

Meissner corpuscles

Mechanoreceptors that have a fast adaptation rate and small receptive field size are called

Meissner corpuscles.

mechanoreceptors that have a slow adaptation rate and large receptive field size are called

Merkel cell neurite complexes

mechanoreceptors that have a slow adaption rate and small receptive field size are called

Merkel cell neurite complexes

Mechanoreceptors that have a slow adaptation rate and small receptive field size are called

Merkel cell neurite complexes.

Why does the sky look blue on a clear day

Mostly short wavelength light makes it to your eyes.

_______ typically result(s) from a disagreement between the motion and orientation signals provided by the semicircular canals, otolith organs, and vision.

Motion sickness

Which of the following techniques does NOT reduce simulator sickness?

Moving the field of view independently of the observer

______ are sensory receptors located in a muscle that sense the muscles tension.

Muscle spindles

What is myopia?

Near-sightedness

Which of the following is a good example of "agents" in a complex system?

Neurons in the brain People in a city Predators in an ecosystem

If one day you hear a chord and think "wow, what a blue sound" and then a year later you hear the same chord and think "dang, that chord sounds hella yellow", do you have synesthesia?

No, because the association is not fixed over time

Is it possible to induce "true" synesthesia in non-synesthetic adults?

No, because the associations are not permanent (as far as we can tell at this point)

Can anyone develop synesthesia?

No, because there is a genetic component

Should psychedelics remain in schedule I?

No, because they have recognized medicinal benefits

Which taste receptors do fat molecules stimulate?

None

mechanoreceptors that have a fast adaptation rate and large receptive field size are called

Pacinian corpuscles

mechanoreceptors that have a fast adaption rate and large receptive field size are called

Pacinian corpuscles

Mechanoreceptors that have a fast adaptation rate and large receptive field size are called

Pacinian corpuscles.

Treatment for phantom limb pain was inspired by which proprioceptive illusion?

Rubber hand illusion

mechanoreceptors that have a slow adaption rate and large receptive field size are called

Ruffini endings

which of the following are types of mechanoreceptors?

Ruffini endings, Pacinian corpuscles, Merkel cell neurite complexes, Meissner corpuscles

Mechanoreceptors that have a slow adaptation rate and large receptive field size are called

Ruffini endings.@

Which kind of fibers respond best to steady downward pressure, fine spatial details, and very low frequency vibrations of 5 Hz or less, and they terminate in Merkel cell neurite complexes.

SA I

Which kind of fibers respond best to sustained downward pressure, and particularly to lateral skin stretch, and they terminate in Ruffini endings

SA II

________ fibers respond best to sustained downward pressure and particularly to lateral skin stretch and they terminate in Ruffini endings

SA II

The classical psychedelics (psilocybin, lsd) operate primarily on which neurotransmitter system?

Serotonin

If you stick your hand in a bucket of ice water for a few moments you will most likely feel both cold and pain sensations. Which pathway, from the spinal cord to the brain, carries this information?

Spinothalamic

The _____ pathways is the route from the spinal cord to the brain that carries most of the information about skin temperature and pain.

Spinothalamic

This "low-level" brain structure might play a role in visual capture and multisensory integration in general.

Thalamus

The primary difference between the electromagnetic (EM) energy in gamma rays and radio waves is that

gamma rays consist of short wavelength EM and radio waves consist of long wavelength EM.

The _______ describes the system that transmits pain and incorporates modulating signals from the brain.

gate control theory

the _______ describes the system that transmits pain and incorporates modulating signals from the brain

gate control theory

each olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) converges onto two

glomeruli

When you compare the tongue of a supertaster to the tongue of a nontaster, what differences do you notice? a. The supertaster has a much higher density of filiform papillae than the nontaster. b. The supertaster has a much lower density of fungiform papillae than the nontaster. c. The supertaster has a much higher density of fungiform papillae than the nontaster. d. The supertaster has a much lower density of filiform papillae than the nontaster. e. The supertaster can curl their tongue but the nontaster cannot.

c. The supertaster has a much higher density of fungiform papillae than the nontaster.

The ____ (commonly called the ear drum) is a thin piece of skin that vibrates in response to sound. It is the first thing that a soundwave hits inside of your ear. a. Tectorial membrane b. Vestibular membrane c. Tympanic membrane d. Basilar membrane e. Reissner's membrane

c. Tympanic membrane

Which best describes late-selection theories of visual attention? a. Unattended stimuli are attenuated, but not completely filtered out b. Unattended stimuli are filtered before semantic identification c. Unattended stimuli are filtered after semantic identification d. Unattended stimuli have features that influence attentional guidance e. None of the above

c. Unattended stimuli are filtered after semantic identification

Why does phantom limb syndrome occur? a. Some people who lose limbs develop abnormal emotional-cognitive mechanisms to cope with the trauma of limb loss. b. The peripheral nerves are often damaged during amputation, which makes them spontaneously fire from time to time. c. Unused areas of somatosensory cortex that represented the amputated limb are taken over by nearby areas of the cortex. d. Gate control theory posits that some extra sensory fibers are left in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord which fire from time to time. e. I don't remember.

c. Unused areas of somatosensory cortex that represented the amputated limb are taken over by nearby areas of the cortex.

A _______ cell is a neuron whose receptive field does not have clearly defined excitatory and inhibitory regions.

complex

Exploratory procedures are used to

contact objects in order to perceive their properties

exploratory procedures are used to

contact objects in order to perceive their properties

If a stimulus is absent and the observer reports it as absent, this is called a

correct rejection.

Cutting onions makes you cry because chemicals in the onions

create a burning sensation via the trigeminal nerve.

Contrary to vision and audition, odor _______ is not possible in olfaction. a. recognition b. identification c. detection d. imagery e. discrimination

Each olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) converges onto two a. olfactory bulbs. b. tufted cells. c. olfactory cilia. d. glomeruli. e. supporting cells.

Odor hedonics is a. responsible for odor detection. b. the precise description of various odors. c. intensity ratings of various odors. d. the "liking" dimension of odor perception. e. the study of odor creation.

The A-delta and C fibers are types of a. photoreceptors. b. mechanoreceptors. c. thermoreceptors. d. nociceptors. e. proprioceptors.

The _______ pathway is the route from the spinal cord to the brain that carries most of the information about skin temperature and pain. a. dorsal column-medial lemniscal b. primary somatosensory c. dorsalateral d. spinothalamic e. proprioceptor

The olfactory epithelium contains each of the following cells except a. supporting cells. b. basal cells. c. olfactory sensory neurons. d. turbinates. e. All of the above are contained in the olfactory epithelium.

The vibration theory of olfaction contends that a. trigeminal nerve vibrations transmit odor sensations. b. vibrations cause odorous molecules to spread through the air. c. vibrations mediate the transfer of neural signals in the brain. d. there is a different vibrational frequency for every perceived smell. e. maxillary nerve vibrations transmit odor sensations.

What is the effect that is shown when women live in close proximity to one another and over time start to have menstrual cycles that coincide? a. The releaser pheromone effect b. The primer pheromone effect c. The cohabitation effect d. The McClintock effect e. The menstrual cycle phenomenon

Which of the following is a neural structure located behind the main olfactory bulb? a. Orbitofrontal cortex b. Prefrontal cortex c. Main olfactory bulb d. Accessory olfactory bulb e. Vomeronasal organ

Which of the following is not a type of mechanoreceptor? a. Meissner corpuscles b. Ruffini endings c. Pacinian corpuscles d. Retinal ganglion cells e. Merkel cell neurite complexes

How much louder is a 40 dB noise than a 20 dB noise? a. 2 times louder b. 4 times louder c. 6 times louder d. 10 times louder e. 20 times louder

d. 10 times louder

Imagine that your visual system receives the retinal images below. What do you know is true? **the bars 2 and 4 don't move from the left image to the right image but cars 1 and 3 do** a. 1 & 3 are on the horopter b. 3 is the farthest item away from you c. 1, 2, & 4 are at the same distance d. 2 & 4 are on the horopter

d. 2 & 4 are on the horopter

In the diagram below, 1 is currently being fixated and the dashed line is the horopter. Which item will have the largest binocular disparity? **eyes with 2 on horopter closer to right eye, 5 near left eye closer to eye than horopter, 3 outside horopter on left side, 4 outside horopter on right side** a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 e. 5

d. 4

Standing (1973) did a study in which participants viewed 10,000 images for 5 seconds each over several days. When tested for which images they could remember, participants correctly identified _______ of the images they originally viewed. a. 5% b. 29% c. 51% d. 83% e. 100%

d. 83%

Light can be described as a(n) ________. a. Wave b. Particle c. Fluid d. A & B e. A & C

d. A & B

Look at the image below. Imagine that I am going to alternate between the presentation of object A and object B to create apparent motion. What factors should I worry about? **two circles an inch a part one labeled A and one labeled B** a. The distance between the two stimuli b. The time between the two stimuli c. The brightness of the two stimuli d. A & B e. A, B, & C

d. A & B

The fusiform facial area (FFA) is crucial to which of the following cognitive processes? a. Recognizing faces b. Expert object recognition c. Holistic image processing d. A & B e. A & C

d. A & B

Which best describes how we pronounce vowels? a. Vowel pronunciation occurs without obstruction of the airway b. Vowels are distinguished by how you shape your lips and tongue c. Vowels are differentiated by how much the airway is obstructed d. A & B e. B & C

d. A & B

Imagine that you are a doctor in a neurology unit. You just had a patient come in after a traumatic head injury. They are having a hard time recognizing common household objects even though their visual acuity seems just fine. For example, you throw a tennis ball at a patient -- they catch it, but they cannot tell you what it is. They probably have some form of _________. a. Cataracts b. Visual neglect c. Myopia d. Agnosia e. Color blindness

d. Agnosia

Which best describes the current consensus on change blindness? a. Change blindness is dominant in the left eye but not the right eye b. Change blindness is a problem in artificial lab experiments but seems to be rare in the real world c. Change blindness is largely due to inattention of the observer d. Change blindness is due to both failures of memory and attention e. Change blindness only applies to gorillas and movies

d. Change blindness is due to both failures of memory and attention

If somebody wears the same perfume or cologne every day, they may start to put on more and more after several weeks because it doesn't smell as strong to them as it used to. This is due to _______. a. Receptor adaptation b. Ansomnia c. Odor repression d. Cognitive habituation e. Cross-adaptation

d. Cognitive habituation

This is the phenomena where an object retains its perceived color across several different lighting conditions. For example, an apple looks red, regardless of whether it is under blue light or yellow light. a. Color substitution b. Color contrast c. Color additivity d. Color constancy e. Color reflection

d. Color constancy

Why is it hard to see color at night-time? a. The visual angle of objects shrinks at night b. Your iris constricts in dim lighting c. The moon reflects a bluish light d. Cones do not function properly at low light levels e. The process of accommodation is limited at low light levels

d. Cones do not function properly at low light levels

Imagine you sign up for an experiment in my lab and I have you search visual displays for a red T amongst green L's. According to feature integration theory, this is a _____ search, where each location is searched ____. a. Conjuction, serially b. Conjuction, in parallel c. Feature, serially d. Feature, in parallel e. All of the above

d. Feature, in parallel

Which papillae could be completely removed from the tongue (hypothetically) with no impact on taste? a. Fungiform in the middle of the tongue b. Circumvallate c. Fungiform at the tip of the tongue d. Filiform e. Foliate

d. Filiform

Tammy is an elderly eye patient who seems to be losing her eyesight in the periphery of her visual field. A doctor does a test and she has high internal eye pressure. She probably has which eye problem? a. Astigmatism b. Presbyopia c. Agnosia d. Glaucoma e. Cataracts

d. Glaucoma

Lynch et al. (1990) studied musical perception in infants. Which best describes their findings? a. With extensive training, infants could acquire absolute pitch in later adulthood. b. Infants could easily detect a syncopated polyrhythm. c. Infants could easily distinguish between consonant and dissonant chords, but rated found them equally pleasing. d. Infants could detect mistunings equally well in native and foreign musical scales, whereas adults struggled. e. None of the above.

d. Infants could detect mistunings equally well in native and foreign musical scales, whereas adults struggled.

The ____ is the difference in volume between a sound arriving at one ear versus the other, and helps us localize sound. a. Sound shadow b. Cone of confusion c. Interaural time difference d. Interaural level difference e. Azimuth

d. Interaural level difference

If you transform a sequence of notes by raising all of their frequencies by exactly 100 Hz, which aspect would not change? a. Tone chroma b. Musical key c. Tone height d. Melody e. Pitch

d. Melody

Tyrell goes to see a waterfall. After staring at the waterfall for a few minutes, he looks away. He instantly feels motion sick. Static objects like parked cars and streetlamps seem to be moving in an upward motion. What effect has Tyrell succumb to? a. Beta phenomenon b. Optic flow c. Second-order motion d. Motion aftereffect e. Apparent motion

d. Motion aftereffect

Cristina is near-sighted, meaning she can see things close up but not far away. What refractive error does she have? a. Presbyopia b. Astigmatism c. Hyperopia d. Myopia e. Emmetropia

d. Myopia

Jane burns her hand on the hot stove. What type of touch receptor did she stimulate? a. Tactile receptors b. Kinesthetic receptors c. Thermoreceptors d. Nocireceptors e. Mechanoreceptors

d. Nocireceptors

_____ attention refers to explicit eye movements, whereas _____ attention refers to shifts in processing resources that happens without eye movement. a. Exogenous; endogenous b. Covert; overt c. Endogenous; exogenous d. Overt; covert e. Invalid; valid

d. Overt; covert

_____ a process by which missing or degraded acoustic signals are perceptually replaced. a. Perceptual filling b. Appropriate grouping rule c. Good continuation d. Perceptual restoration e. Auditory stream segregation

d. Perceptual restoration

Imagine that I have you perform a semantic priming task. I flash the word "TACO" on the screen and then present you with "T _ _ _." In this example, "taco" is the ______ and "T _ _ _" is the ________. a. Word stem, prime b. Subliminal message, prime c. Prime, semantic message d. Prime, word stem e. Delicious food, hunger measure

d. Prime, word stem

The below equation is an example of a(n) _____ problem, which is similar to the issue that your visual system faces when it infers the actual state of the world from the retinal image. X + Y + Z =1 a. Correspondence b. Addition c. Underdetermined d. Psychophysical e. Monotonic

d. Psychophysical

Jazz musicians often "swing" the timing of when they play notes in a song such that there is a systematic deviation from the regular rhythm. This is an example of _______. a. Articulation b. Polyrhythm c. Coarticulation d. Syncopation e. Tempo

d. Syncopation

Below is a diagram of the Organ of Corti. What is the arrow pointing to? **pointing to clear film across the top of the membrane** a. Reissner's membrane b. Basilar membrane c. Vestibular membrane d. Tectorial membrane e. Tympanic membrane

d. Tectorial membrane

What is binocular disparity? a. Far objects tend to move faster than nearby objects b. The sense of depth resulting from having two eyes c. Double vision resulting from two retinal images d. The difference between the two retinal images for the same scene e. The competition between the two eyes for the control of perception

d. The difference between the two retinal images for the same scene

What is the most likely explanation for why people hear words and phrases when they play songs backwards? a. Phonemic restoration b. Illusory phonetics c. Schizophrenia d. Top-down perception e. Rock artists are devil-worshipping geniuses who discovered a way to brainwash our children

d. Top-down perception

The _______ is a maplike representation of regions of the body processed in the brain.

homunculus

The _______ pathway is the route from the spinal cord to the brain that carries signals from skin, muscles, tendons, and joints.

dorsal column-medial lemniscal

when you walk on an uneven surface your brian senses the information from your skin, muscles, tendons, and joints to help you keep your balance. which pathway, from the spinal cord to the brain carries the information

dorsal column-medials lemniscal

Over the course of several weeks, the percentage of correct recognitions of an odor a. changes dramatically. b. becomes better. c. becomes worse. d. is based on retention levels. e. remains relatively constant.

The _______ is a bony structure riddled with tiny holes, at the level of the eyebrows, which separates the nose from the brain. a. glomerulus b. olfactory mucosa c. olfactory bulb d. olfactory epithelium e. cribriform plate

The _______ is a narrow space at the back of the nose in which air flows and is where the main olfactory epithelium is located. a. OSN b. OR c. olfactory mucosa d. olfactory bulb e. olfactory cleft

The shape-pattern theory of olfaction is based on the idea that a. every perceived smell has a different vibrational frequency. b. the olfactory receptors can change their shapes to fit the odorants' shapes. c. the firing pattern of neurons in the olfactory bulb is not important to odor perception. d. the olfactory bulb recognizes specific patterns of odors. e. odorants' shapes fit into the olfactory receptors' shapes.

Which of the following body parts has the largest representation in the somatosensory map? a. Eyes b. Forearm c. Back d. Neck e. Hand

Which of the following is a chemical sensing organ at the base of the nasal cavity with a curved tubular shape? a. Orbitofrontal cortex b. Prefrontal cortex c. Main olfactory bulb d. Accessory olfactory bulb e. Vomeronasal organ

Which of the following is the correct ordering of body parts, from the largest twopoint threshold to the smallest? a. lips; back; forehead b. forehead; back; lips c. forehead; lips; back d. back; lips; forehead e. back; forehead; lips

Which of the following structures is sometimes called the "retina of the nose"? a. Olfactory cleft b. Basal cells c. Supporting cells d. Olfactory bulb e. Olfactory epithelium

Which of the following terms describes the perception of the position and movement of our limbs in space? a. Homunculus b. Thermoception c. Nociception d. Neural plasticity e. Kinesthesis

_____ describes the center of a reference frame. a. Haptic center b. Haptic origin c. Kinesthetic origin d. Propriocenter e. Egocenter

_____ refers to our mental representation of our bodies in space. a. Touch sense b. Touch image c. Body sense d. Body agnosia e. Body image

_______ describes the center of a reference frame. a. Haptic center b. Haptic origin c. Kinesthetic origin d. Propriocenter e. Egocenter

_______ refers to our mental representation of our bodies in space. a. Touch sense b. Touch image c. Body sense d. Body agnosia e. Body image

In the attentional blink paradigm, what is the T1-T2 lag that causes participants to miss the second target? (Hint: lag = number of items between the target 1 and target 2). a. 6 b. 1 c. 5 d. 3 e. 2

e. 2

Which of the following is not something that visual attention does? a. Enhances relevant information b. Speeds responding to relevant information c. Filters out irrelevant information d. Helps us be ready for a stimulus e. Attention does all of the above things

e. Attention does all of the above things

Which best summarizes research on animals and language use? a. There have been many attempts to teach language systems to animals but most attempts have failed. b. With extensive practice, some primates can learn language systems like sign language. c. Many animals can make sounds but psycholinguists argue these sounds do not formally qualify as a language system. d. A & C e. B & C

e. B & C

the ______ is a maplike representation of regions of the body processed in the brain

homunculus

what is a maplike representation of where regions of the body are processed in the brain?

homunculus

The _______ is a maplike representation of regions of the body processed in the brain.

homunculus@

In the below figure, what are the names of the papillae in 1-3 (in order)? **1 shows large papillae on the back of the tongue, 2 shows folds on the side of the tongue, 3 shows small papillae on the front of the tongue** a. Firiform; circumvallate; fungiform b. Circumvallate; foliate; firiform c. Circumvallate; firiform; fungiform d. Foliate; circumvallate; fungiform e. Circumvallate; foliate; fungiform

e. Circumvallate; foliate; fungiform

The processing of visual information diverges into two distinct pathways. The _____ "where" pathway processes information about the locations of objects, whereas the ______ "what" pathway processes information about the identity of objects. a. Occipital; temporal b. Ventral; dorsal c. Frontal; temporal d. Temporal; frontal e. Dorsal; ventral

e. Dorsal; ventral

_________ is a machine that uses multiple electrodes placed on the scalp and measures changes in electrical activity across populations of many neurons in the brain. a. BOLD signal b. fMRI c. ERP d. PET e. EEG

e. EEG

The below table illustrates that musical notes do not exactly follow a doubling rule in Western music. What is this called? **how 1 octave higher is not just double the frequency of a musical note** a. Just intonation b. A dissonant chord c. The musical helix d. Syncopation e. Equal temperament

e. Equal temperament

and increased or heightened response to a normall painful stimulus is called

hyperalgesia

which concept explains why a cut on your finger is more sensitive to pain until it heals

hyperalgesia

An increased or heightened response to a normally painful stimulus is called

hyperalgesia.@

A change in the axon membrane potential from -70 mV to -90 mV would be termed a(n)

hyperpolarization

Contrary to vision and audition, odor _______ is not possible in olfaction.

imagery

contrary to vision and audition, odor ______ is not possible in olfaction

imagery

"The whole is greater than the sum of its parts" was a catchphrase used by which type of psychologists? a. Panphycists b. Behaviorists c. Structuralists d. Psychometricians e. Gestaltists

e. Gestaltists

You go the doctor with pain in your stomach. The nurse asks you to rate your level of pain on a scale from 0-10. What psychological technique is the nurse using? a. Method of loci b. Method of constant stimuli c. Method of limits d. Numerical assignment e. Magnitude estimation

e. Magnitude estimation

Which best describes how taste receptors are distributed across the tongue? a. Sour receptors are in the anterior region, but sweet receptors are on the posterior region b. Sour receptors are in the anterior region, but sweet receptors are on the posterior region c. Bitter and sour receptors are more anterior than posterior d. Sour receptors are in the anterior region, but bitter receptors are on the posterior region e. None of the above- the tongue map is bogus

e. None of the above- the tongue map is bogus

Food aversions are interesting because they often are a result of ______. a. Being a supertaster b. Innate food preferences c. Specific hungers d. Excessive taste buds e.Single-trial learning

e.Single-trial learning

People with _______ do not require an optical correction to see normally

emmetropia

the limbic system is a group of neural structures that is involved in many aspects of

emotion and memory

The limbic system is a group of neural structures that is involved in many aspects of

emotion and memory.

_________ are chemicals released by the body that block the release of uptake of neurotransmitters necessary to transmit pain sensations to the brain

endogenous opiates

Embedded (or situated) cognition focuses on the role that the ____________ plays in cognition.

environment

touch receptors can be found in the

epidermis and dermis

When you accelerate in a car and are pushed back into your seat, you are experiencing _______, which is registered by your _______.

linear motion; otolith organs

Why is complex systems science appealing to cognitive psychologists?

The same principles that govern other, larger scale, complex systems (such as the functioning of social networks) can be applied to the brain It provides a framework that shows how complex behavior and learning can evolve from agents with simple rules, helping to bridge the gap between neuroscience and psychology It provides new insight on how we might be able to further progress artificial intelligence through self-organized computational system

_______ are sensory receptors that signal information about chances in skin temperature.

Thermoreceptors

what kind of sensory receptors signal information about changes in skin temperature.

Thermoreceptors

Suppose you have to smell three perfumes, two of which are the same and one of which is different. How would you determine which perfume is different?

Triangle test

What is presbyopia?

When the lens of the eye harden with age

When eye-tracking people cutting a sandwich, people tend to look at...

Where they are going to cut next

Does generative forward modeling confer an evolutionary advantage?

Yes, because you can project into the future and act based on prediction (which is faster than waiting for incoming stimulation)

Exploratory procedures are used to a. contact objects in order to perceive their properties. b. transmit touch signals from nerve endings to the brain. c. alert the brain to especially hot objects. d. filter out unnecessary stimuli in the environment. e. walk around a new environment to learn the layout.

Sometimes odorants can stimulate the somatosensory system through polymodal nociceptors. These sensations are mediated by the a. prefrontal cortex. b. ciliary nerves. c. maxillary nerve. d. trigeminal nerve. e. endocrine system.

The _______ is a maplike representation of where regions of the body are processed in the brain. a. homunculus b. somatosensory receiving area c. topographic map d. somatotopic representation e. retinotopic map

The _______ is the part of the brain responsible for processing olfaction and for assigning affective value to stimuli. a. orbitofrontal cortex b. prefrontal cortex c. temporal lobe d. occipital lobe e. thalamus

The _______ pathway is the route from the spinal cord to the brain that carries signals from skin, muscles, tendons, and joints. a. dorsal column-medial lemniscal b. primary somatosensory c. dorsalateral d. spinothalamic e. proprioceptor

The story of soldiers in battle who did not feel painful wounds until the stress was over describes a damping of pain sensations known as a. analgesia. b. blocked pain. c. delayed pain perception. d. phantom limb phenomenon. e. battle frenzy.

Which of the following is a general smell sensation of a particular quantity that might include many aromatic chemicals? a. Odor b. Odorant c. Olfactory entity d. Olfactory stimulus e. Olfactant

_____ is the total inability to smell, most often resulting from sinus illness or head trauma. a. Anosmia b. Prosopagnosia c. Olfactory blindness d. Insomnia e. Agnosia

______ are sensory receptors that signal information about changes in skin temperature. a. Thermoreceptors b. Thermal neurons c. Mechanoreceptors d. Kinesthetic receptors e. Proprioceptors

_______ are sensory receptors that signal information about changes in skin temperature. a. Thermoreceptors b. Thermal neurons c. Mechanoreceptors d. Kinesthetic receptors e. Proprioceptors

If you pick up a novel object that you've never seen before and run your fingers along it to get a better sense of its shape, you are engaging in

a haptic exploratory procedure.

The method of _________ requires the random presentation of many stimuli, of varying physical intensity, one at a time. The observer then reports whether they think the stimulus is present or absent. a. Constant stimuli b. Adjustment c. Limits d. Magnitude estimation e. None of the above

a. Constant stimuli

_______ might cause a wine to taste very different when you are sampling many other wines at the same time, compared to drinking the wine on its own. a. Cross-adaptation b. Ansomnia c. Receptor adaptation d. Odor repression e. Cognitive habituation

a. Cross-adaptation

Neurons receive incoming electrical signals at their ________ and output electrical signals with their __________. a. Dendrites; axons b. Axons; dendrites c. Cell body; axons d. Dendrites; cell body e. Axons; cell body

a. Dendrites; axons

A _____ filter removes low frequencies from a sound waveform. a. High-pass b. Notch c. Gaussian d. Low-pass e. Step filter

a. High-pass

You just applied for a patent for your new invention: an iPhone attachment that microwaves burritos. The clerk at the patent office looks at your invention. After inspecting your invention, he determines that your invention was obvious. No patent for you! What cognitive error is the patent clerk making? a. Hindsight bias b. Illusory correlation c. Confirmation bias d. Begging the question e. Con artistry

a. Hindsight bias

The arrow in the diagram below points to the ____. **diagram of ear canal, arrow pointing to a small bone** a. Incus b. Malleus c. Stapes d. Cochlea e. Tympanic membrane

a. Incus

Accommodation is the process during which the _____ of the eye changes its shape to focus light on the retina. a. Lens b. Iris c. Retina d. Pupil e. Cornea

a. Lens

What is the best explanation for the Ponzo illusion? a. Linear perspective and relative size combine to make one item look bigger than the other b. Linear perspective and familiar size combine to make one item look bigger than the other c. Relative height and familiar size combine to make one item look bigger than the other d. People typically judge items that are higher in the visual image as smaller e. People typically judge items that are lower in the visual image as smaller

a. Linear perspective and relative size combine to make one item look bigger than the other

__________ have homologous visual cortex to humans and are thus used to map extrastriate areas of visual cortex. a. Macaque monkeys b. Chimpanzees c. Rats d. Squirrels e. Cats

a. Macaque monkeys

Hubel and Weisel won the Nobel Prize in 1981 for their groundbreaking work recording the receptive fields of neurons in primary visual cortex (V1). Which below describes their findings? a. Neurons in V1 responded to line orientation b. Neurons in V1 responded to complex objects c. Neurons in V1 responded to border ownership d. Neurons in V1 had a center-surround organization e. Neurons in V1 do not exist in cats

a. Neurons in V1 responded to line orientation

Which structure is sometimes called the "retina of the nose"? a. Olfactory epithelium b. Olfactory bulb c. Olfactory cleft d. Basal cell e. Supporting cell

a. Olfactory epithelium

In Sperling's (1960) seminal experiments on iconic memory, an array of letters was briefly presented. Participants had difficulty reporting all 12 letters that were presented. So he made a new condition; the _____ condition, they were required to only report 4 letters from a randomly cued selection that seed to be pretty easy for the participants. a. Partial report b. Whole report c. Entire report d. Incomplete report e. Parallel report

a. Partial report

Which of the following visual depth cues are at play in the below image? **graph showing dots get smaller as they get higher up the image** a. Relative size b. Familiar size c. Linear perspective d. A & C e. B & C

a. Relative size

_______ eye movements are the sudden, jerky eye movements that occur when we search through a visual scene. a. Saccadic b. Selective c. Attentional d. Vergent e. Rapid

a. Saccadic

In the figure below, II is like I in many ways, but you organize them differently. In II, which Gestalt principle explains why the black part seems separate from the grey part? **two designs - one all black and one half black and half grey** a. Similarity b. Good continuation c. Parallelism d. Symmetry e. Proximity

a. Similarity

Which of the following best summarizes what we now know after fifty years of research on subliminal messaging? a. Subliminal messaging is probably real, but relatively weak b. Subliminal messaging is commonly used in advertisements c. Subliminal messaging is not real d. A & C e. B & C

a. Subliminal messaging is probably real, but relatively weak

_________ is the sensation evoked by solutions that contact receptors in the tongue, while _______ includes the former and also olfaction from odorants travelling up the back of your throat. a. Taste; flavor b. Taste; smell c. Flavor; taste d. Flavor; smell e. Smell; taste

a. Taste; flavor

A neuron that allows the passage of some frequencies and blocks the passage of others is a

filter

A mechanoreceptor with slowly adapting properties

fires throughout the duration of an applied stimulus

Semicircular-canal neurons respond to _______ and _______, but not _______.

acceleration; deceleration; constant velocity

The method of _______ requires the observer to alter the strength of a stimulus until it can just be detected.

adjustment

which sensation would you become insensitive to if you lost your thermoTRP receptors

all of the above (the burn of chili peppers, the cooling sensation from mint, pain associated with touching an extremely cold surface, pain associated with touching an extremely hot surfact)

The "dark current" in photoreceptors refers to

an inward Na+ current in an unstimulated photoreceptor.

the story of soldiers in battle who did not feel painful wounds until the stress was over describes of damping of pain sensations known as

analgesia

the processing of components in an odorant mixture is completed by using

analysis and synthesis

In the brain, the _______ is associated with the perceived unpleasantness of pain sensation.

anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)

in the brain, the ________ is associated with the perceived unpleasantness of pain sensation

anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)

A(n) _______ is often responsible for our disliking of a particular food after gastric illness. a. odor trauma b. learned taste aversion c. restricted aversion d. odor dilemma e. virus

Frame of reference is used to a. perceive touch. b. define locations in space. c. identify objects. d. refer to specific objects. e. envelope objects with the hand.

Nociceptors transmit information about a. hot or cold stimuli. b. noxious or painful stimuli. c. muscular pain. d. any stimuli that touch the skin. e. body position.

One explanation for why our sense of smell and language are so disconnected is that a. language developed earlier than smell. b. olfactory information is not integrated in the thalamus prior to processing in the cortex. c. olfactory information is not integrated in the cortex prior to processing in the thalamus. d. there is no need to have connections between smell and language. e. smell is only of secondary use to humans.

The _______ describes the system that transmits pain and incorporates modulating signals from the brain. a. two-point threshold b. gate control theory c. pain sensitization theory d. theory of proprioception e. theory of kinesthetics

The _______ is the blueberry-sized extension of the brain, just above the nose, where olfactory information is first processed. a. epithelium b. olfactory bulb c. glomerulus d. olfactory cortex e. thalamus

The _______ phenomenon is the inability to name an odorant, even though it is very familiar. a. missing odor b. tip-of-the-nose c. blocked identification d. tip-of-the-tongue e. stereoisomer

The cilia are the a. last structures in the biochemical chain of events involved in odor perception. b. first structures involved in olfactory signal transduction. c. most important type of epithelial cells. d. axons involved in the firing of action potentials in the olfactory process. e. cells that carry olfactory information to the thalamus.

The figure below illustrates the concept of a. odorous knowledge. b. stereoisomers. c. odor detection. d. molecular binding. e. shape-pattern invariance.

The figure below illustrates the concept of a. pain transmission. b. gate control theory. c. pain reduction. d. analgesia. e. None of the above

The figure below illustrates the concept of studying a. tactile stimuli. b. competition between sensory modalities. c. how hot and cold stimuli affect touch sensations. d. the response to painful sensations. e. cooperation between sensory modalities.

The limbic system is a group of neural structures that is involved in many aspects of a. odor detection. b. emotion and memory. c. odor adaptation. d. pain regulation involving odors. e. odor habituation.

Haber's method is used to estimate the duration of iconic memory. It involves adjusting the time between two briefly presented stimuli, until it just looks like the stimulus never completely faded. Using this method, what is the typical estimated duration of iconic memory? a. 10-50 milliseconds b. 150-300 milliseconds c. 300-500 milliseconds d. 1 second e. 3 seconds

b. 150-300 milliseconds

If a participant were holding two different weights in their hands and could tell the difference between 50 and 52 gram weights, but not between 50 and 51 gram weights, then the just noticeable difference (JND) would be _____ gram(s). a. 1 b. 2 c. 50 d. 51 e. 52

b. 2

The graph below represents a(n) _______. **graph showing depolarization and repolarization** a. Retinal ganglion cell b. Action potential of a neuron c. Event-related potential (ERP) d. BOLD response

b. Action potential of a neuron

Imagine that you are an OFF bipolar cell. The incoming photoreceptor is stimulated by a light and starts firing. What should you do? a. Keep firing at the same rate b. Decrease your rate of firing c. Stop firing completely d. Increase your rate of firing e. None of the above

b. Decrease your rate of firing

________ in your brain acts as structural support and also serves to support some basic maintenance functions. a. Neurons b. Glial cells c. Blood vessels d. Tacos

b. Glial cells

Imagine a soundwave traveling through the cochlea. The first part of the cochlea is tuned to ____ sounds where as the end part of the cochlea is tuned to ___ sounds. a. Low frequency, high frequency b. High frequency, low frequency c. Low decibel, high decibel d. High decibel, low decibel e. None of the above

b. High frequency, low frequency

In visual search, participants often mix up the features of objects. For example, a green T and red L might become a red T and a green L. This type of error is called a(n) _____. a. Miss b. Illusory conjunction c. False alarm d. Featural rearrangement e. Accidental conjunction

b. Illusory conjunction

What was the primary conclusion in the famous review of psychology research by Nisbett & Wilson (1977)? a. Advertisements are full of sexual subliminal messages. b. People have little introspective access to why they make certain decisions. c. Inserting subliminal messages into advertisements is generally ineffective. d. Perception is, by and large, a top-down perceptual process e. None of the above.

b. People have little introspective access to why they make certain decisions.

Which part of speed production would be most affected if the vocal folds were anesthetized to be immobile? a. Articulation b. Phonation c. Enunciation d. Syncopation e. Respiration

b. Phonation

If we played the below images like a movie, you would see lines moving from the left side to the right side. What kind of motion is this? **three different frames all showing white noise** a. Looming b. Second-order motion c. Illusory motion d. First-order motion e. Imaginary motion

b. Second-order motion

Imagine two radiologists who have the same ability to detect tumors. However, they respond differently when look at ambiguous x-rays of tumors. One doctor will give a diagnosis of cancer if anything looks suspicious. The other doctor will almost never give a diagnosis of cancer, unless she is absolutely certain that the tumor is cancerous. Both doctors have the same _____, but a different _______. a. Sensation; perception b. Sensitivity; response bias c. Perception; sensation d. Response bias; sensitivity e. Photoreceptors; vision

b. Sensitivity; response bias

The below graph shows data from the hypothetical experiment where a person is rotated and they first feel a sense of motion consistent with their actual motion, but soon they feel as if they are _______. After 30 seconds, they feel as if they have ______. If the motion is abruptly stopped, the subject feels as if they are rotating in the _______ direction. **graph with solid black line going straight up then across then straight down; dotted line going straight up, sloping down then going straight down and sloping back up** solid = physical dotted = perceived a. Speeding up; slowed down; opposite b. Slowing down; stopped; opposite c. Slowing down; sped up; same d. Speeding up; stopped; same e. Slowing down; sped up; opposite

b. Slowing down; stopped; opposite

A(n) ________ is a pattern for sound analysis that provides a three-dimensional display, plotting time on the horizontal axis, frequency on the vertical axis, and intensity in color. a. Sine wave b. Spectrogram c. Fourier transform d. Vocalization plot e. Musical helix

b. Spectrogram

The ______ is sensitive to horizontal movement, whereas the ______ is sensitive to vertical movement. a. Posterior canal; anterior canal b. Utricle; saccule c. Saccule; utricle d. None of the above e. Anterior canal; posterior canal

b. Utricle; saccule

Suppose you are sitting in a chair, wearing virtual reality glasses and experiencing the visual input of a roller coaster. You might feel like you are actually moving due to the sense of ______. a. Linear motion b. Vection c. Tilt d. Angular acceleration e. Linear acceleration

b. Vection

The McGurk effect illustrates that: a. Listeners fill in missing auditory information by using context. b. We use both auditory and visual information in perceiving speech sounds. c. We are better able to perceive speech when we know the topic of the speech. d. We tend to have a categorical perception of continuous speech sounds. e. Speech sounds are more accurately perceived within a phrase than in isolation.

b. We use both auditory and visual information in perceiving speech sounds.

________ is the competition between 2 nostrils for odor perception

binaral rivalry

If you accidentally consume a poisonous food, what will it probably taste like?

bitter

Choose the correct statement

bitter and sweet tastes are mediated by G protein-coupled receptors. Sour and salty tastes are mediated by ion channels.

Jerome is about to take his dog on a walk at night. How long should he wait in the dark for his eyes to adapt? a. 5-10 seconds b. 5-10 minutes c. 20-25 minutes d. 2-3 hours e. 2-3 weeks

c. 20-25 minutes

In the picture below, which object will create the greatest interaural time difference? **face with a 1 in front of the nose, 2 between nose and ear, 3 in front of ear, 4 between back of head and ear and a 5 behind the head** a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 e. 5

c. 3

The following soundwave is __ Hz. **graph showing amplitude going up and down four times within a second** a. 1/4th b. 1/8th c. 4 d. 8 e. 16

c. 4

Nick and Chelsea go to a rock concert. Chelsea sits in the front row, while Nick sits four rows back. In other words, Nick is 4 times the distance from the band as Chelsea. According to the inverse square law, if Chelsea experiences a sound level of 60 dB, what sound level will Nick hear? a. 66 dB b. 54 dB c. 48 dB d. 42 dB e. 20 dB

c. 48 dB

Jack spends the day at the ocean playing in the waves and surfing. When he gets home and lays down in bed, he experiences an illusory sense of a rocking motion. This is known as ________. a. Motion sickness b. Vestibular flux c. Mal de debarquement syndrome d. Meniere's syndrome e. Vection

c. Mal de debarquement syndrome

The criminal justice system in the United States is designed to be biased such that it would rather let a guilty person go free than convict an innocent person. In terms of signal detection theory, the courts would rather have a _____ than a ______. a. False alarm; miss b. Hit; miss c. Miss; false alarm d. Miss; correct rejection e. Correct rejection; miss

c. Miss; false alarm

When one objects "covers up" another object in the visual field, that is called __________. a. Parallelism b. Color constancy c. Occlusion d. Figure-ground segmentation e. Good continuation

c. Occlusion

it refers to our mental representation of our bodies in space

body image

The A-delta and C fibers are types of

both b and c

the A-delta and C fibers are types of

both b and c (thermoreceptors, nociceptors)

it is a method of communication that uses touch sensations only

braile

________ is a method of communication that uses touch sensations only

braille

Which of the following statements about stereoblindness is false? a. Infants with strabismus typically learn to suppress one of the retinal images b. About 3-5% of the population has it c. People typically regain depth perception with corrective surgery d. It typically results from a childhood eye disorder e. All of the above are true

c. People typically regain depth perception with corrective surgery

. _______ means mapped in correspondence to the skin. a. Topographic b. Somatosensory c. Somatotopic d. Kinesthetic e. Proprioceptive

As shown in the figure below, from the thalamus, much of the touch information is carried up to the cortex into a. the spinal cord. b. the homunculus. c. somatosensory area 1. d. somatosensory area 2. e. the central sulcus.

Proprioception is perception mediated by a. positive attitudes. b. variations in vibrations. c. kinesthetic and vestibular receptors. d. cognition. e. emotion.

Specific anosmia and the study of stereoisomers provide evidence against the _____ theory of olfactory perception. a. regulated odor b. shape-pattern c. vibration d. odor activation e. olfactory nerve

The _______ helps convey speech to the blind and deaf. a. somatosensory method b. Braille alphabet c. Tadoma method d. external communication method e. sign language method

The brain region responsible for processing smell is known as the a. amygdala. b. parietal lobe. c. primary olfactory cortex. d. occipital cortex. e. thalamus.

The figure below demonstrates the locations of four types of a. skin layers. b. muscle spindles. c. mechanoreceptors. d. neuronal axons. e. neurotransmitters.

The figure below illustrates an apparatus used to a. measure bodily reaction to hot and cold stimuli. b. measure the signals from the fingers to the brain. c. display targets to the fingertips. d. administer painful sensations to the fingertips. e. measure pain thresholds

___ means mapped in correspondence to the skin. a. Topographic b. Somatosensory c. Somatotopic d. Kinesthetic e. Proprioceptive

____ is the psychological process by which, after long-term exposure to an odorant, one is no longer able to detect that odorant or has very diminished detection ability. a. Anosmia b. Temporary anosmia c. Cognitive habituation d. Cross-adaptation e. Odor repression

_______ are chemicals emitted by one member of a species that triggers a psychological or behavioral response in another member of the same species. a. Odors b. Olfactants c. Pheromones d. Odorants e. Primers

when subjects are rotated in the dark, they first feel a sense of motion consistent with their actual motion, but soon feel as if they are _______. After 30 seconds, they feel as if they have _______. If the motion is abruptly stops, subjects feel as if they are rotating in the _______ direction.

slowing down; stopped; opposite

The receptive fields of cortical S1 neurons are

smaller for the fingers than the forearm

Refer to the figure. As shown in the figure, from the thalamus, much of the touch information is carried up to the cortex into

somatosensory area 1 (S1).

As shown in the figure below, from the thalamus, much of the touch information is carried up to the cortex into

somatosensory area 1.

what means mapped in correspondence to the skin?

somatotopic

If a glass of water undergoes a chemical reaction such that it has more hydrogen ions in it, it will taste

sour

If you have a specific craving for salty foods due to a sodium deficiency, it is an example of the _______ theory

specific hungers

The _______ pathway is the route from the spinal cord to the brain that carries most of the information about skin temperature and pain.

spinothalamic

if you stick your hand in a bucket of ice water for a few moments you will most likely feel both cold and pain sensations. which pathway, from the spinal cord to the brain, carries the information

spinothalamic

which pathway is the route from the spinal cord to the brain that carries most of the information about skin temperature and pain?

spinothalamic

Penfield mapped locations of body parts on area S1 by

stimulating S1 areas in humans, and asking them where they felt body sensations.

A mixture of 30 separate odorants will smell the same as a different mixture of 30 separate odorants. This is evidence for

synthetic processing in olfaction.

it is the inability to identify objects by touch

tactile agnosia

Mystical experiences are associated with:

temporal lobe epilepsy, psychedelic use and near death experiences

odor hedonics is

the "liking" dimension of odor perception

Odor hedonics is

the "liking" dimension of odor perception.@

The cilia are

the first structures involved in olfactory signal transduction.

Embodied (and embedded) cognition focus on the centrality of ________________ in guiding behavior.

the perception-action loop

The cortical magnification factor occurs in humans because

the small area of the fovea accounts for a large area on the cortex.

The A-delta and C fibers are types of

thermoreceptors nociceptors

One commonality between the medial lemniscal and spinothalamic pathway is that

they both cross to the controlateral side of the brain.

If somebody has 20/100 vision, this means

they see at 20 feet what a person with normal vision sees at 100 feet.

The importance of calcium ions is that

they trigger the release of neurotransmitters into the synapse.

if you are in a food court and recognize the smell of a particular dish but cannot name it, you are experiencing the _________ phenomenon

tip of the nose

suppose you have to smell 3 perfumes, two of which are the same and one of which is different. how would you determine which perfume is different

triangle test

Sometimes odorants can stimulate the somatosensory system through polymodal nociceptors. These sensations are mediated by the _______, which transmits information about the "feel" of an odorant.

trigeminal nerve

Proprioception is perception mediated by

variations in vibrations.

The reason that videos shot with handheld cameras seem so shaky and hard to follow is because when we see something with our own eyes, our _______ allows us to compensate for our own motion and maintain a steady image on the retina.

vestibular-ocular reflex

specific anosmia and the study of stereoisomers provide evidence against the _______ theory of olfactory perception

vibration

In general, this perceptual sense tends to "win" when there is a sensory conflict.

vision

Eye doctors specify acuity in terms like "20/20," but vision scientists prefer to talk about the smallest _______ of a cycle of a grating that one can perceive

visual angle

The physiological mechanism behind dark adaptation is

visual pigment regeneration.

which of the following is a chemical sensing organ in non human animals located at the base of the nasal cavity, wich a curved tubular shape

vomeronasal organ

The blind spot is located

where the optic nerve leaves the eye

________ form part of the deepest layer of cells in the olfactory bulb. the comprise an extensive network of inhibitory neurons, integrate input from all the earlier projections, and are thought to be the basis of specific odorant identification

mitral cells

which cells are not found in the olfactory epithelium

mitral cells

Unlike simple cells, complex cells respond best to

moving stimuli.

which of the following describes the ability of neural circuits to undergo changes in function or organization as a result of previous activity

neural plasticity

the A-delta and C fibers are types of

nociceptors

A self-organized system...

none of the above

A _______ is an individual born without receptors for the bitter PROP.

nontaster

Nociceptors transmit information about....

noxious or painful stimuli

Nocireceptors transmit information about

noxious or painful stimuli

Nociceptors transmit information about

noxious or painful stimuli.

Nociceptors transmit information about

noxious or painful stimuli.@

which of the following is the translation of a chemical stimulus into a smell sensation

odor

the shape pattern theory of olfaction is based on the idea that

odorants shapes fit into the olfactory receptors shapes

The shape-pattern theory of olfaction is based on the idea that

odorants' shapes fit into the olfactory receptors' shapes.

meet john. all food tastes pretty bland to him-he can only sense the sweetness, saltiness, bitterness, or sourness of food, but none of the other complexities. what is the best diagnosis for john

olfactory blindness

which structure is sometimes called the retina of the nose

olfactory epithelium

The _______ is multimodal in nature, responding to temperature, touch, smell, and taste, and is critical for assigning affective value to stimuli.

orbitofrontal cortex

The _______ is the part of the brain responsible for processing olfaction and for assigning affective value to stimuli.

orbitofrontal cortex

Graphing the response of a simple cortical cell results in the

orientation tuning curve.

______ olfaction refers to sniffing in and perceiving odors through the nostrils, while _______ olfaction refers to perceiving odors through the mouth while chewing

orthonasal; retronasal

The part of the photoreceptor that contains photopigment molecules is called the

outer segment

the perceived sensation from a physically amputated limb of the body is known as

phantom limb

the perceived sensation from physically amputated limb of the body is known as

phantom limb

In the brain, the _______ is associated with cognition and executive control and is involved when, for example, cancer patients dread facing another round of chemotherapy because they remember the pain of the first round.

prefrontal cortex

in the brain, the _________ is associated with cognitino and executive control and is involved when, for example, cancer patients dread facing another round of chemotherapy because they remember the pain of the first round

prefrontal cortex

sometimes odorants can stimulate the somatosensory system through polymodal nociceptors. these sensations are mediated by the ________, which transmits information abot the "feel" of an odorant

prefrontal cortex

Bayesian statistics utilizes what information that frequentist statistics does not utilize?

prior probabilities

If you are stung by a honeybee, many other bees nearby may be cued to sting you because the first bee emitted a(n)

releaser pheromone.

Over the course of 30 days, the percentage of correct recognitions of an odor

remains relatively constant.

All generative models...

require understanding the cause of the to-be-generated stimuli

which of the following is not a type of mechanoreceptor

retinal ganglion cell

if you taste the fruit characteristics of a fine wine, wwhat kind of olfaction are you engaging in

retronasal

Chewing and swallowing force an odorant emitted by the mouth up behind the palate into the nose, which causes one to experience _______ sensation of the odor perceived.

retronasal olfactory

The term for rotation around the x-axis is _______, rotation around the y-axis is _______, and rotation around the z-axis is _______.

roll; pitch; yaw

A spicy food would likely be labeled...

Kiki

The "life-span" of olfactory receptors in humans is

about 5 to 7 weeks.

If a participant were holding two different weights in their hands and the JND for a 10-gram weight was 1 gram, what should the JND be for a 100-gram weight, according to Weber's law?

10 grams

The visual angle of your thumb at arms length is roughly

2 degrees

Which diagram shows visual depth cue called looming? **all line graphs showing different patterns** a. line angling down b. line angling up c. line sloping down d. line sloping up

ANSWER: D

Which pattern would maximally excite this retinal ganglion cell? a. graph showing maximum excitement during grey bar b. graph showing maximum excitement during white bar c. graph showing maximum excitement during grey and white bars d. A & B e. A & C

ANSWER: B

Which of the following is a neural structure located behind the main olfactory bulb?

Accessory olfactory bulb@

_______ are the precursor cells to olfactory sensory neurons.

Basal Cells

_______ are the precursor cells to olfactory sensory neurons.

Basal cells

_________________ papillae are the taste bud-containing folds of tissue that are located on the rear of the tongue, where the tongue attaches to the mouth. A) Filiform B) Fungiform C) Foliate D) Circumvallate E) None of the above

C) Foliate

The brain region responsible for processing smell is known as the A) amygdala. B) parietal lobe. C) primary olfactory cortex. D) occipital cortex. E) thalamus.

C) primary olfactory cortex.

Specific anosmia and the study of stereoisomers provide evidence against the ____________ theory of olfactory perception. A) regulated odor B) shape-pattern C) vibration D) odor activation E) olfactory nerve

C) vibration

The refractive error that produces nearsightedness

causes the focal point to be in front of the retina.

_______ are mushroom-shaped structures distributed most densely on the edges of the tongue, especially the tip.

Fungiform papillae

Suppose you hit your shin on a piece of furniture and it starts to hurt. Which theory explains why rubbing your shin might make it hurt less?

Gate control theory

If someone was trying to make their new candy have a more sour flavor perception amongst consumers, they would likely color it...

Green

If a movie projector is out of focus and the images on the screen are blurry, which spatial frequencies are missing?

High frequencies

Which of the following aspects would you NOT want in a VR HMD?

High latency

The _______ is a map like representation of regions of the body processed in the brain.

Homunculus

This odor is created when at least 30 odorants of equal intensity that span olfactory physiochemical and psychological (perceptual) space are mixed. The resultant odor percept is the same as every other mixture of 30 odorants meeting the span and equivalent intensity criteria, even though the various mixtures do not share any common odorants.

Olfactory white@

_______ olfaction refers to sniffing in and perceiving odors through the nostrils, while _______ olfaction refers to perceiving odors through the mouth while chewing.

Orthonasal; retronasal

olfaction refers to sniffing in and perceiving odors through the nostrils, while _______ olfaction refers to perceiving odors through the mouth while chewing.

Orthonasal; retronasal

What is emmetropia?

Perfect vision

Which of the following events restores the membrane potential from the peak of the action potential back down towards the resting level?

Potassium ions move out of the cell

If you embody a character in VR, your behavior/cognition might change to align with that of the embodied character. This is known as:

Proteus effect

In signal detection theory, the _______ is a value that defines the ease with which an observer can tell the difference between the presence and absence of a stimulus.

ROC

_______ is the biochemical phenomenon, occurring after continual exposure to an odorant, whereby receptors stop responding to an odorant and detection ceases

Receptor adaptation

_______ is the biochemical phenomenon, occurring after continual exposure to an odorant, whereby receptors stop responding to an odorant and detection ceases.

Receptor adaptation

Which of the following statements is false?

Synesthetes perform higher on cognitive tests measuring general creativity

Which functionality would be most affected if you lost your FA I (Meissner) touch receptors?

The ability to detect stable grasp and whether an object is slipping

When you sprinkle monosodium glutamate (MSG) on some food, which taste sensation increases?

Unami

Suppose you are riding a VR roller coaster and you start to feel like you yourself are moving, even though you are seated motionless. This is likely due to...

Vection

Mixing the colors of lights is ______, whereas mixing the colors of pigments is ________. a. Additive; subtractive b. Color opponent; trichromatic c. Subtractive; additive d. Trichromatic; color opponent e. Bottom-up; top-down

a. Additive; subtractive

In the picture the random dot kinematogram below, what is the percentage of coherent motion? **circle with 10 little circles with arrows, 7 are black with the arrows pointing in different directions, 3 are white with the arrows pointing in the same direction** a. 30% b. 50% c. 70% d. 10% e. 100%

a. 30%

What does the Principle of Univariance refer to? a. A single photoreceptor cannot feasibly discriminate color b. Some cultures only have a single word to describe colors c. There is a single neuron in IT cortex that responds to Jennifer Aniston d. The retinal image is ambiguous and could reflect several states of the world e. None of the above

a. A single photoreceptor cannot feasibly discriminate color

Which best describes Fechner's law? (Hint: Think chihuahuas versus water buffalo) a. As the physical intensity increases, the ability to perceptually discriminate stimuli is harmed b. Physical intensity and perceptual intensity have a perfect linear relationship c. As the physical intensity increases, the ability to perceptually discriminate stimuli is improved d. Physical intensity and perceptual intensity have no relationship whatsoever

a. As the physical intensity increases, the ability to perceptually discriminate stimuli is harmed

Bod is a TSA agent and is watching bags go by on the conveyor belt. He notices that one bad contains a knife. He becomes so preoccupied with this bag that he misses a second bag with a gun that comes by just after the knife bag. What error has Bob succumb to? a. Attentional blink b. Contextual cuing c. Satisfaction of search d. Late selection e. Early selection

a. Attentional blink

Look at the figure below. Imagine that we alternate these frames in sequences (like a movie). If we go just the right speed, we will get _____ motion, which will make it look like the white dots are moving. But, if we go too fast, we will get ____ phenomenon, which will make it look like there is a gray dot moving around in a circular pattern. **circle of white dots with dots alternatively turning black in a circle** a. Beta, phi b. Alpha, beta c. Phi, beta d. Alpha, phi e. Beta, alpha

a. Beta, phi

Neurons in V2 are tuned to _______, whereas neurons in inferotemporal (IT) cortex are tuned to _______. a. Border ownership; specific objects b. Specific objects; border ownership c. Lines; edges d. Edges; lines e. Brightness; color

a. Border ownership; specific objects

Which of the following is a shared commonality between primary somatosensory cortex and primary visual cortex? a. Both have an orderly spatial organization b. Both have systematic distortions in representation c. Both get information from cranial nerves d. B & C e. A, B, & C

a. Both have an orderly spatial organization b. Both have systematic distortions in representation

_____ hearing loss is when the bones in the middle ear stop working properly. a. Conductive b. Sensoneural c. Tympanic d. Ossicle e. Mechanical

a. Conductive

Photoreceptors that are specialized for daylight vision, fine acuity, and color are called __. a. Cones b. Ganglion cells c. Rods d. Bipolar cells e. Duplexes

a. Cones

Suppose a new culture is discovered that has nine notes per octave in their musical scale, as opposed to the seven notes per octave in traditional Western music. Based upon previous research on the Tsimane tribe, what might we predict about their hearing of pitches? a. They will have no preference for consonant and dissonant chords in the Western scale. b. They will perceive a wider range of pitches that qualify for a given note. c. They will perceive the same range of pitches that qualify for a given note. d. They will perceive a narrower range of pitches that qualify for a given note. e. After a few moments listening to music in the seven-note Western scale, their hearing of pitches will switch over to the Western scale.

a. They will have no preference for consonant and dissonant chords in the Western scale.

Parallel lines in the world appear to meet at a single location called the _____. a. Vanishing point b. Linear convergence c. Horopter d. Horizon e. Parallax

a. Vanishing point

Imagine you are tasting marinara for a chef who is working on a special marinara recipe, and she wants the marinara to have a subtle hint of black pepper flavor. In her first batch of marinara, you could not detect any pepper flavor. If she cooks several more batches of marinara and keeps gradually increasing the amount of black pepper in every batch until you finally notice the pepper flavor, which psychophysical method is she employing? a. Magnitude estimation b. Method of limits c. Method of constant stimuli d. Method of adjustment e. Method of sensory tuning

b. Method of limits

Relative height, relative size, and familiar size are _____ depth cues because they provide information about order and distance. a. Monocular b. Metrical c. Binocular d. Ordinal e. Euclidean

b. Metrical

A(n) _______ is a visual image seen after the stimulus has been removed. a. Neutral point b. Negative afterimage c. Hallucination d. Adapting stimuli e. Metamer

b. Negative afterimage

Which of the following is the translation of a chemical stimulus into a smell sensation? a. Olfactant b. Odor c. Odorant d. Olfactory entity e. Olfactory stimulus

b. Odor

_________ olfaction is the perception of odor caused by inhaling through the nostrils. _________ olfaction is the perception of odor caused by chewing food in the mouth. a. Retronasal; orthonasal b. Orthonasal; retronasal c. Crossnasal; retronasal d. Retronasal; crossnasal e. None of the above

b. Orthonasal; retronasal

In humans, the ________ detect head rotations, whereas the _______ detect linear motion. a. Accelerometer; gyroscope b. semicircular canals; otolith organs c. Otolith organs; semicircular canals d. Gyroscope; vestibular systems e. Gyroscope; accelerometer

b. semicircular canals; otolith organs

Which of the following is the correct order of body parts, from the largest two-point threshold to the smallest?

back, forehead, lips

which of the following is the correct order of body parts, from the largest two point threshold to the smallest

back; forehead; lips

which of the following is the correct ordering of body parts, from the largest tow-point threshold to the smallest?

back;forehead;lips

The neural processes of posture control by which weight is evenly distributed, enabling us to remain upright and stable, is called

balance

When you stub your toe, you first feel a quick, sharp pain transmitted by ______, and then a moment later, a dull, throbbing pain transmitted by ______. a. Thermo TRP receptors; C fibers b. C fibers; A-delta fibers c. A-delta fibers; C fibers d. C fibers; thermo TRP receptors e. A-delta fibers; thermoTRP receptors

c. A-delta fibers; C fibers

When you stub your toe, you first feel a quick, sharp pain transmitted by _______, and then a moment later, a dull, throbbing pain transmitted by _______.

c. A-delta fibers; C fibers

The Necker cube is a classic example of a(n) ________. **3-D cube** a. Figure-ground segmentation b. Illusory contour c. Ambiguous figure d. Accidental viewpoint e. Texture segmentation

c. Ambiguous figure

Understanding human speech is a challenge for computers because the same sound might be pronounced differently depending on the sound coming before or after it. This phenomena is called _______. a. Voicing b. Obstruction c. Coarticulation d. Articulation e. Resonance

c. Coarticulation

_____ is the lowest-frequency component of a complex periodic sound. a. Harmonic sound b. Missing fundamental c. Fundamental frequency d. Pitch e. Timbre

c. Fundamental frequency

Imagine that you feed your nephew who is an infant a small piece of lemon. What can you expect to happen? a. Young children are supertasters and void aversive flavors, so he will spit the lemon out. b. Infants do not develop sour taste receptors until 3-4 months of age- so he will likely chew it and not notice it is sour. c. He will make a stereotypes "puckered" facial expression. d. Infants have a strong gag reflex for potentially dangerous foods- so he'll likely get sick. e. Humans have no innate taste preferences- so he might like it.

c. He will make a stereotypes "puckered" facial expression.

This brain structure that acts as relay station for visual information between the eyes and primary visual cortex. a. Optic chiasm b. Optic nerve c. Lateral geniculate nucleus d. Inferotemporal cortex (IT) e. Primary visual cortex

c. Lateral geniculate nucleus

Jane nods her head to say "yes". What type of head movement is she making? a. Clockwise b. Yaw c. Pitch d. Shift e. Roll

c. Pitch

Which of the following is NOT something that the vestibular system helps with? a. Visual stability b. Balance c. Proprioception d. Autonomic responses e. Spatial orientation

c. Proprioception

Suppose you enter a hair salon and the smell of the hair dyes and other chemicals is very strong and distinctive at first. However, after a few minutes you no longer smell those chemicals. What process is responsible for this phenomenon? a. Ansomnia b. Cognitive habituation c. Receptor adaptation d. Cross-adaptation e. Odor repression

c. Receptor adaptation

Chemicals wafting through the air that activate the olfactory neurons in your nose is ________, whereas interpreting the response of the olfactory neurons as smelling like a delicious apple pie is ___________. a. Registration; designation b. Perception; sensation c. Sensation; perception d. Judgment; detection e. Detection; judgment

c. Sensation; perception

Biederman was famous for his recognition-by-components model of object recognition. He argued that people break down objects into geons and then combine the geons to form objects. What class of model is his theory? a. Deep neural network model b. Prototype model c. Structural description model d. Template matching model e. This isn't a model!

c. Structural description model

If a stimulus is above the threshold for conscious awareness, it is said to be ______. a. Underliminal b. Superliminal c. Supraliminal d. Subliminal e. Hypoliminal

c. Supraliminal

Which statement best describes the inverse optics problem? a. The retina is wired backwards, which leads to a giant blind spot b. There are a lot of feedback connections in the visual system c. The retinal image is ambiguous, so we have to make an educated guess about the actual state of the world d. The retinal image is upside down and backwards e. All of the above

c. The retinal image is ambiguous, so we have to make an educated guess about the actual state of the world

Neurons in the LGN have ____ receptive fields.

center-surround

frame of reference is used to

define locations in space

touch receptors can be found in the epidermis and

dermis

Light cannot be

dissolved

Dogs are more sensitive to smells than humans because

dogs have many more olfactory receptors than humans.

The _______ horn is the region at the rear of the spinal cord that receives inputs from receptors in the skin.

dorsal

the ________ horn is the region at the rear of the spinal cord that receives inputs from receptors in the skin

dorsal

_______ is the psychological aspect of a sound, related mainly to perceived frequency. a. Tone b. Chroma c. Sound d. Octave e. Pitch

e. Pitch

_______ is the science of defining quantitative relationships between psychological and physical events. a. Panpsychism b. Signal detection theory c. Materialism d. Dualism e. Psychophysics

e. Psychophysics

Dr. Quinn is a radiologist. She spots a tumor in a patient's x-ray and then stops searching the image for other tumors. Because of this, she misses a second tumor in the image. What error has Dr. Quinn succumb to? a. Change blindness b. Attentional blink c. False miss d. Early termination e. Satisfaction of search

e. Satisfaction of search

The visual angle of an object is the... a. Estimated size of the object b. Object's contrast divided by its spatial frequency c. The perceived angle versus the physical angle d. Actual size of the object e. Size an object takes up on the retina

e. Size an object takes up on the retina

You are talking to a friend before lecture starts. Even though you are deeply immersed in a conversation about perception, you hear someone behind you say your name. You have fallen victim to_______. a. A flanker compatibility effect b. A cueing effect c. Attention capture d. A filtering cost e. The cocktail party effect

e. The cocktail party effect

The process of converting stimulus energy into an electrical signal that neurons can interpret is called ________. a. Alteration b. Receptor specificity c. A receptive field d. Transformation e. Transduction

e. Transduction

When an object appears behind the horopter, this results in a(n) _____. a. Free fusion b. Crossed disparity c. Lateral inhibition d. False depth illusion e. Uncrossed disparity

e. Uncrossed disparity

You are a neurologist (congrats!). You give a patient a line cancellation test and they return it in looking like this. What problem does that patient probably have? **box with lines on the left and x's on the right** a. Agnosia b. Prosopagnosia c. Strabismus d. Stereoblindness e. Visual neglect

e. Visual neglect

The _______ is the airway above the larynx that is used for the production of speech and includes the oral and nasal tracts. a. Trachea b. Esophagus c. Epiglottis d. Vocal fold e. Vocal tract

e. Vocal tract

which of the following body parts has the largest representation in the somatosensory map?

hand

which part of the body has the largest representation in the somatosensory map

hand

suppose you reach into the depths of your backpack without looking and find a pencil using your sense of touch alone. you have just engaged in ______ perception

haptic

The most common form of hallucination is:

hearing voices

suppose a persons olfactory system is "rewired" such that olfactory signals pass through the thalamus and are processed more in the left hemisphere of the brain. what might be a consequency

it would be easier for them to verbally label smells

_________ are the second layer of cells surrounding the glomeruli. they respond to fewer odorants than the first layer, but to more than the neurons at the deepest layer of cells

juxtaglomerular neurons

which term describes the perception of the position and mvmt of our limbs in space

kinesthesis

Proprioception is the perception mediated by

kinesthetic and vestibular receptors

when people are going through chemotherapy, they often feel very nauseous. because of this, they are instructed to avoid eating foods they normally like because they might acquire a _________ and not want to eat their favorite foods again

learned taste aversion

A(n) _______ is often responsible for our disliking of a particular food after gastric illness.

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