Bio 101 Final

Homologous chromosomes migrate to opposite poles during _____.

Anaphase I

During _____ sister chromatids separate.

Anaphase II

Severe pain in the lower right abdomen along with fever and nausea is often a sign of an infection in this structure.

Appendix

Which blood vessel allows for diffusion?

Capillary

The maximum population a habitat can support is its

Carrying capacity.

Which process or processes return carbon to the atmosphere?

Cellular respiration only

Samantha drank a loot of alcohol over many years and now suffers from this fatty degeneration of the liver.

Corrhosis

These form the inner membranes of the mitochondria and are the site for energy production in the electron transport chain.

Cristae

What is the final step in the cell-mediated response to a viral infection?

Cytotoxic T cells punch holes in the membranes of infected host cells.

What is another name for a condensation reaction?

Dehydration

The process by which nitrogen gas is returned to the atmosphere is called ________.

Denitrification

Which of the following does NOT occur during eutrophication?

Denitrification occurs at an increased rate. (An increased rate of denitrification does not occur.)

A process by which the NADH and FADH pass their electrons through the inner membrane of the mitochondria, producing ATP and metabolic water.

Electron transport chain

Which of the following events does NOT occur during human fertilization?

Enzymes on the outside of the sperm break down the follicle cells surrounding the egg. (There are no enzymes on the outside of the sperm; the sperm move through the follicle cells to gain access to the zona pellucida.)

A person with frequent heartburn is more likely than others to eventually develop this condition.

Esophageal cancer

________ is the process by which large molecules and cell products leave the cell via the phospholipid membrane.

Exocytosis

An ideal habitat with unlimited resources is associated with

Exponential growth.

Peristalsis occurs only in the esophagus.

False

True or false. During sperm maturation, secondary spermatocytes are the products of meiosis II that go on to form spermatids, which undergo restructuring to form spermatozoa.

False- During sperm maturation, diploid parent cells produce primary spermatocytes, which undergo meiosis I to form secondary spermatocytes. Secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis II to form spermatids, which undergo restructuring to form spermatozoa.

The gallbladder produces bile.

False- the Liver does

An important function of white blood cells is __________.

Fighting infection

Cytoskeleton components that are composed of microtubules that move in a whip-like motion to propel the cell.

Flagella

Which of the following would NOT cause population size to decrease?

Increased birth rate

What is the name of the process during which a bond between two monomers is broken?

Hydrolysis

What type of reaction breaks the bonds that join the phosphate groups in an ATP molecule?

Hydrolysis

Consider the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and acetylcholine. Which statement is generally true?

In general, the neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system is norepinephrine, and the neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system is acetylcholine.

Which of the following represents the first line of defense against unwanted pathogens?

Intact skin

The complexity of living systems:

Is also highly organized

Atoms that have the same number of protons but differ in the number of neutrons are called ________.

Isotopes

Select the correct order of organs for the path urine takes from its formation to its leaving the body.

Kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra

A mascular tube that absorbs water and some nutrients and stores waste material.

Large intestine

Structures that precipitate antigens, promote lysis, attract phagocytes, and neutralize toxins are called ________.

antibodies

Which of the following act(s) as a neighborhood watch group, looking for specific invaders in the blood or other fluids that have compromised the first two lines of defense?

antibody-mediated immunity

Calcium ions

bind to the protein that blocks the myosin-binding sites on actin.

The hormone ________ removes calcium from the blood and causes it to be stored in the bone.

calcitonin

Cerebrospinal fluid functions to __________ the brain.

cushion, nourish, and support

A neuron consists of _____.

dendrites, a cell body, and axons

The three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord form the __________.

meninges

A muscle cell contains bundles of long

myofibrils

Hemoglobin acts as a buffer because ________.

protons released by the dissociation of carbonic acid bind to hemoglobin, preventing large swings in blood pH

Switching from fossil fuels to _____ energy would significantly decrease the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

solar, nuclear, and geothermal

When a sarcomere contracts

the actin and myosin filaments do not change in length.

When ATP attaches to a myosin head,

the myosin head detaches from actin

Nervous tissue functions _____.

to sense stimuli

Which statement is incorrect?

Only living things can grow.

Where does fertilization of an egg cell occur?

Oviduct

At the end of _____ and cytokinesis, haploid cells contain chromosomes that each consist of two sister chromatids.

Telophase I

At the end of _____ and cytokinesis there are four haploid cells.

Telophase II

Imagine following a single carbon atom through the carbon cycle. Which of the following is a possible path for the carbon atom to take?

The atmosphere, a plant, a herbivore, a decomposer, then back to the atmosphere

The interface between the air and the blood is composed of ________.

The epithelial cells of the alveolus, the extracellular fluid, and the capillary wall

In a DNA double helix an adenine of one strand always pairs with a(n) _____ of the complementary strand, and a guanine of one strand always pairs with a(n) _____ of the complementary strand.

Thymine ... cytosine

A(n) ________ is a group of cells of similar type that work together to serve a common function.

Tissue

Blood pressure is measured as the force created by the heart against the walls of the blood vessels.

True

Bones continue to grow and repair throughout an entire lifetime.

True

The pressure changes along an artery create a pulse.

True

True or false. When discussing breathing, we can say that air enters the lungs because the diaphragm contracts and in the process, oxygen passes into the alveoli and then down its concentration gradient from an alveolus to the blood. When we breathe out, the diaphragm relaxes and carbon dioxide passes down its concentration gradient from the blood to the alveolus and then out of the lungs.

True

True or false. The corpus luteum develops from the ruptured follicle during the luteal phase after ovulation and produces hormones that can aid in pregnancy.

True- The corpus luteum forms from the tertiary follicle after the oocyte is expelled from the ovary during ovulation; its function is to produce hormones that can aid in pregnancy.

Nearly all of the water, ions, and nutrients found in the filtrate in the glomerular capsule are returned to the blood through reabsorption.

True- tubular reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron.

Meiosis I produces _____ cells, each of which is _____.

Two ... haploid

Which of the following statements about oxygen transport is FALSE?

Under normal circumstances, about 50% of the oxygen is unloaded at the cellular level.

Which male reproductive structures are responsible for the transport and delivery of sperm?

Vas deferens, urethra, and penis

The cell created by fertilization is called the __________.

Zygote

Drag the labels onto the flowchart to indicate how food molecules reach the body's cells and fuel cellular respiration. Start with the ingestion of food on the left.

-Eating food provides fuel & building blocks for your body -After food is broken down in the digestive system, it is transport to cells via the circulatory system -Fuel molecules are broken down further in glycolysis & the citric acid cycle (aka krebs cycle) -ATP is produced with the help of the electron transport chain

Living systems need energy to:

-Replace worn-out parts and build new parts. -Grow larger. -Help maintain a relatively constant internal environment

Which statement about carbon dioxide transport is FALSE?

An increase in the number of hydrogen ions increases the pH of the blood.

Which of these is ATP?

3 Phosphate groups attached to a Ribose attached to Adenine

Every carbon atom in the organic molecules that make up your body MUST recently have been part of

A producer

Is produced along with water at the end of normal cellular resperation.

ATP

Which of the following organisms or structures convert nitrogen to a form that is usable by living organisms?

Bacteria

Which of these events occurred earliest in the history of Earth?

Formation of oxygen

Meiosis II typically produces _____ cells, each of which is _____.

Four ... haploid

When partly digested food enters the duodenum, this organ squirts bile into the small intestine.

Gallbladder

The process of splitting glucose into two molecules of pyruvate without the use of oxygen.

Glycolysis

The cardiovascular system consists of the ________ and ________.

Heart; blood vessels

________ is the ability to maintain a relatively constant internal environment.

Homeostasis

The process of homeostasis is:

How organisms maintain a relatively constant internal environment.

Which of these events occurred most recently in the history of Earth?

Humans

How do humans obtain nitrogen?

Humans obtain nitrogen from the foods they eat.

Which hormone spikes midway through the menstrual cycle and triggers ovulation?

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

During _____ chromosomes align single file along the equator of a haploid cell.

Metaphase II

An opening at one end of the gastrointestinal tract that functions in mechanical digestion and the breakdown of carbohydrates by secreting amylase.

Mouth

Identify a characteristic that is representative of some, but not all, life-forms.

Movement over great distances

Match the monomers with their polymers.

Nucleic acid polymers are made up of nucleotide monomers. Carbohydrate polymers are made up of simple sugar monomers Protein polymers are made up of amino acid monomers.

When lightning or certain bacteria break the bonds in a single nitrogen molecule, what is the new molecule that is formed?

One of the nitrogen oxides

Which of the following makes up the largest part of the cell membrane?

Phospholipid molecules

Rods and cones are both considered to be __________. See Section 9.4 (Page 156)

Photoreceptor cells

Which of these would NOT contribute to a global increase in temperature?

Planting trees

Which of the following statements about plasma cells is FALSE?

Plasma cells are part of the MHC system.

A cell structure that acts as a boundary between a cell and its environment.

Plasma membrane

Which of the following molecules will not be able to easily pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the cell membrane?

Polar molecules

Logistic growth involves

Population growth slowing down as the population approaches carrying capacity.

In exponential growth

Population size grows faster and faster as the population gets bigger.

he blood-brain barrier serves to __________.

Prevent many water-soluble molecules from entering the brain

An organism gets carbon by using carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to make sugar molecules. This organism is a

Producer

Which organisms play a role in returning carbon to the atmosphere?

Producers, consumers, and decomposers.

Synapsis occurs during _____.

Prophase I

During _____ a spindle forms in a haploid cell.

Prophase II

Which type of molecule forms channels through the cell membrane?

Protein

The region of the large intestine that when stretched stimulates the defecation reflex and allows for the passage of feces.

Rectum

An example of stimuli that a plant would respond to is:

Red blood cells in the human body

The three functions of blood are transportation, protection, and ________.

Regulation

Three pairs of glands that secrete fluids, moisten and lubricate food, and contain digestive enzymes that hydrolyze starches.

Salivary glands

A(n) ________, or afferent neuron, conducts information toward the brain and spinal cord.

Sensory

What type of epithelial tissue, found in the intestines, absorbs nutrients?

Simple columnar epithelium

What type of epithelial tissue lines kidney tubules?

Simple cuboidal cells

Which of these tissues, found in the lungs, permits gas exchange by diffusion?

Simple squamous epithelium

The main area of absorption in your digestive system is found in the __________.

Small intestine

The pancreatic duct and commom bile duct join and then empty into this organ.

Small intestine

Where are adult red blood cells formed?

Spongy bone

This organ in the digestive system functions to store food and break down proteins before transferring chyme to the duodenum.

Stomach

DNA is a molecule that directly allows a living thing to:

Store information

What type of epithelium would you expect to find covering a surface subject to physical forces?

Stratified epithelium

An example of stimuli that a plant would respond to is:

Sunlight

Which of the following statements is true about the interaction of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers?

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers may innervate the same organs, but they have generally opposite effects.

An Rh-negative mother will need a special treatment if she gives birth to an Rh-positive baby. The treatment involves the destruction of any stray blood cells from the baby that pass into the mother's bloodstream. Why is this necessary?

The mother's immune system will attack the Rh-positive cells and produce antibodies that will attack a fetus in a subsequent pregnancy.

Which of the following events is the direct result of an action potential in the membrane of a muscle cell?

The muscle cell's endoplasmic reticulum (ER) releases calcium ions.

When discussing the origins of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system, we can most correctly state that ________.

The parasympathetic nerves arise from the brain and part of the spinal cord, and all of the sympathetic nerves arise from the spinal cord

Which statement most accurately describes the relative physical position of the ganglia of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

The sympathetic ganglia are located in chain-like fashion near the spinal cord. The parasympathetic ganglia are located closer to their target organs.

Think of the heart in the tutorial. Now, picture yourself being chased by a herd of wild elephants. What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic actions on your heart?

The sympathetic nervous system will cause the heart rate to speed up. The parasympathetic nervous system will be "overridden."

What type(s) of cell(s) can helper T cells become?

memory helper T cells and effector helper T cells

Which of the following types of cell can ingest pathogens?

macrophages