BIO 100 EXAM 3 COGS

What makes it hard to breathe when you have asthma?

- Inflammation swelling inside the airways. - Bronchoconstriction muscles tighten around the airways. - Mucus excess mucus clog the airway.

Which of the following are characteristic of the sympathetic nervous system?

- It is responsible for the immediate responses when one encounters a dangerous situation. - It is also called the "fight-or-flight" response - It increases the heart rate

Our adaptive immune system is different from our innate immune system because it.

- mounts a highly specific response to a particular pathogen. - produces antibodies - has a memory that gives long-term protection from reinfection

The human makes up only 2% of the body's weight but uses _____ of its energy.

20%

Which of the following is most likely to be responsible for lowering your blood sugar after it rises above normal?

A homeostasis mechanism based on negative feedback

If your liver starts breaking down glycogen into glucose molecules, what is likely taking place elsewhere in the body?

A shortage of sugar in the blood is causing the pancreas to release the hormone glucagon.

Which endocrine glands are associated with the kidneys?

Adrenal glands

Which of the following is an example of positive feedback ?

After cutting your finger, the injured tissue releases chemicals that activate platelets in the blood. These activated platelets release chemicals to activate more platelets, leading to the formation a blood clot.

The antagonistic pairs of arm and leg muscles

Allow muscles to produce opposing movements

What is the advantage of having grape-like clusters called alveoli as part of the respiratory system?

Alveoli allow for an increase in surface area, which maximizes gas exchange.

External fertilization occurs in which type of environment ?

Aquatic

How do arteries differ from veins ?

Arteries have thicker wall layers to accommodate the changes in pressure from the heart.

The white matter in the spinal cord is made up of ______.

Axons

The humoral immune response depends on which cells?

B cells and helper T cells

Why does the seasonal flu vaccine from a previous year not be effective the following year?

Because the virus has a high mutation rate of surface molecules.

Unlike most steroid- based hormones, protein hormones will typically

Bind to receptors on the surface of target cells

The right ventricle sends blood to _____.

Blood in the pulmonary artery is deoxygenated

Which of the following statements about the circulatory system is false?

Blood in the pulmonary vein is deoxygenated

All the cellular components of blood are produced by stem cells in the ______.

Bone marrow

Which of the following statements about hormone regulation of the female reproductive cycle is false?

Both progesterone and estrogen are produced by the follicles

Neurons contain _____, which can receive signals from other neurons.

Dendrites

Nutrient and waste requirements for the developing fetus are handled during the first few weeks by ______.

Diffusion through the endometrium

Which of the following gives rise to the skin cells

Ectoderm

What is the nature of the message that nerve cells conduct?

Electrical

Which component is responsible for initially stimulating a muscle contraction?

Electrochemical signals

In females, new eggs are produced continuously throughout the life of the individual

False

Sexual identity is determined by the sex chromosome make-up of an individual only. True or False?

False

The sensory- somatic nervous system controls bodily functions without conscious control.

False

Mucus traps pathogens that are later coughed or sneezed away. This is an example of activity from the body's ______.

First line of defense

Which hormone causes FSH and LH to be released?

GnRH

During exhalation, when the diaphragm relaxes and the volume of the chest cavity decreases, air pressure _____ inside the lungs.

Increases

Which is NOT a property of trophoblast?

It will go on to form the embryo

Which of the following is a barrier against pathogens provided by the surface of the skin?

Low pH

Homeostasis is an organism's ability to ______.

Maintain a constant internal environment

What region of the brain controls visual information

Occipital lobe

Which hormone is primarily responsible for the contractions during labor?

Oxytocin

Which part of the nervous system directly controls the digestive system ?

Parasympathetic nervous system

Which blood cells help the blood to clot?

Platelets

A cell can become more or less sensitive to a particular hormone by increasing or decreasing the number of ____ it has for that hormone.

Receptors

Most of the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary perform what function?

Regulate production of other hormones

The gonads produce what class of hormones?

Steroid hormones

Breast feeding has an additional effect in many woman. The hormones important for producing milk and causing the milk to be released in reaction to suckling also inhibit the pituitary gland from releasing the hormones needed for initiating ovulation in the ovaries. What might by a logical adaptive significance of this hormone feedback system?

Successful long term care of the offspring is maximized by not becoming pregnant again too soon.

Knees, elbows, and shoulders are example of

Synovial joints

Which of the following is not involved in the second line defense?

T lymphocytes

After our conscious mind is distracted by some mildly stressful news, we may have lingering feelings that something is not quite right. What hypothesis might logically explain this continued feeling of unease even after the actual stressing agent itself no longer present?

The endocrine system delivers messages like snail mail. Several seconds elapse before the bloodstream carries a hormone from endocrine gland to its target tissue. The effects usually outlast those of neural message.

A small area of the temporal lobe of our cerebral cortex is dedicated to learning faces and recognizing small changes in facial muscles that enables humans to "read" how other humans are feeling. What might be the most logical evolutionary argument for this adaptation?

This adaptation is essential to accommodate the increasingly interdependent and often subtle social interactions of humans.

Lizards don't maintain their body temperature with internal heat. Rather, they bask in the sun to get warm.

This is an example of Ectothermy

Among other bones, the axial skeleton includes the _____.

Thoracic cage and vertebral column

Which female organ has an edometrial lining that will support a developing baby ?

Uterus

Which statement about viruses is true?

Viruses require a host cell for reproduction

Which blood cells help to defend our bodies against disease?

White blood cells

Males have which of the following sex chromosomes?

XY

Vaccines contain

a weakened or killed virus

The process of gametogenesis ______.

allows fertilization to result in a cell with the correct number of chromosomes for that species.

Following a trip during fall break you acquire tuberculosis, a bacterial disease. After seeing a doctor at the Student Health Center you will most probably be prescribed ______.

antibiotics

The pectoral girdle supports the ______.

arms

PNS nerves are part of either the somatic system or the ______.

automatic system

The part of the brain that is responsible for coordinating during movement is the _______.

cerebellum

A molecule of hemoglobin ______.

consists of four globin proteins, each bound to a molecule of heme.

When faced with sudden drop in environmental temperature, an endothermic animal will

constrict blood vessels and work to maintain heat within the core of the body.

During the systolic phase of the cardiac cycle, the heart is _____.

contracting

Organs develop from the germ layers through a process called ______.

differentiation

The process of gastrulation forms the _____.

germ layers

An animal that is viviparous reproduces by _____.

giving birth to free-living young

Some athletes use "blood doping," adding additional red blood cells to the blood, to achieve a competitive edge. The extra red blood cells will _____.

increase O2 delivery to muscles

The structure covering the axons that act as an insulator for the electrical signal to travel down the axon is called _____.

myelin sheath

The order of airflow during inhalation is ______.

nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

Gaps in the myelin sheath are called

nodes of Ranvier

A pre- menopausal woman can become pregnant _____.

only for about four or five days each month around the time of ovulation.

An animal that is oviparous reproduce by _____.

producing eggs that are fertilized externally

The respiratory system ______.

provides body tissues with oxygen

Sperm are produced in the ______.

seminiferous tubules

With an action potential, depolarization of the axon is recorded as the gates open, allowing _____ to flow into the axon.

sodium ions

Cells that respond to a particular are referred to as _____ cells.

target

The peripheral nervous system is _____.

the connection between the central nervous system and the rest of the body.

Which of the following statements about the male reproductive system is false?

the prostate gland is located in the testes

The function of the heart valves is _____.

to prevent backflow

The endocrine system functions by ______.

transporting messages in the circulatory system that are eventually received by target cells.

Antibiotics work well when ____.

used to treat bacterial infection

In mammals, the layer covering the egg is called the _____.

zona pellucida