bio 1 exam 2 study

Which of the following lists represents the correct order of events in the cell cycle? metaphase, anaphase, telophase, interphase, prophase interphase, prophase, metaphase, telophase, anaphase prophase, anaphase, metaphase, telophase, interphase prophase, interphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

metaphase, anaphase, telophase, interphase, prophase

What kind of proteins make up the mitotic spindle? microtubules chromatin kinases chromatids cyclins

microtubules

The cytoskeleton of animal cells really is a bit like the skeleton of the whole animal in the way it provides structure and a framework for the cells. But the cytoskeleton is also like another important part of animals. This is the digestive system. nervous system. reproductive system. muscular system. circulatory system.

muscular system.

What is a chromatid? one half of a duplicate pair of chromosomes one half of a homologous pair of chromosomes a malformed chromosome a broken chromosome

one half of a duplicate pair of chromosomes

What structure do a prokaryotic cell, a plant cell, and an animal cell have in common? a nucleus a cell wall Mitochondria plasma membrane

plasma membrane

In which of the following organisms would you most likely find CAM metabolism occurring? corn sunflower prickly pear cactus oak tree

prickly pear cactus

Spindle fibers first appear during which stage of mitosis? metaphase anaphase prophase telophase

prophase

The function of ribosomes is to synthesize RNA. DNA. proteins. lipids. polysaccharides.

proteins.

Which of the following colors of light would contain the most energy? purple orange yellow green

purple

If a cell contains 20 chromosomes, how many chromatids will be present during prophase? 5 10 20 30 40

40

Which of the following is/are function(s) of cell membrane proteins? may be attached to the cytoskeleton for structural support may play a role in recognition of foreign cells by the immune system may be receptor proteins for hormones All of these are true.

All of these are true.

The cytoskeleton is attached to peripheral proteins. True False

True

Water gets through the phospholipid bilayer only because it is a large molecule. it is polar. it is nonpolar. it is a small molecule.

it is a small molecule.

The replication of DNA occurs during which portion of the interphase? G₂ phase G₃ phase G₁ phase S phase

S phase

Choose the statement that is CORRECT about the frequency of mitosis. All cells divide throughout the existence of a multicelled eukaryote. Somatic cells divide continually. Some cells, like leaf cells, cease to divide after mature size is reached. Bone marrow cells are an example of cells that cease to divide after maturity. Brain cells are easy to replace because they divide frequently after maturity.

Some cells, like leaf cells, cease to divide after mature size is reached.

A morbidly obese individual decides to go on a massive diet and exercise program. After two years of conscientious dieting and grueling aerobic exercise, he manages to lose more than 150 pounds. Of course, most of it was fat. What form did most of the carbon and oxygen (comprising the fat) take when leaving the body? The carbon and oxygen left the body as CO₂ that was exhaled from the lungs. The carbon and oxygen left the body as sugars in the feces. The carbon and oxygen left the body as CO₂ in urine. The carbon and oxygen never left the body.

The carbon and oxygen left the body as CO₂ that was exhaled from the lungs.

What do you think would happen to an animal cell that was placed into a drop of 100% pure water? The cell will begin to concentrate salt. The cell will shrivel. The cell will dehydrate. The cell will be unaffected by the pure water. The cell will swell up and eventually burst.

The cell will swell up and eventually burst.

What is the difference between the cytoplasm and the cytosol? The cytoplasm is secreted from the cell, whereas the cytosol is found within the cell. The cytoplasm contains the cytosol. The cytosol contains organelles, whereas the cytoplasm does not. The cytoplasm is a solid and the cytosol is fluid.

The cytoplasm contains the cytosol.

How do daughter cells at the end of mitosis and cytokinesis, compare with the parent cell before DNA replication occurs? The daughter cells have half the amount of cytoplasm and half the amount of chromosomes. The daughter cells have half the number of chromosomes, and half the amount of DNA. The daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes, but half the amount of DNA. The daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes and the same amount of DNA. The daughter cells may have the same number of chromosomes, but double the amount of DNA.

The daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes and the same amount of DNA.

Which of the following statements about homologous chromosomes is true? The father donated one of each pair of homologous chromosomes, and the mother donated the other. The homologous pairs of chromosomes are created inside a single cell after that cell completes the S phase of interphase. Homologous chromosomes are the same thing as sister chromatids. Homologous chromosomes are always exactly alike.

The father donated one of each pair of homologous chromosomes, and the mother donated the other.

You just purchased a lamp that has a green plastic shade surrounding the lightbulb. You put a plant under the lamp, but it dies within a week. What has happened? The wavelength of green light is too short to drive photosynthesis. The green light produced by the lamp is not used for photosynthesis. Plants cannot live under artificial light. Something is wrong with the plant's chlorophyll.

The green light produced by the lamp is not used for photosynthesis.

Which of the following is NOT a component of an animal cell? nucleus organelles cytosol cytoskeleton These are all components of an animal cell.

These are all components of an animal cell.

When sunlight strikes a photosystem, electrons in the pigments are initially moved in two different ways. How are the electrons moved? They are moved from the pigments to a primary electron carrier, and they are moved down the energy hill. They are moved from a primary electron carrier to a pigment, and they are moved down the energy hill. They are moved from the pigments to a primary electron carrier, and they are moved up the energy hill. They are moved from a primary electron carrier to a pigment, and they are moved up the energy hill.

They are moved from the pigments to a primary electron carrier, and they are moved up the energy hill.

Which of the following statements concerning membrane proteins is true? They are usually particular about what types of chemicals they will allow to cross the membrane. They cause the membrane to become more solid and rigid. They may be receptor proteins that bind every molecule in the surrounding solution, which triggers endocytosis (i.e., receptor-mediated endocytosis). They always require ATP to actively transport materials across the membrane against a concentration gradient.

They are usually particular about what types of chemicals they will allow to cross the membrane.

Which of the following is true of prokaryotic cells? Plant cells are an example. Human cells are an example. They have no nucleus. They have mitochondria. They have an endoplasmic reticulum.

They have no nucleus.

All of the following are true of prokaryotic cells, EXCEPT? They lack a nucleus. They lack DNA. They lack membrane bound organelles. Many prokaryotic cells live in and within and on us.

They lack DNA.

What would be the immediate consequence if plants did not recycle their RuBP? They would stop producing oxygen. They would be able to produce additional G3P. They would be unable to attract and absorb solar energy. They would be unable to fix carbon.

They would be unable to fix carbon.

If given the following description of a cell, what can you conclude? The cell contains internal compartments, one of which takes up most of the volume of the cell, pushing the other organelles toward the membrane edge. This cell is a plant cell. This cell is prokaryotic. This cell is a bacterial cell. This cell is an animal cell. This cell is viral.

This cell is a plant cell.

The glycocalyx is attached to integral proteins. True False

True

The most up to date explanation of the structure of the plasma membrane is called the fluid mosaic model. True False

True

To move a molecule into a cell against the concentration gradient requires energy. True False

True

When a human cell is placed into water, it swells. This is said to be due to osmosis. What's happening to make the cell swell? Water is being pulled into the cell by the cell's solutes. Solutes are being drawn into the cell across the plasma membrane. Water is diffusing across the plasma membrane from a region of high (outside the cell) to low (inside the cell) water concentration. Water is diffusing across the plasma membrane from a region of low (outside the cell) to high (inside the cell) water concentration. The cell synthesizes new biological macromolecules as a protective response against a watery environment.

Water is diffusing across the plasma membrane from a region of high (outside the cell) to low (inside the cell) water concentration.

Predict the outcome if a plant is placed in a hypertonic solution. Water will move into the cells and the plant will become turgid. Water will leave the cells and the plant will wilt and die. Water will enter and exit the plant at the same rate causing the plant to become soft. Water will enter the cells and cause them to explode and die.

Water will leave the cells and the plant will wilt and die.

Which agent or treatment would allow a cell to proceed from G1 to metaphase, and then arrest cell division at metaphase? a chemical that disassembles the spindle once it has formed a treatment that introduces breaks in the DNA a chemical that prevents contraction of the contractile ring a treatment that interferes with the replication of DNA a chemical that prevents the coiling and condensing of chromosomes

a chemical that disassembles the spindle once it has formed

Facilitated diffusion requires which of the following to operate? a concentration gradient and a protein channel vesicle concentration gradient ATP protein channel

a concentration gradient and a protein channel

Which of the following is an example of a eukaryotic cell? a bacteria an archea a virus a plant cell

a plant cell

What is a redox reaction? a reaction in which one molecule gains an oxygen atom and another molecule loses an oxygen atom a reaction in which one molecule gains electrons and another molecule loses electrons a reaction in which two molecules lose electrons

a reaction in which one molecule gains electrons and another molecule loses electrons

Oxygen is required for aerobic respiration because oxygen ______. allows glucose to be converted to pyruvic acid accepts electrons and then combines with hydrogen ions to make water directly produces large amounts of ATP combines with carbon atoms to form carbon dioxide

accepts electrons and then combines with hydrogen ions to make water

The movement of molecules across a membrane against their concentration gradient, at the expense of ATP energy, is called ______. passive transport active transport osmosis simple diffusion facilitated diffusion

active transport

The large central vacuole of plants helps to control the water content of the cell. retains and degrades waste products. may make up as much as 90% of the internal volume of the cell. maintain cell pressure. all of the above.

all of the above.

The sodium-potassium pump is an example of active transport an example of passive transport. used routinely for moving a substance out of a cell. an example of facilitated transport.

an example of active transport

Which of the following describes something larger than the average bacterial cell? an individual virus an aggregate of 20 proteins an individual sperm a mitochondrion. the entire DNA genome of a eukaryotic cell

an individual sperm

You have isolated an organism that is 50 micrometers in size. This organism is most likely a ________. bacteria protein virus animal cell

animal cell

Both cilia and flagella _________. dictate the shape of a cell are organelles are internal structures of the cell are composed of protein

are composed of protein

Deforestation can ultimately cause a problem for animals because __________. atmospheric O2 levels decrease temperature rises H2O levels increase atmospheric CO2 levels increase

atmospheric O2 levels decrease

Plasmodesmata are found in animal cells found in plant cells tiny channels used for communicating between cells b and c a, b and c

b and c

Phospholipids are only polar molecules. only nonpolar molecules. both polar and nonpolar. an oil.

both polar and nonpolar.

Many of the proteins associated with the cell membrane are said to be "integral" proteins. An integral protein is defined as a protein that is _____. always used to transport material across the membrane always a receptor protein bound to the hydrophobic portion of the lipid bilayer of the membrane not associated with the hydrophobic portion of the lipid bilayer of the membrane

bound to the hydrophobic portion of the lipid bilayer of the membrane

The synthesis portion of photosynthesis is sometimes referred to as "fixation"; that is, the gas CO2 is "fixed" into an organic molecule. Of the four major types of organic molecules, into which is CO2 first fixed? lipid protein nucleic acid carbohydrate

carbohydrate

What is the major constituent of the glycocalyx? carbohydrates protein lipids cholesterol

carbohydrates

The principal raw materials for photosynthesis are ______________. carbon dioxide and water water and glucose carbon dioxide and oxygen carbon dioxide and glucose

carbon dioxide and water

Which of the following is part of the Calvin cycle? carbon fixation breaking down G3P converting solar energy to ATP and NADPH producing CO2

carbon fixation

Which of the following cell structures is absent from animal cells? ribosome cytoskeleton cell wall Golgi complex smooth ER

cell wall

One of the main structural ingredients of the eukaryotic plant cell wall is cellulose. glucose. granola. mitochondria. protein.

cellulose

Which of the following structures would never be found in an animal cell? nucleus central vacuole plasma membrane endoplasmic reticulum Golgi complex

central vacuole

Which of the following would best represent the progression of energy transformations that occur during aerobic cellular respiration? chemical energy stored in food --> potential energy stored in electrons --> electrical energy established by a proton gradient --> chemical energy stored in ATP chemical energy stored in food --> chemical energy stored in ATP --> electrical energy established by a proton gradient chemical energy stored in food --> chemical energy stored in ATP --> chemical energy stored in NADH chemical energy stored in food --> potential energy stored in electrons --> chemical energy stored in ATP --> electrical energy established by a proton gradient

chemical energy stored in food --> potential energy stored in electrons --> electrical energy established by a proton gradient --> chemical energy stored in ATP

Which organelle is believed to have been an ancient symbiont of an ancient cell? central vacuole nucleus chloroplast lysosome

chloroplast

You are looking at a cell under a microscope. The presence of which organelle would determine if you are viewing a plant cell and not an animal cell? chloroplast nucleus smooth ER vesicle

chloroplast

Your 7-year-old brother has bet you that the water in the pond behind your house does not have anything living in it. You disagree with him and pull out your microscope to show him the types of eukaryotic cells in the pond water. Which of the following items would be present in eukaryotic cells and not in prokaryotic cells? ribosomes DNA plasma membrane prehistoric plant cells chloroplast

chloroplast

Which of the following is found in plant cells, but NOT in animal cells? mitochondria lysosomes centrioles ribosomes chloroplasts

chloroplasts

A part of the plasma membrane that helps to keep it the correct fluidity is the phospholipid bilayer. proteins. cholesterol. carbohydrates. nucleic acids.

cholesterol

A cell is observed under the microscope. What feature will indicate that it has just reached the end of interphase? two separate cells a visible contractile ring two well-defined nuclear membranes elongated, non-condensed chromosomes that are difficult to visualize chromosomes that are becoming well-defined and visible

chromosomes that are becoming well-defined and visible

Genes contain the information for which of the following processes? speaking English building a telescope reading your textbook constructing mRNA

constructing mRNA

The function of the nucleus is to contain and replicate the DNA. contain the cytoplasm. produce proteins organize the cytoskeleton. add sugars to proteins.

contain and replicate the DNA.

Which of the following occurs in glycolysis? conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid reduction of FAD production of CO2 oxidation of NAD+

conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid

Which of the following occurs in glycolysis? oxidation of NAD⁺ reduction of FAD conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid production of CO₂

conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid

In cell division, when are mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosomes and other cytosolic cell components divided? cytokinesis G1 S mitosis G2

cytokinesis

What event typically begins in anaphase and is completed by the end of telophase? packing of DNA into well-defined chromosomes cytokinesis alignment of chromosomes at the cell equator DNA replication interphase

cytokinesis

On hot, dry days, C3 plants close their stomata. The purpose of this for the plant is to ______; however, this can result in ______. increase CO2 concentration in the leaf; photorespiration increase O2 concentrations in the leaf; photorespiration prevent light from entering the plant; decreased transpiration (H2O evaporation) decrease transpiration (evaporative water loss); photorespiration

decrease transpiration (evaporative water loss); photorespiration

Microtubules __________. are the smallest cytoskeletal element are permanent structures are long filaments made from actin determine cell shape

determine cell shape

If a plant is alone in a sealed environment (assume water is provided), it will ________. continue to survive because plants are self-sustaining die because of CO₂ deprivation die because O₂ deprivation continue to survive because it can live indefinitely off its starch reserves using cellular respiration

die because of CO₂ deprivation

The function of lysosomes is to synthesize proteins in cells digest worn out organelles in animal cells act as another source of ATP in plant cells process and distribute proteins in animal cells synthesize lipids in plant cells

digest worn out organelles in animal cells

Recognition proteins are most important in _________. maintaining membrane fluidity facilitated diffusion of molecules distinguishing foreign cells from "self" cells active transport of molecules maintaining membrane integrity

distinguishing foreign cells from "self" cells

The primary way that the C4 photosynthesizing plants are different from the C3 plants is that the C4 plants _________. do not create sugar from CO₂ do not use the enzyme rubisco do not contain chlorophyll do not use the Calvin cycle

do not use the enzyme rubisco

In simple diffusion, materials move _________. from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration because proteins transport them down the concentration gradient via the use of energy

down the concentration gradient

Replication of the original chromosomes occurs during which stage of the cell cycle? during the G₂ stage during the S stage during the G₁ stage during the M stage

during the S stage

The energy to run the Calvin cycle is produced _________. during glycolysis inside the initial steps of the Calvin cycle during the light reactions of photosynthesis during fermentation

during the light reactions of photosynthesis

Water provides the necessary _____________ to allow for the light reactions to occur. ATP carbon dioxide electrons NADPH

electrons

The Golgi complex is a specialized set of membranous sacs derived from what? lysosomes cell nucleus endoplasmic reticulum ribosomes cell plasma membrane

endoplasmic reticulum

Cyanide poisoning is lethal because it interrupts the major function of the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells. This would mean that it interferes with ______. photosynthesis energy production protein synthesis lipid synthesis sorting proteins

energy production

The number of oxidation reactions that occur in cells is _____ the number of reduction reactions that occur in cells. greater than not related to less than equal to

equal to

A fungal organism like mold is _____________. prokaryotic because it contains a cell wall prokaryotic because it lacks DNA eukaryotic because it contains organelles eukaryotic because it contains a cell wall

eukaryotic because it contains organelles

Materials that are too large to move out of the cell through either the lipid bilayer or a transport protein must be moved out through the process of ______. exocytosis an ATP-driven pump active transport endocytosis receptor-mediated endocytosis

exocytosis

A buildup of lactic acid is associated with an excessive amount of activity during _____________. glycolysis the Krebs cycle fermentation the electron transport chain

fermentation

Which of the following is characteristic of anaerobic respiration? the electron transport chain glycolysis the Krebs cycle fermentation

fermentation

Which step of cellular respiration produces no ATP? the electron transport chain glycolysis Krebs cycle fermentation

fermentation

A detrimental mutation in the rubisco gene would cause the inability of the plant to ____________. split water molecules and release electrons fix carbon produce NADPH produce ATP

fix carbon

Which of the following groups of organisms do not contain any species that can undergo photosynthesis? algae fungi plants bacteria

fungi

Which of the following groups of organisms does not contain any species that can undergo photosynthesis? algae bacteria plants fungi

fungi

What special structure forms the communication channel between animal cells? Pseudopodia gap junctions Plasmodesmata plasma membranes nerve cells

gap junctions

The principal by-products of photosynthesis are __________. water and carbon dioxide carbon dioxide and glucose oxygen and carbon dioxide glucose and oxygen

glucose and oxygen

Which of the following can get into a cell by facilitated diffusion? oxygen molecule steroid hormones glucose molecule oxygen and steroid hormones none of the above

glucose molecule

Short chains of sugars attached to recognition proteins in the cell membrane make up the phospholipid bilayer. communication proteins. glycocalyx. cholesterol.

glycocalyx

Which of the following processes does not occur in the mitochondria? the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA glycolysis the Krebs cycle the electron transport chain

glycolysis

The stacks of membrane inside the chloroplast are called the ______, while the fluid surrounding the stacks of membrane is called the ______. matrix; grana grana; stroma grana; matrix stroma; thylakoid

grana; stroma

Chlorophyll reflects ______ light. green violet red blue

green

Which of the following solar wavelengths would you expect to be least used by plants for photosynthesis? red yellow blue green

green

Which of the following lists is in the correct order, from the largest to the smallest? electron, neutron, proton, atom human egg cell, mitochondria, lipid , atom protein, atom, lipid, proton bacteria, fungal cell, virus, protein

human egg cell, mitochondria, lipid , atom

Which word below best describes the interior portion of the phospholipid bilayer? hydrophilic hydrophobic basic acidic

hydrophobic

The fatty-acid tails of a phospholipid are hydrophilic. hydrophobic. protein. carbohydrate. polar.

hydrophobic.

A fluid that has a higher concentration of solutes than another is said to be ? isoosmotic turgid hypertonic hypotonic isotonic

hypertonic

Which of these cytoskeletal filaments is primarily responsible for anchoring the organelles inside the cell's cytoplasm? cilia microfilaments pseudopodia microtubules intermediate filaments

intermediate filaments

Which of the following phases of the cell cycle is the longest, in terms of time? telophase prophase metaphase interphase

interphase

The amount of DNA per nucleus was measured on several hundred cells from within the tip of an onion root. The amount ranged from 5 to 10 picograms. A cell with 5 picograms of DNA is probably in which of the following stages of the cell cycle? interphase (S) interphase (G₁) prophase interphase (G₂)

interphase (G₁)

A molecule that has just gained electrons ______. is reduced repels electrons releases energy attracts ATP is oxidized

is reduced

The final result of ATP production after anaerobic respiration is ________. equal to the amount of ATP made in glycolysis the same as the amount of ATP made in aerobic respiration high relative to the amount of ATP made in aerobic respiration low relative to the amount of ATP made in aerobic respiration

low relative to the amount of ATP made in aerobic respiration

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell during which stage of the mitosis? anaphase metaphase telophase interphase

metaphase

The Krebs cycle takes place in what part of the cell? cytosol nucleus mitochondria chloroplast

mitochondria

Which organelle is believed to be the remnants of a unicellular bacteria that invaded a larger eukaryotic cell and became part of that cell? flagella. ribosomes. mitochondria. endoplasmic reticulum. Golgi Complex.

mitochondria.

A cell lacking the ability to convert food to cellular energy would be lacking which organelle? mitochondrion chloroplast ribosome smooth ER Golgi complex nucleus

mitochondrion

In the process of diffusion __________. random motion of the molecules causes them to migrate toward each other molecules move from an area of lesser concentration to an area of greater concentration directed motion of the molecules causes them to migrate away from each other molecules move from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration

molecules move from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration

A hypotonic solution has __________. more solute than a hypertonic solution less free water than a hypertonic solution more free water than a hypertonic solution the same amount of solute as a hypertonic solution

more free water than a hypertonic solution

Osmosis is defined as ___________. movement of water through a protein channel movement of water down the free water gradient movement of ions through a protein channel movement of solute across a semipermeable membrane

movement of water down the free water gradient

The membrane of which organelle is perforated with pores that regulate the passage of large molecules like mRNA? mitochondrion Golgi complex rough ER nucleus smooth ER

nucleus

An aerobic pathway requires _______. hydrogen water oxygen carbon dioxide

oxygen

The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is __________. glucose carbon dioxide oxygen water

oxygen

Which of the following is an end product of photosynthesis? oxygen carbon dioxide water ADP

oxygen

Which of the following is not an end product of aerobic cellular respiration? ATP carbon dioxide water oxygen gas

oxygen gas

Certain white blood cells are designed to engulf and destroy microbes such as bacteria. What is the process they use? receptor-mediated endocytosis facilitated transport exocytosis pinocytosis phagocytosis

phagocytosis

Which molecule is both hydrophobic and hydrophilic and aggregates as a bilayer to form the "fabric" of the membrane? phospholipid proteins cholesterol glycocalyx

phospholipid

The main lipid component of plasma membranes is ____________. phospholipids trans fats fats cholesterol steroids

phospholipids

The primary purpose of the electron transport chain is to ___________. produce oxygen release CO₂ gas oxidize NAD⁺ and FAD phosphorylate ADP using power provided by the hydrogen ion gradient

phosphorylate ADP using power provided by the hydrogen ion gradient

Which of the following is the correct order of electron transport for the light reactions of photosynthesis? photosystem I, NADP⁺, photosystem II photosystem I, photosystem II, NADP⁺ photosystem II, NADP⁺, photosystem I photosystem II, photosystem I, NADP⁺

photosystem II, photosystem I, NADP⁺

Plant cell mitosis is basically like animal cell mitosis except that _________. plant cells use a cell plate to separate daughter cells plant cells do not replicate their DNA before mitosis plant cells do not separate sister chromatids during anaphase plant cells do not have spindle fibers

plant cells use a cell plate to separate daughter cells

Fungi (such as mushrooms) are organisms with nuclei and cell walls. You would expect their cell cycle to be most like which of the following organisms? plants animals bacteria Fungi could not have a cell cycle like these organisms.

plants

The cytosol is found in the cells of animals plants bacteria plants and animals plants, animals and bacteria

plants, animals and bacteria

All cells arise from ______. several organelles that come together prehistoric plant cells preexisting cells viruses components of dead cells

preexisting cells

A defect in the nucleolus would affect the ability of the cell to _________. modify proteins produce proteins produce carbohydrates produce lipids

produce proteins

The splitting of water in photosynthesis is most valuable to us as animals because it _______. produces oxygen creates a food source creates NADPH generates ATP

produces oxygen

During which phase of mitosis does the chromatin begin to condense to form the chromosomes? anaphase metaphase prophase interphase

prophase

What prevents your immune system from attacking your own cells? recognition proteins receptor proteins inadequate enzymes cholesterol fever

recognition proteins

Which organelle lacks a membrane and can be found in prokaryotic cells? lysosome mitochondria ribosome nucleus

ribosome

Which of the following correctly describes the path of protein production and secretion in a eukaryotic cell? mitochondria, ribosome, plasma membrane Golgi complex, rough ER, ribosome, nucleus ribosome, rough ER, Golgi complex, plasma membrane ribosome, nucleus, rough ER, Golgi complex

ribosome, rough ER, Golgi complex, plasma membrane

Cilia are similar in structure to flagella found only in multicellular animals individual, long extensions found on the outer surface of cells organelles that consist of microfilaments orgnaelles that move in a corkscrew motion

similar in structure to flagella

Compared with eukaryotic cell division, bacterial cell division is ________. much more complex, based on the large number of internal structures present in bacteria much more complex, based on the relatively large amount of genetic material present in bacteria simpler than eukaryotic cell division used to produce genetic diversity in bacterial populations which is unnecessary in eukaryotic cells

simpler than eukaryotic cell division

During S phase, chromosomes are converted to what form? sister chromatids karyotypes homologous chromosomes centrosomes chromatin

sister chromatids

Which of the following pairs correctly matches the organelle with its function? nucleus and energy generation mitochondria and recycling of waste chloroplast and production of glucose smooth ER and protein modification

smooth ER and protein modification

Which of the following best represents the progression of energy transformations that occur during photosynthesis? chemical energy stored in sugars --> solar energy --> potential energy stored in electrons solar energy --> potential energy stored in electrons and ATP --> chemical energy stored in sugars potential energy stored in electrons --> solar energy --> chemical energy stored in water --> chemical energy stored in sugars solar energy --> potential energy stored in electrons --> chemical energy stored in water --> chemical energy stored in sugars

solar energy --> potential energy stored in electrons and ATP --> chemical energy stored in sugars

Which of the following is not a part of the Calvin cycle? regeneration of RuBP production of G3P molecules splitting of H2O carbon fixation

splitting of H2O

Of the four primary functions of membrane proteins, which one requires that the protein be in contact with the cytoskeleton of the cell? communication proteins structural proteins transport proteins recognition proteins

structural proteins

What is the only benefit of fermentation? that lactic acid is made that it recycles NAD⁺for use in glycolysis that it produces a lot of ATP that ethanol is made

that it recycles NAD⁺for use in glycolysis

Most of the carbon dioxide that animals exhale comes from _______. the electron transport chain glycolysis the Krebs cycle fermentation

the Krebs cycle

The carbon dioxide you are exhaling right now is produced during __________. the electron transport chain lactate fermentation glycolysis the Krebs cycle

the Krebs cycle

The fluidity of a membrane refers to ________. the ability to insert proteins within the bilayer the ability of materials to move through the membrane the ability of both the phospholipids and the proteins to move back and forth with a monolayer the hydrophobic interior of the bilayer

the ability of both the phospholipids and the proteins to move back and forth with a monolayer

According to the endosymbiotic theory, what benefit have cells derived from the transition of mitochondria into the eukaryotic cell? the ability to use oxygen in metabolism the ability to evolve the ability to make food the ability to reproduce

the ability to use oxygen in metabolism

Which of the following appears to be one of the signals for a cell to undergo mitosis? the cell reaching a critical size the need for more enzymes the need for more carbohydrates the need for more lipids

the cell reaching a critical size

If a human sperm is unable to move through the female body to reach the site of the egg, the sperm could have a defect in which of the following structures? the DNA the nucleus the flagella the cell wall

the flagella

Where are the instructions for producing enzymes located? the ribosomes of the cell the mitochondrion of the cell the genome located in the DNA of the cell the cytoplasm of the cell

the genome located in the DNA of the cell

Providing a plant with filtered green light would cause _________. an increase in ATP production an increase in carbon fixation the green light to be absorbed by chlorophyll the green light to be reflected by chlorophyll

the green light to be reflected by chlorophyll

Which cell structure physically moves the cell's chromosomes? the microtubule spindle the cell plate the cell wall the contractile ring the plasma membrane

the microtubule spindle

Diffusion occurs because of the movement of substances down a concentration gradient the programmed collision of substances across a membrane. spontaneous generation of a gradient by gases. all of these

the movement of substances down a concentration gradient

Which of the following would always be associated with eukaryotic cells? a relatively small size compared with prokaryotic cells the presence of membrane-bound organelles an undefined nucleoid region the lack of membrane-bound organelles a single-celled organism

the presence of membrane-bound organelles

What is the ultimate source of energy for living things on Earth? green plants ATP the sun electrons

the sun

What is contained in an organism's genome? only the genes that will be passed on to the next generation only the genes inherited from the paternal side only the genes inherited from the maternal side the total genetic information for that organism

the total genetic information for that organism

Eukaryotic cells can form multicelled organisms because __________. they have DNA as genetic material they are larger than prokaryotic cells they can produce proteins they can specialize in function

they can specialize in function

Why does NAD+ pick up electrons and hydrogen ions? to directly produce ATP to become oxidized to assist in energy transfer of these items to the electron transport chain to get rid of excess electrons and hydrogen ions in the cell

to assist in energy transfer of these items to the electron transport chain

A leaf on a plant is photosynthesizing rapidly, capturing sunlight to perform the light reactions. Why will this plant also need to pass through the Calvin cycle? to release ATP to the environment to release oxygen to the environment to make more energy to fuel other activities performed by the plant to make glucose for the plant

to make glucose for the plant

What is the primary reason that most cells are small? for protection to enable unicellular organisms to live undetected to maximize the surface-area-to-volume ratio to allow for faster movement of unicellular organisms to allow for rapid cell-to-cell communication

to maximize the surface-area-to-volume ratio

The primary function of the nucleolus is ______. to produce the DNA and proteins to protect the DNA and produce lipids to produce energy for the cell to protect proteins and make them to produce ribosomes

to produce ribosomes

Why do plants split water molecules during the light reactions of photosynthesis? to provide electrons for the light reactions to provide the oxygen necessary to convert solar energy to chemical energy to provide carbon dioxide for the Calvin cycle to provide oxygen for the Calvin cycle

to provide electrons for the light reactions

Which of the following is the function of water in photosynthesis? to provide electrons to the light reactions to provide the oxygen necessary to synthesize NADPH to provide carbon dioxide for the Calvin cycle to provide oxygen for the Calvin cycle

to provide electrons to the light reactions

Facilitated diffusion occurs by means of transport proteins. communication proteins. recognition proteins. peripheral proteins. ribosomes.

transport proteins.

The cytoskeleton is an internal scaffolding used for cellular movement. True False

true

What are the results of DNA replication? four sister chromatids from one original chromosome eight sister chromatids from one original chromosome the cell's DNA content is tripled two DNA molecules, each with one old and one new strand two DNA molecules, one with two old strands and the other with two new strands

two DNA molecules, each with one old and one new strand

Each individual chromosome at the beginning of mitosis is composed of _______. four homologous strands of DNA four arms two daughter cells two sister chromatids

two sister chromatids

At the end of DNA replication, _________. a new nucleotide is produced two strands of DNA are produced an mRNA molecule is produced a new protein is produced

two strands of DNA are produced

Within the visible light spectrum (390-760 nm), ______ light has the shortest wavelength and _______ light the longest. green; orange violet; red blue; green red; white

violet; red

Plants stay standing upright because of turgor pressure caused by their cell walls supporting the plant and keeping the plant standing upright. solutes rushing into the cells keeping the cells tight. water rushing into the cells keeping the cells tight. bones that run through the plant holding it upright. None of these explain turgor pressure

water rushing into the cells keeping the cells tight.

If a plant cell contains more solutes than its surrounding environment, _________. water will enter the cell water will leave the cell the cell will burst no net movement of water will occur the cell will shrivel and die

water will enter the cell

Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration rely on electron carrier molecules to provide electrons to ultimately help produce ATP. In photosynthesis the source of electrons is ______, and in cellular respiration the source of electrons is ________. water; glucose oxygen; carbon dioxide carbon dioxide; oxygen . glucose; oxygen

water; glucose

The day after a strenuous workout, your muscles feel sore. The best explanation for this is that the muscle cells ______. produced too much ATP during aerobic respiration were forced to produce lactic acid performed aerobic respiration for too long were forced to produce ethanol

were forced to produce lactic acid

If a plant were placed under a light source with a blue filter, you would expect that the plant _________. would grow at a typical rate would grow faster would die would survive but not grow

would grow faster

If a 2n cell with 16 chromosomes undergoes mitosis, how many chromosomes will each daughter cell have? 4 8 16 32 64

16

Suppose an experiment is performed in which plant #1 is supplied with normal CO2 but with water that is labeled with radioactive oxygen atoms. Plant #2 is supplied with normal water but with CO2 that contains radioactive oxygen atoms. Each plant is allowed to perform photosynthesis, and the oxygen gas and G3P (or glucose) molecules are analyzed for the presence of radioactive oxygen. Plant #___ will produce radioactive oxygen gas, and plant #___ will produce radioactive G3P. 1; 2 both will produce radioactive G3P 2; 1 both will produce radioactive oxygen gas

1; 2

The net gain of ATP from glycolysis is ________. 2 ATP 4 ATP 0 ATP 36 ATP

2 ATP

Alcoholic fermentation includes the process of glycolysis plus an additional step in which pyruvic acid is converted to alcohol and CO2. For a yeast cell, what would be the net gain of ATP if it fermented 10 molecules of glucose? 360 ATP 20 ATP 200 ATP 40 ATP

20 ATP

A liver cell from a human male has 22 pairs of autosomes and two X chromosomes. 23 pairs of autosomes and two X chromosomes. 22 pairs of autosomes, an X and a Y chromosome. 23 pairs of autosomes, an X and a Y chromosome. 46 pairs of autosomes, an X and a Y chromosome.

22 pairs of autosomes, an X and a Y chromosome.

If 20 NADHs are used in the electron transport chain, ATP synthase will produce ____ ATPs. 20 40 30 60

60

Consider a bacterial cell that performs anaerobic respiration. If that bacterial cell had access to four molecules of glucose to use, how many ATPs would it be able to produce? 8 4 0 16

8

Which of the following ratios of surface area to volume in a cell will be the most successful? 8:1 1:8 24:6 6:24

8:1

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar to one another in that both have their own DNA and have enzymes that make ATP both are surrounded by a double membrane both capture solar energy during photosynthesis and store it as sugar A and B A, B and C

A and B

Which of the following statements about binary fission in a bacterial cell is true? A bacterium uses spindle fibers to separate its two copies of DNA. A bacterium develops a cell wall in between the two DNA copies to form the two daughter cells. The replication of a bacterium's DNA is different from the unwinding and replication mechanisms in eukaryotes. A bacterium produces an extra copy of its chromosome before it divides by binary fission.

A bacterium produces an extra copy of its chromosome before it divides by binary fission.

What is the relationship between genes and chromosomes? Genes are the proteins encoded by chromosomes. Chromosomes are proteins that carry genes made of DNA. A chromosome consists a DNA molecule made up of many genes. Genes are the proteins around which DNA chromosomes are packaged. Genes are the A, T, C, G bases on the nucleotides of chromosomes.

A chromosome consists a DNA molecule made up of many genes.

Which of the following statements concerning prokaryotes and eukaryotes is true? Prokaryotes are all unicellular, whereas eukaryotes can only form multicellular animals. Prokaryotes are not a very successful group of living organisms, whereas eukaryotes have been very successful. Prokaryotes lack DNA, whereas eukaryotes possess DNA. A mitochondrion is about the same size as a prokaryotic cell. They both often exist in an environment without oxygen.

A mitochondrion is about the same size as a prokaryotic cell.

Light hits photosystem II, causing electrons to be excited to a high energy level. These electrons are picked up by an electron acceptor and passed through an electron transport chain where _____________ can be made. ATP glucose NADPH oxygen

ATP

The source of energy for most of the critical functions that occur in our cells is ______. ATP ADP NADH phosphate groups

ATP

What is/are the function(s) of cell division? to make more cells in a multicellular organism to make more organisms in single-celled organisms to keep cell size small as multicellular organisms grow All of these are functions of cell division.

All of these are functions of cell division.

Which of the following is a characteristic of a plasma membrane? It separates the cell contents from the environment. It is permeable to certain substances. It is a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins. All of these are true.

All of these are true.

What is different about the DNA in bacterial cells compared with eukaryotic cells? Bacteria use RNA instead of DNA for their genome. Bacterial DNA is circular, whereas eukaryotic DNA is linear. Bacterial DNA is found in a nucleus. Bacterial DNA contains different kinds of nucleotides.

Bacterial DNA is circular, whereas eukaryotic DNA is linear.

The process of aerobic cellular respiration can be written as a chemical equation. Which of the following equations best represents the process of cellular respiration? C6H12O6 + 6 CO2+ ADP media/2401873/right_arrow.gif6 O2 + 6 H2O + ATP 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP media/2401873/right_arrow.gifC6H12O6 + 6 O2 + ADP C6H12O6 + 6 O2 ATP media/2401873/right_arrow.gif6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ADP C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + ADP media/2401873/right_arrow6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + ADP media/2401873/right_arrow6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP

Which pathway is the primary method used by most plants to fix carbon dioxide into sugar molecules? C₃ pathway CAM pathway aerobic pathway C₄ pathway

C₃ pathway

Plants like cacti must conserve as much water as possible. The pathway needed for this is _____. C4 C3 the light reactions CAM

CAM

What is given off as a by-product of cellular respiration during the conversion of pyruvic acid (a three-carbon molecule) into acetyl-CoA (a two-carbon molecule)? CO2 O2 H2O sugar

CO2

Which of the following is the final acceptor of the high-energy electrons after passing through both phases of photosynthesis, the light reactions, and the Calvin cycle? O2 NADP+ chlorophyll CO2

CO2

If all animals died, plants would have a problem because their __________. RuBP source would be lost H2O source would be lost O2 source would be lost CO2 source would be lost

CO2 source would be lost

Which of the following is not a typical use of the carbohydrates produced during photosynthesis? Carbohydrates are transformed into structural polysaccharides, such as cellulose. Carbohydrates can be broken down by the plant to provide energy during the light reactions of photosynthesis. Carbohydrates are used to fuel cellular respiration. Carbohydrates are transported to the roots and stored as starch.

Carbohydrates can be broken down by the plant to provide energy during the light reactions of photosynthesis.

When cells form tissues, the cells within the tissues must be able to communicate. Which of the following statements describes how cells communicate with each other? Cells pass plasmodesmata through channels between the cells. Cells pass organelles through channels between the cells. Cells pass DNA material through channels between the cells. Cells send chemical signals to each other through channels.

Cells send chemical signals to each other through channels.

Which of the following occurs during anaphase of mitosis? The new nuclear envelope develops. The cell cleaves into two cells. Centrosomes separate and move to opposite poles of the cell. Spindle fibers first appear in the cell.

Centrosomes separate and move to opposite poles of the cell.

You have isolated a mutant corn plant in which the leaf contains white stripes. Which organelle would be affected in such a plant? Chloroplast Nucleus cell wall endoplasmic reticulum

Chloroplast

What is the relationship between DNA and chromatin? Chromatin means the collection of proteins encoded by DNA. A chromatin is a unit of DNA whose sequence encode a protein. A chromatin is a DNA molecule that is separated during mitosis. The chromatin is the protein structure that separates DNA chromosomes. Chromatin is the combination of DNA packaged around proteins.

Chromatin is the combination of DNA packaged around proteins.

What is one of the similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell division? One cell divides into four cells. The chromosomes attach to the plasma membrane. DNA is unwound and duplicated by the same process. Microtubules separate the chromosomes. At the end of cell division, nuclear membranes form around the chromosomes.

DNA is unwound and duplicated by the same process.

Which of the following statements about the differences between cellular respiration and photosynthesis is true? During the Krebs cycle, sugars are reduced to produce CO₂; during the Calvin cycle, CO₂ is oxidized into sugars. During cellular respiration, electron carriers (i.e., NADH and FADH₂) provide electrons for the electron transport chains; during photosynthesis, an electron carrier (i.e., NADP) carries electrons away from the transport chains. During the Krebs cycle, ATP is consumed; during the Calvin cycle, ATP is produced. During cell respiration, water is oxidized into oxygen and H⁺ ions; during photosynthesis, oxygen and H⁺ ions are reduced to water.

During cellular respiration, electron carriers (i.e., NADH and FADH₂) provide electrons for the electron transport chains; during photosynthesis, an electron carrier (i.e., NADP) carries electrons away from the transport chains.

The polar region of the phospholipid bilayer faces to the interior of the plasma membrane. True False

False

How does G3P relate to glucose? G3P is made in the light-dependent reactions and glucose is made in the light-independent reactions. G3P is released from the Calvin cycle and can be converted to glucose. G3P can be split to produce glucose. G3P enters the Calvin cycle, and glucose exits the Calvin cycle.

G3P is released from the Calvin cycle and can be converted to glucose.

In the first few steps of glycolysis, two ATP molecules are actually consumed instead of produced. Why is it that energy must be added to the glucose molecule first before the ultimate harvest of 36 ATP molecules can be attained? Glucose contains too much energy for the cell to use. To compensate for the overabundance of ATP produced by glucose metabolism, some ATP has to be wasted at the beginning of the process. Glucose is an unstable molecule. Without the addition of the two ATP molecules, the glucose molecule will spontaneously release all its energy in the form of heat. Glucose is a stable molecule. A certain amount of activation energy must be added before the molecule will release all its stored energy. Glucose really has no energy. All the harvested ATP molecules are actually a result of the energy added to the molecule by these first two initial ATP molecules.

Glucose is a stable molecule. A certain amount of activation energy must be added before the molecule will release all its stored energy.

Which of the following metabolic pathways occur(s) in the cytoplasm of the cell? I. Glycolysis II. Fermentation III. Krebs cycle IV. Electron transport chain II only IV only I and II only I only

I and II only

In which of the following metabolic pathways (of cellular respiration) does most of the oxidation of the molecules derived from glucose occur? I. Glycolysis II. Fermentation III. Krebs cycle IV. Electron transport chain III and IV III only I and II only I only

III only

The oxygen that organisms need to live is used exclusively in which of the following metabolic pathways? I. Glycolysis II. Fermentation III. Krebs cycle IV. Electron transport chain II only I only IV only III only

IV only

Which of the following is the main ATP-producing pathway during aerobic cellular respiration? I. Glycolysis II. Fermentation III. Krebs cycle IV. Electron transport chain I and II only III only IV only III only

IV only

The burning of fossil fuels is related to increased levels of atmospheric CO2 levels. This might seem like a good thing for plants, but in reality it is not. Which of the following is the best explanation for this? Increased CO2 levels let heat escape the atmosphere, which reduces temperature and kills many plants. Increased levels of CO2 increase plant growth so quickly that it disturbs environmental relationships. Increased levels of CO2 are toxic to plants. Increased CO2 levels trap heat in the atmosphere, which may change climates and prevent certain plant species from surviving.

Increased CO2 levels trap heat in the atmosphere, which may change climates and prevent certain plant species from surviving.

Why does photorespiration pose a major problem for plants? It forces the stomata to stay open constantly. It produces more glucose than the plant can use. It blocks the enzyme rubisco, thus causing no glucose to be made for the plant. It causes dehydration in the plant.

It blocks the enzyme rubisco, thus causing no glucose to be made for the plant.

What benefit is derived from the mitochondria having a set of internal membranes? It can replicate faster. It can do two sets of functions: produce food and conversion of food to cellular energy. It can convert more food to energy. It moves easily around the cell.

It can convert more food to energy.

If you have no other information about an organism other than the fact that it is single celled, what can you conclude? It could be either prokaryotic or eukaryotic. It is eukaryotic. It is neither prokaryotic nor eukaryotic. It must be a virus. It is prokaryotic.

It could be either prokaryotic or eukaryotic.

Glucose is not directly made in the light reactions or the Calvin cycle. Where does it come from? It is made by combining the products of photosystem I and photosystem II. Animals expel it as a waste product. It is made from joining two G3P molecules made during the Calvin cycle. It is made by using energy to directly convert RuBP to glucose.

It is made from joining two G3P molecules made during the Calvin cycle.

The process of photosynthesis can be summarized and written as the following chemical equation: 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP -----> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + ADP How is this equation similar to the reactions of cellular respiration? It is the same as the cellular respiration equation. It is the same as the fermentation equation. It is the reverse of the cellular respiration equation. It is the reverse of the fermentation equation.

It is the reverse of the cellular respiration equation.

Which of the following characteristics must be fulfilled for an object to be considered living? It must contain proteins. It must contain DNA. It must be able to produce food. It must contain at least a single cell.

It must contain at least a single cell.

Which of the following statements about mitosis is correct? The sister chromosomes exchange pieces while they are being formed. It produces daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. It produces daughter cells with double the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. It produces daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell.

It produces daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the original parent cell.

How does the function of a chloroplast impact the life of an animal? It allows animals to fight off pathogens. It provides animals with oxygen and food. It allows animals to process food into energy. It allows animals to reproduce.

It provides animals with oxygen and food.

What is a disadvantage of the C4 pathway? It prevents photorespiration. It causes extreme water loss in the plant. It uses more ATP than do other pathways. It makes less glucose than do other pathways.

It uses more ATP than do other pathways.

Which of the following statements about a typical animal cell is true? It usually depends on oxygen. It is usually shaped like a box. It has a cell wall. Although very tiny, it can be seen by the naked eye.

It usually depends on oxygen.

Which cell cycle stage is NOT part of interphase? M S G1 G2

M

Electrons stripped from glucose during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are transported to the electron transport chain by ______. NADH ATP cytochromes CO₂

NADH

Light hits photosystem I, causing electrons to be excited to a high energy level. These electrons are picked up by an electron acceptor and passed through an electron transport chain where _____________ is made. O2 CO2 ATP NADPH

NADPH

Which of the following substances could be totally eliminated and not interfere with the process of photosynthesis? O2 light CO2 H2O

O2

A living plant is exposed to water labeled with 18O (a radioactive isotope of oxygen) and exposed to sunlight. The 18O will end up in which of the following molecules at the end of photosynthesis? H₂O CO₂ O₂ glucose

O₂

At the end of the electron transport chain, the final acceptor of the electrons is ______, which produces a molecule of ______. NAD⁺; NADH O₂; H₂O CO₂; O₂ ADP; ATP

O₂; H₂O

During the Calvin cycle, the enzyme rubisco is responsible for the splitting of the five-carbon compound RuBP (which has been combined with carbon dioxide) into two molecules of the three-carbon compound _____. G3P PGA ATP PGAL

PGA

Why is prokaryotic cell division fundamentally different from eukaryotic cell division? Prokaryotes have many more chromosomes to divide. Prokaryotic cells do not have a plasma membrane. Prokaryotic cells do not duplicate their DNA before dividing. Prokaryotic cells have a single chromosome and no nuclear membrane. Prokaryotic cells divide for several months then live for decades without dividing.

Prokaryotic cells have a single chromosome and no nuclear membrane.

Which of the following structures is the smallest? Bacterium Protein Virus plant cell

Protein

If a defect occurs within the Golgi complex of a cell, what problem might arise? Proteins would be sent in the wrong directions. Lipids would not be produced. The plasma membrane would begin to dissolve. DNA would be destroyed.

Proteins would be sent in the wrong directions.