Bio 101- Chapter 4-7

Large amounts of oxygen gas first appeared in Earth's atmosphere about ______ years ago.

2.7 billion

What compound directly provides energy for cellular work?

ATP

Which energy-rich molecule produced by cellular respiration directly powers cell work?

ATP

When oxygen delivery becomes insufficient to support a runner's aerobic metabolism, cells switch to an emergency mode in which ________

ATP is inefficiently produced and lactic acid is generated as a by-product

The Calvin cycle makes direct use of ________ to make ________.

CO2, ATP, and NADPH... sugar

_____ are found only in plant cells, but _____ are found in both plant and animal cells.

Central vacuoles, ribosomes

Your brother is 14. Why is he likely to have the urge to stay up later than he used to?

His sleep hormone is released later in the day.

You are riding on your bike and stop pedaling, coasting along the road. Eventually, your bike slows down and stops. What happened to the energy of your motion when your bike stopped?

It was released as heat

Which plant cell organelle converts chemical fuel into packets of chemical energy that can power the cell?

Mitochondrion

Where does the energy for the Calvin cycle come from?

NADPH and ATP

Intense dreaming occurs during the phase of sleep in which the brain is actively sorting and categorizing data. Which phase is this?

REM sleep

Which of the following is the function of the central vacuole?

Storing compounds produced by the cell

Which of the following describes the function of the chloroplast?

The chloroplast converts light energy to chemical energy.

Which one of the following is an example of osmosis?

Water enters a plant by passing through the root cell membranes.

Which of the following is an example of potential energy?

a bowling ball placed on the top shelf of a closet

The nuclear envelope is composed of ______.

a double membrane

The region of an enzyme to which a substrate binds is called the ________ site.

active

The sodium-potassium pump uses energy from ATP to move sodium ions out of the cell, and potassium ions into the cell. This is an example of

active transport

Active transport ________.

all of the answer options

Which one of the following groups is composed of prokaryotic cells?

bacteria

If a plant appears blue to us, what wavelength of light is being reflected?

blue

In order to decrease the effect of electronic devices tricking the brain into thinking it is daytime, companies should limit the use of which of the following kinds of light in these devices?

blue

Breathing faster when we exercise is necessary to expel ________.

carbon dioxide and bring in more oxygen to support aerobic metabolism

Which theory states that all living things are composed of cells?

cell theory

Molecules of food have a form of potential energy called __________.

chemical energy

Which of the following is a characteristic of chloroplasts that suggests that they might have evolved from free-living bacteria?

chloroplasts have their own DNA

The structural combination of DNA and protein forms ________.

chromatin

The figure below shows a Paramecium, a single-celled freshwater protist. The hairlike structures visible on the Paramecium allow it to move. These structures are ________.

cilia

The function of the chloroplast is to __________.

convert light energy to chemical energy

Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?

cytoplasm

If you provided your shade-tolerant plants with their preferred wavelength of light, but only minimal amounts of water, which of the following would you expect to occur?

decreased amounts of ATP being produced by the plants

You spend two hours memorizing dates you were previously unaware of for an upcoming history exam. During which phase of your sleep will these facts be stored?

deep sleep

Global climate change could be magnified by __________.

deforestation

The plasma membrane forms a pocket that pinches inward, forming a vesicle that contains material from outside the cell. This describes the process of

endocytosis

Calories are units of _____.

energy

Activation energy can be described as __________.

energy needed to activate the reactants and trigger a chemical reaction

Substances that plug up an enzyme's active site are ________.

enzyme inhibitors

What waste product do yeast produce under anaerobic conditions?

ethyl alcohol

A molecule moves down its concentration gradient using a transport protein in the plasma membrane. This is an example of

facilitated diffusion

What is the name of the process in which pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid?

fermentation

Most of the ATP production during cellular respiration occurs __________.

from activity of the ATP synthase machine

What is the function of stomata?

gas exchange

______ store the information necessary to produce proteins.

genes

Which of the following molecules is broken down in cellular respiration, providing fuel for the cell?

glucose

Which of these equations describes aerobic cellular respiration?

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy

_____ is used as food and _____ is produced as a waste in the overall process of cellular respiration.

glucose... carbon dioxide

The end products of photosynthesis are __________ and __________.

glucose... molecular oxygen

Which of the following metabolic pathways is common to both aerobic and anaerobic processes of sugar breakdown?

glycolysis

Which of these stages occur(s) in the cytoplasm?

glycolysis

Which of the following is the correct sequence of stages in cellular respiration?

glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport

Plant cells ________.

have chloroplasts and mitochondria

When mixed with water, phospholipids spontaneously form membranes because they ______.

have hydrophilic phosphate groups that are attracted to water and hydrophobic fatty acid tails that avoid water

One difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is that eukaryotic cells ______ prokaryotic cells.

have membrane-enclosed structures called organelles, which are lacking in

The plant cell wall

is a protective structure made of cellulose fibrils

Which one of the following is most similar to the mechanism of an enzyme inhibitor?

keeping someone from parking by parking in their designated spot

Refer to the accompanying figure. Plant cells that contain the organelle responsible for photosynthesis are concentrated in cells of the ________.

leaves

The main function of cellular respiration is __________.

making ATP to power cell activities

The overall function of the Calvin cycle is __________.

making sugar

You are a sleep scientist working on developing a drug for people who lack the proper amount of sleep hormone. What are you looking to supplement?

melatonin

Coded genetic information is produced in the nucleus and transferred to the cytoplasm in a molecule called _____.

messenger RNA

The sum total of all the chemical reactions that occur in organisms is called ________.

metabolism

In active transport,

molecules move across the plasma membrane against their concentration gradient.

Which of the following is produced during the light reactions of photosynthesis?

o2

Where does protein synthesis take place?

on ribosomes

A process is referred to as aerobic if it requires ________.

oxygen

Aerobic metabolism always requires _____.

oxygen

The final electron acceptor of aerobic respiration is ______.

oxygen

Energy is transferred from ATP to other molecules by transferring a(n) ________.

phosphate group

_____ is a chemical process that uses light energy from the sun to build organic molecules.

photosynthesis

Which of the following is an autotroph?

pine tree

You find a cell of a type you have never seen before. The cell has both a nucleus and a cell wall. Therefore, you conclude that it is likely to be a(n) ________ cell.

plant

Mitochondria, the sites of cellular respiration, are found in __________.

plant cells and animal cells

Molecules that come from the food we eat provide energy for the amazing work that goes on inside of our cells. This energy, stored inside of our food, is a form of ________.

potential energy called chemical energy

Respiration describes the exchange of gases between your blood and the air. Cellular respiration ________.

produces ATP

When using a microscope to view cells you obtained from scraping under your fingernails, you notice that the cells lack nuclei; therefore, you conclude that the cells must be a type of ________ cell.

prokaryotic

Which of the following are the two main components of cellular membranes?

proteins and phospholipids

Which of the following is a function of the plasma membrane?

regulate the traffic of chemicals in and out of the cell

An enzyme's function is most dependent on its ________.

shape

The ultimate energy source that supports most life on Earth is __________.

sunlight

Photosynthesis contributes to plant growth by ________.

taking in carbon dioxide and making sugars (carbohydrates)

What is energy?

the capacity to cause change

Osmosis can be defined as ________.

the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

If placed in tap water, an animal cell will undergo lysis, whereas a plant cell will not. What accounts for this difference?

the relative inelasticity and strength of the plant cell wall

The ultimate source of the energy in food is ________.

the sun

The color that we see when looking at a pigmented object is ________

the wavelengths that are reflected or transmitted by the pigmented object

Water crosses the plasma membrane

through facilitated diffusion or diffusion.

What name is given to the membranous sacs found within a chloroplast?

thylakoids

ATP drives work in cells by __________.

transferring its phosphate group to other cell molecules