BIO 101 - Ch. 7 SmartBook

Put the steps in the order that they occur during initiation of translation, beginning with the first step at the top.

1. 5' end of mRNA binds to the small ribosomal subunit 2. tRNA with UAC anticodon binds to AUG start codon 3. Methionine is in place at the beginning of the polypeptide, and the large ribosomal subunit attaches to the small subunit

Put the following steps in the order that they occur during transcription initiation in eukaryotes, beginning with the first step at the top.

1. A transcription factor binds to the TATA box of the promoter. 2. The TATA binding protein attracts other transcription factors, including transcription factors bound at enhancers. 3. RNA polymerase is able to bind to the promoter at the start of the gene and begin transcription.

Place these translation initiation and elongation events in order from the first step at the top to the last step at the bottom.

1. The 5' end of the mRNA molecule binds with the small ribosomal unit 2. The first tRNA binds to the start codon on the mRNA molecule. 3. The large ribosomal subunit bind to the second codon on the mRNA molecule. 4. The second tRNA molecule binds to the second codon on the mRNA molecule. 5. A covalent bond is formed between the two amino acids. 6. The ribosomes release an empty tRNA.

Given that there are 20 common amino acids in living things, researchers determined that the length of each codon in RNA is

3 nucleotides.

During transcription, RNA polymerase moves along the DNA template strand, adding RNA nucleotides to the growing ______ end of the RNA molecule.

3'

If a DNA sequence underwent a missense mutation, what would be the result?

A codon would code for a different amino acid.

Select all of the following that are true about the termination stage of translation.

A release factor protein prompts the release of the last tRNA from the ribosome. The large and small ribosomal subunits separate. The polypeptide is released.

Shortly after transcription in eukaryotic cells, a string of 100-200 adenines is added to the 3' end of the mRNA molecule, producing what is known as a poly _____ tail, and a short sequence of nucleotides called the 5' _____ is added to the 5' end of the mRNA molecule.

A, cap

What is one major difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes with respect to translation?

In prokaryotes, translation can take place even before transcription is complete.

Due to complementary base pairing rules, a sequence of AAGCTA on one strand of the DNA double helix means that the sequence on the opposite strand is

TTCGAT.

In the base pairs of the DNA double helix,

a double-ring base always pairs with a single-ring base.

Most of the epigenetic markers present in a multicellular organism are placed onto its DNA

after the sperm and egg cell unite in fertilization.

In adult humans that can digest milk, ______ is modified so that the lactase gene is able to be transcribed.

an enhancer

What describes a ribosome?

an rRNA-protein structure that is the site of translation

Select all of the following organisms that have introns in their primary mRNA transcripts.

archaea animals eukaryotes

Select all of the following that are actions of the enzyme RNA polymerase.

attach to the promoter on DNA build an mRNA chain unzip the DNA to expose the template strand

Select all the roles that microRNAs play in regulating gene expression.

bind to mRNA and prevent translation cause mRNA to be degraded

What type of illness is characterized by unregulated cell division and can be caused by defective transcription factors?

cancer

The regulation of gene expression in eukaryotic cells allows for

cell specialization in multicellular eukaryotes.

Regulating gene expression allows cells to produce

certain proteins only when they are needed.

tRNA

contains an anticodon on one end that determines what amino acid binds to the other end; connector molecule that binds to an mRNA codon and to an amino acid

mRNA

contains codons specifying the order of amino acids; carries the information that specifies a protein

During the elongation phase of translation, a _______ bond is formed between the incoming _______ acid and the growing polypeptide chain, and empty tRNAs are released from the ribosome to be reused.

covalent; amino

Plant breeders can induce mutations to

create new varieties of crop species.

A(n) ______ is a sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for a specific protein or RNA molecule.

gene

All of the genetic material that is within a cell is called its

genome.

Geneticists can study development and gene function by

inducing mutations in model organisms.

In eukaryotic cells, transcription occurs in the ______, whereas translation occurs in the ______.

nucleus, cytoplasm

In the Hershey and Chase experiment, ______ was found inside the infected bacteria, indicating that the labeled viral ______ had entered the bacterial cells to direct new virus production.

radioactive phosphorus; DNA

A mutation that causes an mRNA nucleotide to change from GGC to GGA is a ______ mutation.

silent

In his experiments with S. pneumoniae bacteria and mice, Frederich Griffith found that

something in heat-killed S bacteria could transform type R bacteria.

Select all of the following that are methods of gene regulation found in eukaryotes but not prokaryotes.

splicing exons in alternative ways adding methyl groups to silence genes blocking mRNA exit from the nucleus

When the ribosome exposes a UGA, UAG, or UAA codon on the mRNA during translation, release factors rather than tRNAs bind to these codons, which is why these three sequences are called _____ codons.

stop

What role does DNA play in the cell?

store genetic information

Select all of the following that are utilized in the process of translation.

tRNA amino acids mRNA ribosome

Select all the ways that cells can make DNA less available for transcription.

tag DNA with methyl groups wind DNA more tightly

The DNA strand that is "read" during transcription is called the ______ strand.

template

The promoter is a sequence on the ______ that signals the start of a gene.

template strand of DNA

In the 1950s, the biochemist Erwin Chargaff found that in DNA, the amount of the nucleotide base adenine always equals the amount of the nucleotide base _____, and the amount of the nucleotide base cytosine always equals the amount of the nucleotide base _____.

thymine; guanine

Select all of the reasons why eukaryotic cells regulate gene expression.

to coordinate early development to express different subsets of genes in different types of cells to activate different genes at different times in the life of an organism

Select all the reasons a cell regulates gene expression.

to have a specialized function to respond to changing conditions

During translation initiation, the first codon to specify a particular amino acid is usually ______, which encodes the amino acid ______.

AUG; methionine

Using the table (which is shown larger in the text), select all of the following mRNA sequences that would code for the polypeptide Met-Ser-His-Arg-Gln.

AUGUCUCACCGUCAA AUGUCCCAUCGUCAA AUGUCUCAUCGUCAA AUGUCUCAUCGUCAG

The mRNA sequence ______ codes for the amino acid sequence Met-Trp-Arg.

AUGUGGAGG

Which scientist showed that the amount of the base guanine in a DNA molecule equals the amount of the base cytosine in a DNA molecule?

Chargaff

During transcription, RNA nucleotide bases bind with the exposed complementary bases on the template strand of

DNA

The information that each cell needs to produce proteins is stored in a molecule called

DNA

Match each eukaryotic regulatory mechanism with where it would act within the "central dogma."

DNA availability --> occurs before transcription mRNA processing, mRNA exit from the nucleus --> occurs after transcription but before translation protein degradation --> occurs after translation transcription factors --> occurs at initiation of transcription

Select all of the correct statements regarding the results of Frederick Griffith's 1928 experiment involving Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Heat-killed S strains mixed with live R strains caused pneumonia in mice. Live S strains caused pneumonia in mice.

Select all of the following that are true about prokaryotic versus eukaryotic gene expression.

In eukaryotes, mRNA is altered before it leaves the nucleus. In eukaryotes, the nuclear membrane separates transcription from translation.

Select all of the following that are true with respect to genomes.

In prokaryotic cells, the genome usually consists of just one circular DNA molecule. In eukaryotic cells, the genome is usually divided up into multiple chromosomes.

Gene expression is the production of a functional ______ or a ______.

RNA molecule; protein

The modern definition of gene is any stretch of DNA that is transcribed to

RNA or protein

Select all of the following that are true about Hershey and Chase's experimental design in 1950.

They used bacteriophages to infect bacteria in order to determine whether DNA or protein was the genetic information. They used radioactive labels to mark proteins in one set of viruses and to mark DNA in another set of viruses. After infection of the bacteria, they agitated the mixture to separate the viral coats from the bacterial cells.

True or false: Although mutations often cause changes that are harmful, they are also the source of genetic variation for evolution.

True

Explain the data shown in the image, as it relates to FOXP2, the "language gene."

Two amino acids have changed in the human FOXP2 protein relative to an ancestor.

Select all of the following that are "stop" codons, which signal the end of translation.

UAA UAG UGA

Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin

Used X-ray diffraction to determine that DNA has a regular, repeating structure of building blocks

In an RNA molecule, a(n) ______ is a genetic "code word" that corresponds to one amino acid.

codon

The DNA double _____ resembles a twisted ladder, where each rail of the "ladder" (each backbone) is composed of alternating deoxyribose sugars and _____ groups joined together by _____ bonds.

helix; phosphate; covalent

The lac operon in E. coli bacteria includes three genes that produce

lactose-degrading proteins.

In transcription, the genetic information in DNA is copied into a(n) ______ molecule, and in translation, the "message" in an mRNA molecule is translated into a(n) ______ sequence.

mRNA; amino acid

Proteins combine with ______ to form a ribosome.

rRNA

Select three types of RNA.

rRNA tRNA mRNA

In the DNA double helix, the two backbones are composed of alternating

sugar and phosphate groups.

At the beginning of transcription, RNA polymerase binds to

the promoter

Wilkins and Franklin performed X-ray diffraction that revealed details about

the three-dimensional shape of the DNA molecule.

n a frameshift mutation, nucleotides are added or deleted in any number other than a multiple of

three

DNA contains the nitrogenous base _____, whereas RNA does not contain this base but instead uses uracil.

thymine

What is a DNA sequence that can cause mutation by randomly inserting into a gene and disrupting its function?

transposon

Mutations can be harmful, but they also provide the ______ that makes evolution possible.

variation

Select all of the following that are true about the frequency of mutations that arise during DNA replication.

varies among organisms and among genes generally higher in bacteria averages about 1 in 100,000 bases for most genes

In the Hershey-Chase experiment in 1950, ______ were labeled with two types of radioactive markers, one that marked protein and one that marked ______, and then allowed to infect E. coli bacteria.

viruses; DNA

Arrange the events of transcription in the order that they occur, beginning with the first event at the top.

1. RNA polymerase binds to the gene's promoter. 2. RNA polymerase moves down the DNA template strand, producing a complementary RNA molecule. 3. RNA polymerase separates from the DNA and the newly synthesized RNA is released.

Select all of the following that occur during the elongation stage of translation.

Amino acids are transferred from tRNAs to a polypeptide chain. Anticodons bind to their complementary codons. Bonds between amino acids are formed. Proteins called elongation factors assist in translation elongation.

A eukaryotic chromosome consists of

DNA wrapped around histones and other proteins.

Erwin Chargaff

Determined that DNA contains equal amounts of adenine and thymine and of guanine and cytosine

True or false: A mutation that occurred in a brain cell due to radiation exposure would be passed to the next generation.

False; Reason: Somatic mutations are not transmitted from generation to generation.

_____ in DNA may arise spontaneously as errors in replication, or they can be induced by external agents, like chemicals and radiation.

Mutations

A gene is a sequence of DNA nucleotides that encodes a specific protein or

RNA molecule

initiation

RNA polymerase binds to the gene's promoter.

elongation

RNA polymerase moves down the template strand, adding nucleotides and producing a complementary RNA molecule.

termination

RNA polymerase separates from the DNA and the newly synthesized RNA is released.

In transcription, a(n) _____ molecule is produced from the information that is encoded in a(n) _____ molecule.

RNA, DNA

If an mRNA was blocked from exiting the nucleus, what would happen to expression of the gene from which the RNA transcript was made?

The gene would be silenced.

What would result if a mutation caused the addition of the three-base codon GUG?

The protein product would contain one extra amino acid.

Select all of the following that are true about E. coli bacteria in an environment lacking lactose.

The three genes of the lac operon are not transcribed. The repressor binds to the operator of the lac operon.

Select all of the following that are true about the genetic code.

There are three codons that act as "stop" codons. The same genetic code is used by nearly all species. AUG encodes methionine and "start."

Select all of the following that are true about codons.

They are composed of three mRNA bases. They correspond to one amino acid.

True or false: A mutation that occurs in a sperm cell has the potential of being passed on to the next generation.

True

James Watson and Francis Crick

Used the known ratios of nucleotides along with the X-ray diffraction data to build a ball-and-stick model of the DNA double helix

What scientists worked out the double helical structure of DNA using a ball-and-stick model?

Watson and Crick

The ______ pattern generated by Wilkins and Franklin revealed that DNA was comprised of a regular repeating structure of building blocks.

X-ray diffraction

On one half of a DNA double helix, a single strand of nucleotides has

a 3' end on one side, and a 5' end at the opposite end.

Bacterial genomes normally consist of ______ chromosome(s), whereas eukaryotic genomes are normally made up of ______ chromosome(s).

a single circular; multiple linear

Two strands of DNA within the double helix are said to be complementary to each other because _____ on one strand always pairs with thymine on the opposite strand, and cytosine on one strand always pairs with _____ on the opposite strand.

adenine; guanine

Protein processing and degradation is a method of regulating gene expression that occurs

after translation.

The term genome refers to

all the genetic material in an organism's cell.

A variant of a gene is referred to as a(n)

allele

Mutations can lead to genetic variability because they create new _____, or variants of genes.

alleles

Select all the types of protein modification that can occur after translation to produce a functional protein.

altering or cutting by enzymes joining with other polypeptides

What gene regulation mechanism allows for the production of different proteins from the same mRNA?

alternative splicing of exons

What represents Chargaff's discovery about the amounts of the nitrogenous bases A, G, C, and T in the DNA molecule?

amount of A = amount of T; amount of G = amount of C

On a tRNA molecule, the _____ is a three-base sequence that is complementary to and binds to an mRNA codon during translation.

anticodon

What 3-base site of a tRNA molecule is complementary to an mRNA codon?

anticodon

Although the two chains of the DNA double helix are parallel to each other, they are oriented in opposite directions. This head-to-tail configuration is referred to as a(n) ______ arrangement.

antiparallel

Select all of the following that are true about frameshift mutations.

can be caused by the deletion of two nucleotides likely to change the amino acid sequence disrupts the codon reading frame can be caused by the addition of one nucleotide

In eukaryotic cells, the mRNA is altered before it leaves the nucleus. A short sequence of modified nucleotides, known as a ______ is added to the 5' end and a string of adenines called a ______ is added to the 3' end.

cap; poly-A tail

Select all the functions of ribosomal RNA.

catalyze the formation of bonds between amino acids in the developing protein help align the ribosome with the mRNA to prepare for translation

Epigenetics is the study of changes in gene expression due to

chemical modifications of histones or DNA bases.

Select all of the following that are mutagens.

chemicals in tobacco ultraviolet radiation harmful chemicals radioactive fallout

Select all the locations in a eukaryotic cell where DNA is found.

chloroplast nucleus mitochondrion

The genetic code specifies what amino acid is matched to each three-nucleotide ______ in the mRNA.

codon

In the 1960s, researchers did not know how many RNA nucleotides specified each amino acid. Match each codon length with the number of amino acids it could specify.

codon is 1 nucleotide long --> could specify 4 amino acids codon is 2 nucleotides long --> could specify 16 amino acids codon is 3 nucleotides long --> could specify 64 amino acids

Messenger RNA contains _____, which are triplets of bases that act as "code-words" corresponding to the _____ acid monomers that make up a polypeptide.

codon, amino

A mutation that causes a single codon to be removed such that a protein lacks one amino acid is a ______ mutation.

deletion

Within the DNA double helix, the so-called backbone is composed of ______ sugars alternating with phosphate groups.

deoxyribose

The terms 3' and 5' refer to numbered carbon atoms within the ______ of DNA, and at one end of the DNA double helix, there is a free ______ on one backbone and a free ______ on the other backbone.

deoxyribose sugar; 3' carbon; 5' carbon

Select all of the following that are affected by epigenetic modifications in eukaryotes.

developmental patterns cell division gene expression

In humans, the production of the protein keratin in hair follicle cells and the protein hemoglobin in red blood cells is made possible by expressing

different subsets of genes in different cells.

Select all of the following that describe the nitrogenous bases adenine and guanine.

double-ring structure purines

DNA has a ______ helical structure consisting of two intertwining strands of ______.

double; nucleotides

A eukaryotic transcription factor may bind to a promoter or to a(n) _____, a regulatory region on the DNA that lies outside the promoter and regulates transcription.

enhancer

In eukaryotes, transcription factors can bind at near or distant regulatory DNA sequences called

enhancers

What are coding regions of eukaryotic mRNA that are translated?

exons

______ are portions of mRNA that get spliced together to form mature mRNA prior to translation.

exons

In a(n) _____ repeat mutation, the number of copies of a three- or four-nucleotide sequence increases over several generations.

expanding

An underlying cause of Huntington Disease is a(n) ______ mutation, in which the copies of GTC increase over several generations and cause extra glutamines in the protein product of the gene.

expanding repeat

Whereas _____ wipes away most epigenetic markers on the genome, _____ does not; therefore, identical twins may accumulate epigenetic differences throughout life.

fertilization; cell division

In the Hershey and Chase experiment, radioactively-labeled sulfur was found in the ______ within one test tube, while radioactively-labeled phosphorus was found in the ______ within the other test tube, indicating that ______ was the genetic material.

fluid; bacterial cells; DNA

After translation is complete, the newly synthesized polypeptide must ______, as determined by some regions of the amino acid chain.

fold into its functional shape

The ______ describes the correspondence of three-nucleotide codons to specific amino acids or directions for starting and stopping translation.

genetic code

A(n) _______ mutation is one that occurs in the cells that give rise to sperm or egg.

germline

Which of the following mutations can be passed from one generation to the next?

germline

A(n) _____ mutation occurs in cells that give rise to sperm and egg cells, whereas a(n) _____ mutation occurs in non-sex cells

germline, somatic

Select all of the following that are functions of the 5' cap and 3' poly A tail added to mRNA after transcription in eukaryotes.

help ribosomes attach to 5' end of mRNA protect RNA from degradation

In eukaryotes, a part of an mRNA molecule that is removed before translation is called a(n)

intron

What process describes the removal of spacer portions of mRNA to produce mRNA consisting of regions to be translated?

intron removal and splicing together of exons

In eukaryotic cells, the mRNA is altered before it leaves the nucleus. After transcription, _____ are removed from mRNA, and _____ are spliced together to form the mature mRNA.

introns, exons

Select all of the following that are examples of mutations that cause changes in chromosome structure.

inversion of a long DNA sequence fusion of chromosomes or parts of chromosomes deletion or duplication of part of a chromosome

As described by Jacob and Monod, what E. coli genes and regulatory sequences are only produced when the bacteria need to break down lactose in the immediate environment?

lac operon

Transcription of the three genes in the lac operon occurs when

lactose is present in the environment and binds to the repressor.

When Griffith mixed together live strain R bacteria and heat-killed S bacteria and injected them into mice, the mice died, and ______ bacteria were isolated from the mice, indicating that something could pass between cells and transform them.

live S strain

What mechanism allows eukaryotic cells to control gene expression by preventing translation?

mRNA degradation

During production of a protein, the information encoded in a DNA base sequence is transcribed to produce a molecule of _____, which is then processed and translated to produce the sequence of _____ acids in a protein.

mRNA, amino

During the elongation stage of translation, the ribosome exposes codons on the ______ one at a time; each codon determines what ______ will bring its attached amino acid to the ribosome to be added to the polypeptide chain.

mRNA; tRNA

rRNA

major component that makes up the structure of a ribosome; structural component of the ribosome

The type of RNA that carries the information to specify a protein is called

messenger RNA (mRNA)

If a substitution mutation changes a codon such that it specifies a different amino acid, it is called a ______ mutation.

missense

This figure shows the genetic difference between two versions of the hemoglobin gene, one that produces normal red blood cells and one that results in sickled red blood cells. What class of mutation does the sickle cell mutation represent?

missense substitution mutation

Some eukaryotic organelles, such as _____ and ______, contain their own genomes in addition to the cell's nuclear DNA.

mitochondria, chloroplast

Some eukaryotic organelles, such as _____ and _____, contain their own genomes in addition to the cell's nuclear DNA.

mitochondria; chloroplast

A transposable element is a short DNA sequence that can cause mutations because it

moves and inserts randomly within the genome.

A(n) _____ is any external agent, such as X-rays or chemicals, that induces mutations.

mutagen

A change in a protein-encoding DNA sequence or a regulatory DNA sequence, such as an enhancer, is called a(n)

mutation

A(n) _____ is a change in a cell's DNA sequence.

mutation

Because of ______, the "language gene" (FOXP2) in humans has two unique amino acids compared to other primates.

mutations

Homeotic genes control the formation of body parts in many animals, and ______ in homeotic genes have led to limb modifications that profoundly influenced animal evolution.

mutations

Inversions, duplications, or deletions of parts of chromosomes are types of ______ that affect extensive regions of DNA.

mutations

What allows some bacteria to develop resistance to antibiotics and give rise to resistant descendants?

mutations

If the DNA double helix resembles a ladder, the interior "rungs" of the DNA ladder consist of

nitrogenous bases joined by hydrogen bonds.

A substitution mutation that changes an amino acid into a "stop" codon is called a(n) ______ mutation and shortens the protein product.

nonsense

Subunits called ______ are the building blocks of nucleic acids, as determined by scientists by about 1930.

nucleotides

In the synthesis of RNA from DNA, the enzyme RNA polymerase adds ______ to the ______ end of the growing RNA molecule.

nucleotides; 3 prime

A major difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic chromosomes is that in eukaryotes, multiple, linear chromosomes are housed within an organelle called the _____, and each chromosome consists of DNA associated with proteins.

nucleus

Where would you find a transcriptional terminator sequence?

on a DNA sequence

What describes a substitution mutation?

one DNA base is replaced with another

What occurs in a deletion mutation?

one or more nucleotides are removed from the DNA

Select all of the following that are present in a bacterial operon.

operator promoter group of genes

In bacteria, a(n) ______ is a group of genes under control of a single promoter.

operon

The antiparallel configuration of the DNA double helix means that the two strands of nucleotides are oriented in ______ directions with respect to each other.

opposite

During the Hershey-Chase experiment, radioactive ______ was used to label the DNA, and radioactive ______ was used to label the protein.

phosphorus; sulfur

What RNA modification in eukaryotes decreases the chances that the mRNA will be degraded before translation?

poly A tail

RNA ______ is the enzyme that builds the RNA chain during transcription.

polymerase

Enzymes and chaperone proteins assist in ______ that takes place after translation is complete.

polypeptide folding

Select all of the following that are true of a nonsense mutation.

polypeptide synthesis terminates prematurely results in a shortened protein product could be caused by a codon change from UGG to UGA

Some proteins are composed of multiple ______ that join together after translation.

polypeptides

What mechanism of regulating gene expression acts after RNA processing but before translation?

preventing mRNA exit from the nucleus

Select all of the following that are ways to control gene expression after translation.

preventing the protein from reaching its correct destination blocking addition of a necessary sugar to a newly synthesized protein degrading the protein

Splicing of different exons together from the same mRNA molecules can result in

production of different proteins.

Messenger RNA carries information that specifies the amino acid sequence of a

protein

During translation, a(n) ______ is produced from the information that is encoded in a(n) ______.

protein; RNA molecule

In the "central dogma," information flows from DNA to RNA to

proteins

Ribosomes are composed of rRNA and ______.

proteins

Bacterial cells and skin cells are more likely to accumulate mutations than other types of cells because they

replicate their DNA and divide frequently.

The sugar in RNA nucleotides is called ______, whereas the sugar in DNA nucleotides is called ______.

ribose, deoxyribose

RNA differs from DNA chemically because RNA nucleotides contain the sugar ______, and in RNA, the nitrogenous base ______ is substituted for thymine.

ribose, uracil

A complex of rRNA and proteins called a(n) _____ is the physical location of protein synthesis.

ribosome

A complex of rRNA and proteins called a(n) _____, is the physical location of protein synthesis.

ribosome

What structures are the sites of protein synthesis and are found free in the cytosol of the cell or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

ribosomes

Select all of the following that are genes.

sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for a specific RNA molecule sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for a specific protein

A substitution mutation is said to be ______ if the mutated gene encodes the same protein as the original gene version.

silent

Each ribosome has one _____ subunit and one _____ subunit that join at the initiation of protein synthesis.

small, large

_____ mutations do not pass from generation to generation because they occur in non-sex cells.

somatic

Select all of the following agents or processes that can cause mutations.

some forms of radiation chemical mutagens errors in DNA replication

A(n) ______ mutation is caused by the replacement of one nucleotide with another.

substitution

A specific sequence on the DNA called a(n) ______ sequence signals the end of a gene during transcription.

terminator

Which of the following best describes translation?

the "reading" of an mRNA to produce a protein

In eukaryotic cells, proteins called ______ factors bind at specific DNA sequences, which allows RNA polymerase to initiate transcription.

transcription

In what process does the cell make a complementary RNA molecule from a DNA sequence?

transcription

In eukaryotes, what regulatory proteins are required for RNA polymerase to bind to the promoter and initiate transcription?

transcription factors

Select all of the following that are involved in transcription initiation in eukaryotes.

transcription factors RNA polymerase promoter enhancers TATA box

Transcription factors are eukaryotic proteins that are required for RNA polymerase to bind to a promoter and initiate

transcription of genes.

Eukaryotic cells can compact their DNA or add methyl groups to make their DNA unavailable for

transcription.

In eukaryotes, mRNA degradation regulates gene expression by preventing

translation

In what process does the cell use the information in an RNA molecule to assemble a protein?

translation

Select all the statements about nucleotides that are accurate.

DNA always contains the same sugar in its nucleotides. They are composed of a sugar, a nitrogen-containing base, and one or more phosphorus-containing groups.

Defects in ______ can affect the production of proteins that regulate cell division and can lead to cancer.

transcription factor

A signal molecule binding to a target cell can turn on eukaryotic gene transcription by activating a

transcription factor.

In _____, a cell copies a gene's DNA sequence to a complementary RNA molecule. Then, in _____, the information in RNA is used to manufacture a protein by joining a specific sequence of amino acids into a polypeptide chain.

transcription, translation

In the "central dogma" describing the flow of genetic information from DNA to protein, DNA is copied to RNA in a process called _____, and the information in RNA is used to direct the synthesis of a protein in a process called _____.

transcription, translation